Guishuang Empire reached its peak under the rule of Kaaniche Ka and his successors, with a population of 5 million and more than 200,000 soldiers. It was considered as one of the four great powers in Europe and Asia at that time, along with Han Dynasty, Rome and Rest in Peace.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Guishuang Empire English name: Kushan Empire? Asia: Asian capital: official languages such as Peshawar, Kapisa, Taksi, etc.: Pali, Daxia, Sanskrit. Political system: absolute monarchy. Major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism. Land area: 3 million square kilometers. Time of establishment: 55 years. Time of extinction: 425 years of history, rise, prosperity, decline, economy, commerce, etc. Agriculture, animal husbandry, religion, culture, monarch, archaeological research, archaeological discovery, and historical rise Guishuang Empire was established by Guishuang Guishuang tribe, one of the five tribes of dàrou zhé?. From the 5th century BC to the early 2nd century BC, the Yue people nomadic in Zhangye to Dunhuang in the west of Hexi Corridor, which was a powerful enemy of Huns. About the first year of Yuan Shuo (BC 128), Zhang Qian was sent to other countries by the Han Dynasty, and their contacts became closer and closer. There are five types of China: seclusion, disturbance, expensive cream, depression and happiness. Shortly before 177 BC, Yue defeated Wusun, another small nomadic tribe near Dunhuang, killed its king and seized its land. It is difficult to hunt the favored son, and his tribe fled to Xiongnu. It was defeated by Xiongnu around 170 BC and moved westward to the Amu Darya River basin in Central Asia. In 125 BC, he conquered bakht (a country established by the ancient Greeks in Central Asia) and ruled the entire Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins. Da Yue tribe was divided into five parts, moved to the eastern mountainous area and ruled by five parts, and Guishuang was one of them. In the middle of 1 century, Guishuang Department and Kujura Kadfis unified five departments and established Guishuang Empire. Kujura Kadfisses went south to attack the Kabul River basin and present-day Kashmir, and later made Gaofu (present-day Kabul, Afghanistan) his capital, which initially laid the foundation of the empire. In the heyday of 65438+60' s, GuiShuang once ruled Sogdia, Bactria, Kabur, Hamshiro, Gandhara, Corbin, and possibly West Punjab. Later, in the period of Sote Maggs, Guangxi spread westward to Herat, controlled the whole river area and imprisoned Kangju and Dawan. In 90 AD, Gui Shuangwang was rejected by Ban Chao because he wanted Princess Han. He sent his deputy, Wang Xie, with 70,000 troops to attack Chao. As a result, Chao was defeated, so he made peace. Ban Chao didn't know the name of your anointed king, but called him "the king of the moon". At the beginning of the 2nd century, Yan Gaozhen ascended the throne, once again conquered the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, extended his sphere of influence to Khorezm in Central Asia, annexed Sistan, and became a huge empire in Central Asia. The imperial territory extends from Patna in the east, Herat in the west, Nabada River in the south and Aral Sea in the north. The capital moved to Peshawar. From 183 to 199, during the reign of Huvisega II, the control over Central Asia weakened, Kangju and Dawan got rid of the fetters, and Khorasan and Valla also got rid of the rule of Guishuang. Signs of decline have been revealed. In about 2 13, Bertiao ascended the throne, and Guishuang's influence in Central Asia expanded. At one time, he regained the control of the flower thorn submodule, and formed an alliance with Si Nuo Yixi of Armenia to jointly resist the Sassanian dynasty. In 233, after Ardashir I, king of Sassanian, led an army to conquer Sistan, he passed through Khorasan and entered the Huala sub-model, and then invaded Sogdia, Bactria, Kabur and Kusha Shiro, which dealt a fatal blow to Guishuang. After Burton's death, Guishuang still maintained the rule of the area east of the Indus River. After the death of Su Po Tipo, the imperial power of shrinking gradually declined. By the 3rd century, it had been divided into several small principalities, and the age and history were very vague. At this time, Sassanbos in West Asia rose and began to expand to Central Asia, Afghanistan and India, and Guishuang's influence declined. After the rise of Gupta Empire in East India, the Guibi Empire reunified North India in the 4th century. At this time, the remnants of Guishuang princes in northwest India were under the control of Gupta Empire. In the north, the remnants of Gui Shuang in Yue were greatly attacked, and Gui Shuang never recovered. The Dayue family, the hometown of Daxia, remained independent, and later (in the 5th century) it was constantly violated by the White Xiongnu. It is generally believed that Da Yue's remaining small country in Daxia (now Afghan) was destroyed in 425 AD. The Jats in modern India are their descendants. Guishuang's economy and commercial trade are quite developed. On the one hand, the trade between agricultural civilized areas and nomadic areas in your country is active. Cereals, fruits, handicrafts and weapons are transported to nomadic areas, while fur, livestock, textile raw materials, meat and dairy products are sold to agricultural civilized areas. Internationally, with the Silk Road crossing Guishuang, Guishuang merchants played the role of middlemen. They went south to South Asia, east to the Central Plains and west to rest in the Roman Empire. They transported oriental silk, spices and various luxury goods to India and Rome, and Rome's weapons to the East. China obtained grapes, broad beans, pomegranates, crocuses and walnuts from Central Asia. Kaaniche Card's gold coin handicraft industry Guishuang's handicraft industry and commerce are particularly developed because of its geographical location as a transit station. Handicraft industry mainly includes pottery metal processing, textile and jewelry processing. Weapons are the main products of metal processing. Currency casting is quite developed, and its casting method and style are not only the legacy of the Greeks, but also the characteristics of India and Central Asia. Generally, the front of a coin is a bust of the king, and the back is a statue with an inscription. During the imperial period of agriculture, centralized cultivated farmland appeared in the large river basins of Central Asia, and the irrigation network was generally developed, and some irrigation canals were as long as 100 km. In Fergana Valley, a fan-shaped irrigation system has been formed. At this time, the technology of building canals was also improved. The original wide and shallow canals have been replaced by narrow and deep canals, and canals can be dug even on steep slopes. In some areas lacking irrigation conditions, people build small reservoirs. Besides growing barley and grapes, you can even grow rice. Animal husbandry In areas unsuitable for growing crops, people raise cattle, sheep, goats, horses and camels. The local horses are particularly famous. In order to get Dawan's blood BMW, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty spared no effort to mobilize the masses and sent Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, to war twice. In a fantastic site, horse bones account for 20% of the total amount of animal bone colonization. Religion is a religion that worships Buddhism. Buddhism in Guishuang Empire spread rapidly, and Kujura Kadfis and Ganeshega were both patrons of Buddhism. Ganeshiga believed in Mahayana Sect, and since then Mahayana Buddhism has dominated Indian Buddhism. During the Three Kingdoms period, more than half of the foreign monks came from Guishuang, and he built magnificent temples and pagodas in the capital. Faxian, a monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, went to India and saw these magnificent buildings with his own eyes. He sighed and said, "When you see the pagoda temple, there is no such grandeur." During the Kaneshega period, it is said that the fourth collection of Buddhist scriptures was held in Kashmiro (also translated as Kebin or Shiva, namely Kashmir). The threatened venerable master summoned 500 eminent monks, putting friends in the world first. After this collection, Sanzang's classics, laws and treatises each became 654.38+ thousands of hymns, with 9.6 million words. When Buddhism in East India was not so prosperous, Francois in northwest India became the center of Buddhism. Although Ganeshega of Guishuang Empire believed in Buddhism, he did not exclude other religions. On the back of his coin, you can see the gods of Greece, Sumer, Elam, Persia and India. On the one hand, it reflects his tolerant attitude towards religion; On the other hand, it also reflects the vast empire he ruled. The establishment of Guishuang Empire created favorable conditions for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. This also reflects the inclusiveness of Buddhism. Turtle frost culture is located in the main road of communication between the east and the west, and the turtle frost empire comes from a nomadic tribe with a low level of civilization. In addition, there are ethnic groups (races) with different cultural traditions and religious beliefs in the territory, which creates extremely favorable conditions for the integration of eastern and western cultures in its territory. Gandhara art, which combines Greek and Indian traditions, came into being, developed and matured in Guishuang era. Your culture, art and architecture have a great influence on Central Asia. In Wei and Jin Dynasties, Gandhara art was introduced to China along the Silk Road. Ganeshega protects academics. In his court, there are A?vagho?a, a famous Buddhist philosopher, intimidator and world friend, as well as Luo Jia, a famous doctor, and Akisilaus, a famous architect. The latter is the Greek architect of the Sha Dabao Pagoda in Fulou. The establishment of Guishuang Empire opened the barrier between South Asia and Central Asia and created favorable conditions for the spread of Buddhism to the East. Buddhism was first introduced to China in Khotan (now Hotan City, Xinjiang, China). Yutian is located in the center of south road in Tarim basin, which is the main road to communicate between China and the West. According to the records of Galand in Luoyang and the Western Regions in Datang, around the middle of 1 century BC, Pilu Zena, a monk from Kashmir, came here to spread Buddhism. Buddhism was first introduced into the Central Plains of China in the late Western Han Dynasty. According to Shuwei Shi Lao Zhi, in the first year of Emperor Yuan Shou of Han Ai (2 BC), the King of Yue ordered a village to come to Chang 'an to dictate Buddhist scriptures. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, many monks from Yueshi, Rest in Peace, India and Kangju have come to China to preach. According to legend, the earliest Indian monks who came to China were Kaya Morten and Zhu Falan. In the 10th year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 67), they came to Luoyang at the invitation of Ambassador China and lived in Baima Temple, where they compiled 42 chapters. This is the earliest Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures. With the spread of Buddhism in China, since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, more and more China monks have gone to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism began to prevail in China. Three famous Buddhist grottoes-Dunhuang, Yungang and Longmen-were dug in this era. They are still world-famous Buddhist sculptures and paintings. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, monks and nuns in China established their own schools according to their own knowledge, which made important preparations for the arrival of the heyday of Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Emperors Horaus (1 ~ 30 years) and Kujula Kadphises (30 ~ 80 years), the first emperor, Gui Shuang (45 ~ 77 years), Yan Gaozhen (80 ~ 105), the "nameless king" Soter Maggs (meaning "great savior"), Yan Gaozhen (. Hupisega (155 ~ 187), Vesuvius I (19 1 ~ at least 230 years), the last monarch of Guishuang Dynasty, Ganeshega II (226 ~ 240), Va Chyska (240 ~). ~ 325 years? ) Shakai (325 ~ 345) Kipunada (350 ~ 375) In the past, because historians could not interpret Luwen and the contents of historical materials in various countries were contradictory, it was impossible to sort out a systematic list of monarchs in Guishuang Dynasty. Archaeological research: The brief history of Guishuang Empire in China is mostly based on "Ancient World History" edited by Professor Wu of Wuhan University. However, the Rabatak inscription discovered in Afghanistan in 1993 has not yet been unearthed, so most of the domestic profiles do not conform to the mainstream understanding of the international historians. These differences are mainly concentrated in Wang Biao. Balalukemin's inscription was written in the first year after Kaaniche's accession to the throne, and it was clearly written that the names of the three rulers of Guishuang before Kaaniche's card were: Kujula Kadphises, Weimar Tacto, Weimar Kadphises (there is no universally recognized Chinese translation, and Chinese Wikipedia translated it as Yan Zhen), and it was also clearly written that the three of them and Kaaniche's card (. Before the inscriptions were unearthed, almost all the academic knowledge about Guishuang rulers came from China's ancient book The Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the unearthed ancient coins of Guishuang Empire. As stated in "Ancient World History", the rule of the third king, Weimar Cadyses, was not found, and it is speculated that Kaaniche Ka was the Indian governor in the Yan Gaozhen period. The unearthed inscription of Lapai Lu Ke clarified these erroneous views. At the same time, before the inscription was unearthed, there was a king named "Sauter Megas". He found the coins he minted, but he didn't have a place in the king's list. Professor Yang of Nankai University also wrote "Textual Research on" Soter Megas "on 201,and put forward a more reasonable explanation. To sum up, there are many differences in the historical materials of Guishuang Empire, and these doubts can basically be traced back to the inscription of Labu Keming unearthed in 1993. Readers should pay attention to identifying the writing period of the materials they read and pay attention to the errata. 20 12, 10, 17 In June, archaeological discoveries were made. Copper coins suspected to be ancient and noble double empires were unearthed in Xiji County, Ningxia, which is located in the northern section of the ancient Silk Road East Road. The unearthed money is made of copper, round and without holes, with figures on one side and cows on the other. This is the first time that Ningxia has discovered this currency, and only Xinjiang has discovered it before. Guishuang currency is made of gold, silver and copper by Greek pressing method. The front of a coin is often designed with equal emphasis on words, figures and patterns, with various shapes, similar to a circle or an ellipse. On the back of coins are usually "frosted" Greek, Iranian and Indian gods. Because it is made by pressing method, its shape is often irregular. Copper coins may be relatively poor in appearance due to age, circulation wear, oxidation corrosion and other reasons. Dozens of precious frost coins were unearthed in Loulan site in Xinjiang and Hotan area.