During school, I believe everyone must remember the classical Chinese, which pays attention to allusions, antithesis and neat melody, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing and parallel prose. Do you want to learn classical Chinese together? The following is a translation of the original annotation of Ma Yuan classical Chinese in the Book of Yan Dun, which I collected, for reference only, hoping to help you.
Introduction to the work The Book of Yan Dun, a Commanding Brother and Son, is selected from the Twenty-four Biographies of Ma Yuan in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. This title was not included in the original manuscript, but was added by later generations. The writer is Ma Yuan, a famous Eastern Han Dynasty. Ma Yuan heard that his brothers (nephews), Ma Yan and Ma Dun, praised others and commented on right and wrong, so he wrote this letter to exhort them. In the letter, he taught Yan and Dun not to talk about other people's faults, which he hated most in his life, and he didn't want the younger generation to get into this habit.
The original work
admonishes the elder brother and son to be strict and stern, and the book
helps the elder brother and son to be strict and stern, and likes to ridicule 1, but ignores the chivalrous man 2. Before the aid, I crossed my toes and returned the book, saying, "I want you to smell people's faults, such as the names of your parents: you can hear them with your ears, but you can't speak them with your mouth." Talking about people's length is wrong, which is the right method, and this is my greatest evil: I would rather die than hear about my descendants' trip. Your Cao knows how evil I am, so those who repeat the words, Shi Jie, Shen parents' precept 8, want to make your Cao never forget!
"Long Bo is high and honest, Zhou Shen is 9, he has no choice but to say 1, he is modest and frugal, and he is honest and public. My love is the most important thing, I wish you Cao Xiaozhi. Du Jiliang 11 Hao Xia is good at righteousness, worrying about others' worries, enjoying others' happiness, and being clear and turbid has nothing to lose 12. Father's funeral sent guests, and the number of counties reached 13. My love is the most important thing, and I don't want you to be Cao Xiao. The efficiency is not high, and it is still a person who would like to worry about 14. The so-called' carving a mandarin fish is not a good kind of swan' is also 15. Ji Liang can not be effective, trapped in the world frivolous, the so-called' painting a tiger is not a dog' is also 16. I don't know yet in Ji Liang, and the county will get off the bus for 17 minutes and gnash my teeth. The state and county think that it is 18, and I am often chilling, so I don't want my children to be effective. "
comments on words
1. ridicule: ridicule, talk about.
2. Communicate with chivalrous people: communicate and communicate; Light and frivolous; Make friends with chivalrous and frivolous people.
3. Cross toe: Han county, in the northern part of Vietnam today.
4. Rucao: You wait, my generation.
5. Right and wrong: comments, praise and criticism.
6. the right law: a proper legal system.
7. great evil: I hate it.
8. apply the parents' precept: wear it. I: Wear a towel. In ancient times, it was customary for a woman to get married, and her mother tied a scarf and a belt on her daughter to dress her. The father forbade his daughter, saying, "If you abstain from it, you will never disobey your orders at night." The mother and the daughter said, "Be respectful of it, and there is nothing against the palace at night."
9. Long Bogao is kind and honest. Zhou Shen: Long Bogao is kind and honest. Long Bogao: a famous person in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is recorded in the history books that "four years in the county was very effective" and "filial piety at home, loyalty to the country, the public coming, and William brilliant". Zhou Shen: Careful and cautious.
1. If you don't choose what you say, it means that what you say is good. Option: pass "dù (dù)" and corrupt.
11. Du Jiliang: Du Jiliang, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, rode Sima as an official.
12. Nothing is lost: it means that everything is handled properly.
13. Arrive in several counties: All the guests from many counties have arrived.
14. caution: caution.
15. Siniperca: Swan. Emu: Wild duck. Although this metaphor can't be imitated, it is still approximate.
16. Painting a tiger is not a dog: metaphor is self-defeating.
17. getting off: refers to the official's first appointment. Grind teeth: to express hatred.
18. Take this as a thread.
The original
Helping brothers and sons is strict and stern, and they are fond of ridicule, but they are light of chivalrous people. Before the aid, I crossed my toes and returned the book, saying, "I want you to smell people's faults, such as the names of your parents: you can hear them with your ears, but you can't speak them with your mouth." Talking about people's length and jumping to the right and wrong is also my greatest evil: I would rather die than hear about my descendants' trip. Your Cao knows how evil I am, so those who repeat the words will make a vow to your parents, so that your Cao will never forget it!
"Long Bogao is honest and considerate, and he has no choice but to be modest and frugal, and he is honest and public. My love is the most important thing, I wish you Cao Xiaozhi. Du Jiliang is a chivalrous man, caring for others, enjoying others, and being clear and clear. Father's funeral sent a guest, and he arrived in several counties. My love is the most important thing, and I don't want you to be Cao Xiao. The efficiency is not high, and it is still a person who wants to be embarrassed. The so-called' carving a mandarin fish is not a good kind of bird' is also. Ji Liang can not be effective, trapped in the world frivolous, the so-called' painting a tiger is not a dog' is also. Ji Liang has not yet known that the county will get off and gnash its teeth. The state and county think that I am often chilling, so I don't want my children to be effective. "
Vernacular translation
My brother's sons, Ma Yan and Ma Dun, both like to talk sarcastically about other people's affairs, and they like to make friends with chivalrous men. On my way to Jiaotoe, I wrote to warn them: "I hope you have heard about other people's mistakes, just like hearing their parents' names: you can hear with your ears, but you can't talk with your mouth." I like to talk about the strengths and weaknesses of others and comment on the statutes of the imperial court at random, which I deeply hate. I would rather die than have my children and grandchildren behave like this. You know I hate this behavior very much, which is the reason I have repeatedly stressed. Just like my daughter's parents repeatedly warned her before she got married, I hope you don't forget it. "
"Long Bogao is honest and honest, and there is nothing to blame for what he said. Modest and frugal, yet dignified. I love and respect him. I hope you can learn from him. Du Jiliang is a hero with a sense of justice. He regards the sorrow of others as his own sorrow and the happiness of others as his own happiness, and makes friends with both good people and bad people. When his father died, many people came. I love and respect him, but I don't want you to learn from him. If you don't succeed in learning from Lombok, you can become a cautious and modest person. It is said that carving a swan can't be like a duck. Once you fail to learn from Du Jiliang, you will become a dude. As the saying goes, "painting a tiger is not like a dog." Du Jiliang didn't know it until now, and the generals in the county gnashed their teeth and hated him when they arrived, and the people in the counties and counties had great opinions on him. I often feel cold for him, which is why I don't want my children and grandchildren to learn from him. "
Writing background
Ma Yan and Ma Dun are the sons of Ma Yuan's second brother Ma Yu. The life experience of the two brothers is sad. When Ma Yan was 7 years old, his father Ma Yu died in Yangzhou. At the age of 8, my mother also passed away. Two 7-and 8-year-old children were suddenly changed, their parents died, and they were fostered in Cao Gong's house, the cousin of Hou Xiang in Wu 'an. In the fourth year of Jianwu of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty (AD 28), Ma Yuan followed Liu Xiudong's expedition, passed Wu 'an, and brought Ma Yan back to Luoyang. At this time, Ma Yan was 13 years old. Ma Yuan, a family heirloom with filial piety, treated his brother and son as his own, and strictly taught him. This letter from home is a classic example. What's more, when Ma Yuan wrote this letter to Yan Dun's second nephew, it was the time when he led an expedition. In the military, despite my hectic schedule, military affairs are at an extraordinary moment. He is still thinking about the education of his sons and nephews, finding leisure in his busy schedule, and Wan Li's book-passing, ardent feelings, which are beyond words and the meaning of strictness, are touching people's hearts; Moreover, it is concise and precise.
The sinister and unpredictable living environment of the scholars in the Han Dynasty kept people on guard at all times, modest and cautious in order to preserve themselves, thus ensuring the continuity and development of the family. Therefore, the scholars in the Han Dynasty turned this awareness of fear into an emphasis on self-cultivation and moral cultivation in the commandments.
Appreciation of Works
Ma Yuan's nephews Ma Yan and Ma Dun usually like to criticize current affairs and make friends with chivalrous people, which worries him. Although they are far away from the Jiaotoe Army, they still wrote this sincere letter. The article speaks earnestly, and the words are full of the deep concern and ardent expectation of the elders for the younger generation, so there are three reasons for this effect.
firstly, the name "Rucao" is used repeatedly in the text, which makes the sons and nephews feel more cordial when reading. You can also receive the effect of raising your face with your ears when you send a letter to teach you thousands of miles away. The repeated appearance of the same title can certainly make the callee feel attached importance to himself, and more importantly, the title chosen by the author also conveys rich information. The ancient names and characters were parallel, and each had its own uses. Generally, elders call their younger generation by their first names, and when their peers are commensurate, they use words. If "Er" and "Ru" are commensurate, it is often impolite, but it can be used to show closeness in certain occasions, such as the sentence "Love your children's language, resentment against each other" in Han Yu's Listening to the Clever Teacher Playing the Piano. In his letter, the author does not call his sons and nephews as usual, but calls them "Ru Cao", which makes him easy-going and friendly, and narrows the distance between the elders and the younger generation. The so-called younger generation can appreciate the true care of the elders.
Second, earnestly, show your opinions, and communicate with the younger generation with your own life experience, instead of preaching the truth in vain. For example, in the first paragraph, it is said that "it is a great evil to talk about the length of people and jump to the right and wrong. I would rather die than hear about my descendants' trip." Just talk about yourself, but with a clear attitude and strong feelings, you can naturally infect the younger generation. Why should you forbid this and that in an imperative way? As for the sentence of "Shi Yi Jie Yan", it is even more urging and earnest, which makes people moved. In the second paragraph, the author makes a comparative analysis of the gains and losses of contemporary virtuous people, all of which are based on his own experience in observing people in society. Its metaphor of "carving a stork is not a good kind of stork" and "painting a tiger is not a bad kind of dog" is powerful and thought-provoking, and it is an epigram that has been passed down through the ages. And words such as "I wish you could be effective" and "I don't want you to be effective" are just expressions of hope, but the lines are full of sincere care, which is really many times better than the straight-faced tone of "You should be effective" and "You should not be effective"!
Thirdly, a large number of modal particles at the end of sentences are used appropriately, which has played a role in expressing meaning with simplicity and complexity, and only one word is used with rich meaning; The outstanding effect of expressing feelings is that there is no victory, and the feelings are especially true and meaningful without affection. In this paper, I use "Ye" to express my affirmation and expectation, and my attitude is firm. Using "Yi" and "Er" to express one's love and hate tendency has profound meaning; The use of "zhe ye" expresses reservations or disapproval of the object of comment. Together, these words not only make people feel depressed, but also make people understand the teachings, expectations, care and love behind the words.
Author's brief introduction
Ma Yuan (the first 14 years-49 years), the word Yuan Wen. Han nationality, Fufeng Maoling (now Douma Village, Xingping City, Shaanxi Province). A famous strategist, one of the founding heroes of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ma Yuan's ancestor was Zhao She, a famous Zhao in the Warring States Period. In the last years of the New Mang, there was chaos in the world. Ma Yuan was subordinate to Wei Xiao, a warlord in Longyou, and won the trust of Wei Xiao. After surrendering to Emperor Guangwu, he made great achievements for Liu Xiu's unified war. After the unification of the world, although Ma Yuan was old, he still volunteered to make an expedition to the west, break the Qiang people in the west, and cross the toes in the south (present-day Vietnam). His spirit of "being healthy and vigorous" and "being buried in the grave" won the respect of future generations. In his elegiac couplet to Cai E, Dr. Sun Yat-sen wrote: "All my life, I have cared for the generous classes, and Wan Li has closed Ma Fubo."