Zhuliangjia
Ruan Ji, Zi Si, Chen Liuwei (now Henan) was a thinker and writer in Wei and Jin Dynasties. His father, Ruan Yu, is one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an". Ruan Ji used to be an infantry captain and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. He is as famous as Ji Kang, and he is also a character in Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, including Ruan Infantry Collection. In literature, Ruan Ji is good at five-character poems, which enriches his artistic skills and makes him more mature. His poetry style is obscure and tortuous, which reflects the dark and cruel political situation under the rule of Sima regime at that time and the unspeakable depression of repressed personality in social reality. Influenced by the most popular thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi and metaphysics at that time, they absorbed the Taoist thought of "Taoism is natural" and thought that the feudal hierarchy should be combined with "nature" to achieve "up but not down, down but not expensive". At that time, it was mainly aimed at the social phenomenon that the ruling class used the etiquette system to cruelly oppress the lower class in real life. Ruan Ji's thoughts are mainly reflected in articles such as "On Lao", "On Da Zhuang" and "Biography of Mr. Adult". In these articles, Ruan Ji reveals distinctive Taoist thoughts.
In On Lao Zi, he summed up Lao Zi's philosophical point of view and said: "The sage will learn from man's principles tomorrow, achieve the division of nature, achieve the body of governance, and judge the great precepts. Therefore, the monarch and his subjects bowed their backs and completed the simplicity of Tai Su; The people are happy and the total life is guaranteed. The Tao is natural, the princes can keep it, and everything is self-transforming. Yi refers to Tai Chi, Spring and Autumn refers to Yuan, and Laozi refers to Dao. " Huang San abides by the Tao, five emperors strive for virtue, three kings show benevolence, and five tyrants do justice, so as to strengthen the country and be wise, cover up the difference between the good and the bad, and reduce the thickness. "Here, he thinks that Taoism advocates" Tao "and" virtue "which are better than Confucianism's" benevolence "and" righteousness ",and even better than the power and wisdom used by later rulers. He also thought that the society at that time was behind the ancient times. Ruan Ji resolutely opposed Confucianism, regardless of its relationship with politics at that time, and regardless of whether he really opposed ethics in thought, at least in action, he violated ethics. Later, Yan Zhitui, a figure in the Northern Dynasties, criticized him in the article "Family Instructions of Yan Family", saying that "Ruan Ji is vulgar and vulgar" and that this is a stain on his character.
Through a fictional story, On the Big Village explains and develops Zhuangzi's philosophical thoughts under the guise of a debate between a group of young people who believe in Confucianism and a subtle "gentleman" who deeply understands the universe and the way of the world, which is permeated with Ruan Ji's understanding and insights on Zhuangzi. At the beginning of the article, the author first describes a "gentleman" who is on cloud nine, and his image borrows the image of a "real person" in Zhuangzi. He "wandered and soared, roaming in the wind." Follow the Chishui River, climb the secluded hill, face the winding path and care about state affairs. Stop suddenly, stop suddenly; I don't know why I did it, but I'm staying today. Disappointed but unhappy, sad and back to the essence. "I live in seclusion during the day and play the piano in seclusion."
Then, a group of "gentry and doers" heard that there was such a master with abnormal behavior, and they all came to consult him and asked to answer their doubts. They dressed themselves up and came to the master according to a set of Confucian etiquette. They are also embarrassed to speak first. One of the "heroes" spoke enthusiastically and asked Mr. Wang questions ... He praised Confucianism's theory and achievements as "the essence of the supreme Tao" and criticized Zhuang Zhou's theory: "Today, Zhuang Zhou is a blessing or a death, taking heaven and earth as one thing and all kinds as one point, and heaven is chaotic and disloyal, but who thinks he is sincere?"
Then the "gentleman" gave play to his own point of view. Through the mouth of this character, Ruan Ji vividly expounded Zhuangzi's philosophical thoughts and lashed out at Confucianism. Ruan Ji not only learned a lot of philosophical viewpoints from Zhuangzi, but also learned a lot of philosophical viewpoints from Lao Zi and Zhou Yi, who were the three classics respected by metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties and were called "San Xuan". Metaphysics is a combination of Confucianism and Taoism, which holds that "Ming religion is based on sex" Ruan Ji's opposition to Confucianism is mainly against the red tape that Confucianism imprisons human nature, and against all kinds of etiquette used by the ruling class to bind the people. He did not deny all of Confucianism, and even the Confucian classic Zhouyi was accepted and inherited. In the book of changes, he expounded his views on the study of the book of changes and gave play to the creation theory of heaven and earth in the book of changes. The following passage reflects this view:
"Heaven and earth are born in nature, and everything is born in heaven and earth. Nature does not exist, so heaven and earth are named, and heaven and earth exist, so everything is born. Who is extraordinary when nothing is? Who is extraordinary when it is inside? The earth is dry, but the sky is not wet. The moon rises in the east and the sun enters from the west. Follow each other, solve and merge. Ascending refers to Yang, descending refers to Yin. What is said on earth is what is said in heaven. Steam is rain, dispersion is wind, inflammation is fire, and condensation is ice. This stone is shaped like a star. The new moon refers to the DPRK, and the gloom refers to ghosts. It's called Sichuan, and it's called the abyss. The ground is flat and the mountains are accumulated. Men and women are together, and the mountains are ventilated. Thunder and wind don't shoot each other, water and fire don't shoot each other. Heaven and earth blend together, and the sun and moon let nature take its course. Heaven and man are one, everything is normal, enter the secluded place, and leave a chapter. One breath goes up and down, and change doesn't hurt. Therefore, it is not unusual for lightning to be overcast, not different in soil, and the heavens and the earth, the sun and the moon. So: on the other hand, you will have more courage; From the perspective of peers, everything will merge. "
Then, Ruan Ji directly adopted a lot of expositions in Zhuangzi: "Losing a son is life, Peng Zu is death, autumn is big, and Mount Tai is small." This is the viewpoint in the theory of homogeneous objects. "If Feng Yi doesn't see the sea and doesn't think about himself, the cloud will be different from its HarmonyOS system, so he can't know much." This is an allusion in Autumn Water. As for the image of a "saint" in this article, it is in the same strain as the saints, real people, gods and even people in Zhuangzi: "A saint is born flat and dies flat. Born without chaos; If it is still, it will not leave, so it can change with yin and yang, not easily, from heaven and earth. " Study your life, you will die according to your own situation, you will treat it with peace of mind, and you will not lose money if you don't need it. ""When people are clear about their nature and obscure their writing, life and death remain the same without beginning. "
Ruan Ji praised the grandeur of Taoism and the smallness of Confucianism. The wisdom of self-cultivation of Taoism and the secular suffering of Confucianism have made a strong defense for Zhuang Zhou, saying that those Confucian children are "speechless" and "frustrated and ashamed of their decline." Under Ruan Ji's pen, this argument ended in failure.
A man named Fu Yi wrote a long letter to Ruan Ji, in which he criticized some rude words and deeds of Ruan Ji from the perspective of orthodoxy, refuted the behavior of "Zhuang Zhou, Huainan and the East", and advised Ruan Ji to actively join the WTO and make contributions. Ruan Ji "has the ambition to help the world", but he is afraid of political darkness, so he is wise and unwilling to get involved in the political whirlpool, so he wrote back. In Answer to Fu Yishu, he said: "Madam's festival also locks Shu Gang in the world, which cannot be ignored; How to destroy the quality and pass the inspection? If good luck is not harmonious and the cat is not allowed, then the spirit resists ambition and the world is superior. Exquisite and exquisite in the mysterious area, the wonderful is often outside the ninth floor. The soaring scenery leaps, the mausoleum panics, calmly follows the Tao and flows freely with the sun and the moon. Vary the name, and make the talents equal. The top is supreme, the bottom has no bottom, and the residents have no room and no door. Everything goes and stays, and the vitality is insufficient. " Xuangang soothes the sky in Tai Chi and vastness. Floating Egypt can't afford waves, flying dust can't keep it clean, it's just a body in the domain, and what spirit can be observed! "I don't know anything about it, but I don't know anything about it, and I can't blame you for catching it." Like Zhuang Zhou, he pinned his ambition on his boundless grand imagination and described Fu Yi's proposition as "showing off the gold in the whole city, selling it for 100 yuan, making a godsend, and examining the skin inch by inch." Lao Wang bowed to serve things, excused filth and finished the work. The trace of the sacred cow is thin, and it has no roots. It is shameful and sad to be ugly. Answer to Fu Yishu is very short, but Ruan Ji's Taoist thoughts reflected in it are endless, and his criticism of Confucianism is also very sharp.
Biography of Mr. Adult is Ruan Ji's longest article, which gives full play to his artistic talent, reflects Taoist thought most comprehensively and vividly, and spares no effort to attack Confucian etiquette. In this long article, Ruan Ji described a lonely "Mr. Adult". He doesn't know when he was born, the beginning of heaven and earth, Shennong, Huangdi, Yao and Shun. He is a great man, taking Wan Li as a step and Chitose as a year. Compared with Zhuangzi's real people, saints, immortals, and even people, he is really far behind. Someone wrote to him and advised him with Confucian ethics:
"The world is expensive, expensive in the gentleman. Clothes do not change color, appearance does not change, words do not change, lines do have routines, standing is overlapping, arch rocks hold drums, moving is knotted, step by step, advancing and retreating, becoming a rule, like ice, trembling; Official practice, be careful day by day, lest you lose your place. Recite the legacy and lament the virtue of Tang Yu, but the law is for repair and the ceremony is for gram. Holding the wall by hand, walking on the rope ink, doing what you want to do is the test of the present, saying that what you want to do is infinite. I know less about my hometown, I have heard about my country for a long time, and I want to be a three-fair, without losing my Kyushu grazing. Therefore, relying on gold and jade, hanging down the literary group, enjoying the position, borrowing soil, clearing the name for future generations, working together to go to the ancient times, serving the monarch, herding the people, living in seclusion, raising a wife, predicting the auspicious house, worrying about its billion, far from disaster and near happiness, and always strengthening yourself. This lofty ambition of a sincere gentleman is not easy at all times. Mr. Jin was sent to live in a vast sea of people, away from gentlemen, and I am afraid that the world will sigh for Mr. Jin instead. It is shameful to act in a way that the world laughs at, but you can't do it yourself. " My husband doesn't want me to laugh when I am in trouble, and behave very secular. "
The purpose of setting up a target is to shoot an arrow with pain. After this passage was put forward as a negative argument, the author immediately denounced it through the mouth of Mr. Adult:
"And you can't look at her husband's lice alone! I think I'm lucky to escape from the deep seam and hide the rotten catkins. Dare not leave the seam, dare not leave the crotch, and think that there is a rope of ink. Hungry, you think you have endless food. However, the flame mountain and the fire flow, scorched the capital, and the lice died in the water and could not get out. What happened to your husband's position between the atlas and the region? " I feel sorry for my husband, but I think far disaster is near happiness, and my strength is infinite. "
Ruan Ji compared the so-called gentleman in the world to the louse in the world and gave him great contempt, in order to contrast the tall image of his ideal "Mr. Adult", and then painted a picture of an ancient ideal society: "In the past, the heavens and the earth opened and everything coexisted. The nature of a great man is calm, while the appearance of a great man is calm. Yin stores qi, while Yang sends essence. The harm is inevitable and the benefit is indisputable. Don't lose what you give, but don't get what you get. Death is not death, living is not living. Happiness has no harvest, and disaster has no complaints. Each of them obeyed his fate and stayed together to some extent. The wise don't win by wisdom, the dark don't lose by stupidity, the weak don't fear by force, and the strong don't use force. " If there is no gentleman, it will be empty; Without ministers, there will be no reason; Protect your body and cultivate your character, so you won't violate discipline; But if you do, you will exist forever. "
Ruan Ji pointed out that the root of all disasters lies in the etiquette formulated by the rulers. "Now you make noise, bully your color, change your appearance, hide your feelings, seek more, cheat your name, set up a monarch and abuse profits, set up a minister as a thief, and set up a ceremony to bind the people;" Deceive fools, hide wisdom from God, the strong bully and fear hard, the weak haggard and serve others. Fake sincerity becomes greed, danger inside and benevolence outside, sin without regret, but fortunately complacent. "If you are eager to get rid of it, you will be depressed." "Today, you are virtuous, competing for each other's interests, gaining momentum with each other, spoiling each other, and driving the world to be interesting. The infinite desire to do everything in the world to serve the voice and emotion is not the reason to support the people. Therefore, I am afraid that the people will know what it is, so I reward it with pleasure, punish it severely, reward it with money, and punish it without punishment. This is the beginning of the disaster of national subjugation and extinction. Didn't your gentleman do this? Your gentleman's gift is really playing the art of being cheap, chaotic, dangerous and dying! "
Ruan Ji revealed that the ruling class used etiquette to bind and hurt the lower classes, and drove them to work and run to satisfy their selfish desires. He pointed his finger at the cruel and tyrannical rulers who rode on the people's heads to dominate their affairs and expressed deep sympathy for the suffering people. Ruan Ji, like other Taoist figures, saw that the fundamental feature of an ideal society is to pursue the avenue, and all disasters in real society come from the destruction of natural heaven by the ruling class and thieves of human nature. The exposure of the sinister intentions of the ruling class is very profound. It not only sympathizes with the people and advocates democratic progress, but also shows that Taoism has a profound and thorough understanding of the nature of society.
In the second half of Biography of Mr. Adult, Ruan Ji used a lot of space to describe the lofty ideal of this ideal person. The description here not only has traces of the real person image in Zhuangzi, but also has the author's own imagination and creation, which is arbitrary and eclectic. Influenced by Songs of the South, the author borrows a lot of myths, legends and allusions, vividly rendering the image of Mr. Adult, who is superior and similar to nature. This is a successful example of using literary means to describe Taoist characters, which belongs to the category of Taoism and literature, so I won't say much here.
Ruan Ji's criticism of secular and hypocritical Confucian scholars is arrogant, and his words and deeds are different, which is disgusting. This is also reflected in his 82 Huaihai poems. The sixty-seventh poem of Huaihai Poetry satirizes the so-called Confucian scholars who rely on the ancient ritual and music system, wear rules, dare not overstep the order, follow the rules in everything, dare not laugh and curse in words and deeds, have a clean and solemn appearance, and abide by certain etiquette when worshipping God. However, they are pure when they are outside. All outspoken words are from the heart, but they will soon preach with a straight face, and the embarrassing attitude is disgusting. Ruan Ji wrote about the hypocrisy of these people here. In fact, these people are duplicitous, not honest sages and gentlemen, nor are they real Confucian scholars. It is these people who ruined the reputation of Confucianism.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that Ruan Ji's admiration for Taoism and attitude towards Confucianism can also be seen in Laozi Zan and Confucius Zhi. "Laozi Zan" said: "Yin and Yang are unpredictable, and the changes are incoherent. They drift to Tai Su and return to emptiness." A few words summed up Laozi's philosophical thought. Confucius said, "There are 3,000 disciples and 70 students, and they are promoted to the church. God thinks and writes books according to history. " The examination of mixed elements is intangible and originated at the beginning. "The last two sentences emphasize the similarities between Confucius and Taoism, and evolve the thoughts that can be absorbed by Taoism into pure Taoist thoughts, which essentially reflects the consistency of Confucianism and Taoism's complementarity, mutual elimination and mutual growth. In Ruan Ji's thought, Taoism and Confucianism can coexist fundamentally. What he opposed was ethics, which gradually evolved in later generations. In fact, it deviates from the way of saints. In this regard, Ruan Ji is worthy of being an outstanding and outstanding anti-ethical figure in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Together with Ji Kang's name, he will forever radiate immortal light in the history of China's thoughts.
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