Authors: Wu Chengquan, Wu Dazhao,
Category: Selected Works
Completion time: 1695
Required reading reasons
Because the selected articles are short and pithy, most of them are well-known and easy to remember, this book has been favored by scholars for nearly 300 years and widely circulated among the general public.
Creation background
The editors of The View of Ancient Chinese Prose are Wu Chengquan and Wu Dazhi, uncles in the early Qing Dynasty (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Take the right, the word Chu Cai. You can read classic history only if you study ancient prose all your life. In the fifteenth year of Kangxi (1676), he assisted his uncle's son in studying ancient Chinese literature in Fuzhou, and then gave it to the library for life. In addition to participating in the compilation of China's View on Ancient Literature, together with Zhou Jiong and Zhou Zhican, he compiled a popular historical reader, Lu Lulve, modeled on Zhu's As a Mirror. The official position is very big, the tone of voice is also very heavy, and he is also addicted to "ancient learning" and "talent". The main experience of his life is to teach with his uncle in his hometown.
Secondly, it took several years for Wu to compile "A View of China Ancient Literature". At first, they just made up some handouts to teach the boy classical Chinese. Later, after years of teaching, my understanding of ancient Chinese became deeper and deeper, and my lectures became more and more refined, so that "good people wrote by hand" and left. "Mr. Xiang" sighed after reading it and advised them to "hand it over and make it public." In this way, they compiled A Number of Students Studying on weekdays into a book. After the manuscript was compiled, it was sent to Guihua (now Hohhot) for Wu Xingzuo's review. Xing Zuo, the word Bocheng, stayed in the village, and took the uncle for power. He was the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi and then the deputy commander-in-chief of the Han army. He "read and count", thinking that this book is of great benefit to beginners of ancient Chinese, and it is convenient for Kangxi to make a preface to the book Dragon Boat Festival in the thirty-fourth year (1695), and he is "eager to compile it into pears and dates". In this way, the earliest edition of China's View on Ancient Literature was produced.
After the founding of New China, especially in recent ten years, many translations of ancient official system in China are based on Zhonghua Book Company. There are two kinds of books published by Zhonghua Book Company: one is 1959 edition. This is a book transferred from the original ancient books publishing house. This book "breaks sentences according to Xue Ying Tang Ben's viewpoint and corrects some obvious typos". The second version is 1987, which is Anping Autumn School. Although this edition is based on 1959, it has been checked with the original edition of Yingxuetang, with Wenfutang Edition, Hu Aijing Edition and Hong Wen Hall Edition, and has been collated with ancient prose collected from relevant historical books, collections and other books, supplementing the preface to the 25 th Five-Year Plan and examples written by Cheng Quan. So it is the best version that can be seen at present.
Abbreviation of works
Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many anthologies of ancient Chinese prose. If it spreads widely and has great influence, it will still be loved by readers. The longevity is related to the fact that the guiding ideology of compiling books in the 25 th Five-Year Plan is different from that of the National People's Congress.
Some predecessors compiled selected versions of ancient Chinese prose, others used annotations to vent cynicism, or advocated a sense of righteousness and a spirit; Some borrow ancient prose to flaunt a genre and enhance a style of writing. Although both of them introduced the thoughts and artistic features of China's ancient prose, they were both inclined to reason and prose, and both of them were inevitably suspected of being narrow-minded or ignorant. Second, Wu is not like this. They "selected ancient prose in a miscellaneous way, which was originally designed for beginners", both for Mr. Wu's "disciples" and for "boys" and "scholars". In today's words, it is necessary to compile an ancient Chinese textbook that teachers can use for teaching and students can use for self-study. In this case, it is required that: first, editors should select articles reasonably, break the stereotype with a fair and objective attitude, and truly select famous articles of ancient Chinese, so that students can fully and correctly understand the spiritual and artistic characteristics of ancient Chinese; Second, the editing style should be reasonable, meet the needs of teaching and learning, and especially facilitate self-study. These two points have been achieved.
Let's talk about the selected article first. Ancient prose * * * is selected from 222 ancient prose (including 4 parallel prose) written by 6 1 authors in the Zhou and Ming dynasties, including 100 prose before and after the Western Han Dynasty. Before the Western Han Dynasty, there were 34 Zuozhuan, 1 1 Guoyu and 15 Sima Qian. After the Western Han Dynasty, there were 94 articles in Tang and Song Dynasties, including 18 articles in plain text. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were 78 "Eight Masters". Among the eight schools, Han Yu has 24 articles, Liu Zongyuan 1 1, Ouyang Xiu 13 and Su Shi 17. It can be seen that the ancient prose selected in Guwen Guanzhi mainly comes from pre-Qin, Kawabata Yasunari, Tang and Song Dynasties. It should be said that the proportion of ancient prose in selected works in each period can generally reflect the historical situation of the rise and fall of ancient prose. There are not only masterpieces by everyone in the book, but also masterpieces that are not from everyone but have great influence in the history of ancient China literature. Therefore, there are many excellent works in the selected works, covering a wide range of authors. Moreover, beginners can fully understand the artistic features of China's ancient prose by paying attention to choosing works with different themes, genres and styles. However, a moderate number of selected articles enables readers to appreciate the beauty and taste the best.
Besides, the style of this book is also "for beginners". The contents of the book are divided into 12 volumes according to the times. Every article is marked with dots on important words to attract attention, punctuated at tone pauses to make sentences easier to read, and notes are also made. Secondly, Wu thinks that both kinds of annotations are very useful for beginners. He said, "There are two kinds of annotations in ancient Chinese, so you can suddenly understand them. If you don't comment on a comment, or if you don't comment on a comment, how about a person's body, knowing his face but not his blood, and knowing his blood but not his face? It is a compilation of word meanings and allusions, followed by comments, and the people who read it clearly will be on fire. " Notes are annotations, and the first is phonetic notation. The so-called "is the sound of arrangement, and it is marked under the words for easy reading." (ditto) The second is interpretation. The so-called "is compiled by people who need to solve difficult problems, that is, at present, casual language has never been ignored, and it is supplemented by beginners" (ibid.). The third is "allusions annotation" (ditto). Comments are comments. First, comment on the content of the article. For example, commenting on the sentence in the imperial edict of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that "if you have extraordinary achievements, you must treat extraordinary people" means that "the ambition of Emperor Wu is exposed to the extraordinary". The second is the analysis of article art, in which a large number of articles are analyzed in the form of structure; Including revealing the main idea of the text, sorting out the context, summarizing the main idea of the paragraph and explaining the beauty of the language. Such comments are completely distributed under the original sentence because of words, sentences, chapters and paragraphs. The two are closely related, which is actually a concrete analysis of the art of article writing by commentators on the premise of grasping the artistic characteristics of the article as a whole. And the wording is concise, just stop. The summary of the artistic characteristics of the whole article is placed at the end of the article in the form of general comment. Often comment on artistic features and often discuss content. If the text is short, cross it out, but if it doesn't exceed 100 words, you can tell the artistic characteristics of the whole article. Reading the whole article in combination with the comments in the article, and then looking at the general comment, readers often have a feeling of taking in everything in a glance and being suddenly enlightened.
Main comment
The selected articles can include the essence of ancient Chinese prose, annotations can also remove obstacles to reading and understanding ancient Chinese prose, and annotations can also explain the beauty of writing. This way of reading will naturally be welcomed by beginners, so Wu Xingzuo said, "Learn well and use well" (preface). Of course, there are also some shortcomings in the selection of the ancient literature view: Qin Wen selected more articles, but Zi Shu did not; There are too few anthologies of the Eight Dynasties, and the anthologies of the Tang and Song Dynasties are too concentrated in the Eight Schools, while the works of the Southern Song Dynasty are not selected at all, and the works of the Yuan Dynasty are also lacking. Although 18 articles were selected in the Ming Dynasty, most of them were not "Guan" works. Moreover, there are many brilliant ideas in artistic analysis, and it is difficult to jump out of the pattern of inheritance and integration.
The advantages and disadvantages of China Ancient Literature are mainly brought by its editing methods. The compiling method of Wu Chengshu is "collection" or "compilation". The so-called "the remaining two people are not Hu Yan's choice, they are all floating clouds." Where's the rally? "Collection of ancient prose, collection of ancient and modern people's choices, short in detail, complicated in brief, scattered in combination, wrong in decision and wrong in correction. Writers have their own thoughts and profound meanings on ancient Austria. Readers take this and use beauty or heritage, and the overview is difficult to remember, so the other two make up (for example).
Comments are mainly taken from Lu, Lou, Xie, Tang, Mao and Jin, with Lou, Mao and Jin having the most opinions. Most of the comments are recorded directly, such as unloading the guests, preface to seeing Li off to Pangu, and preface to seeing him off, all of which are copied from Lou's anthology. Some words were recorded for comments, such as Snake Catcher and Preface to Yuxi Poetry, and half of them were taken from Lou's collected works. Half of General Comment on Jin Xuejie, Debate on Taboo and Historical Records Jiro Wen are taken from Selected Works of Mao Zedong. Some general comments on Yan Zi's immortality, such as Biography of Five Emperors, Hanging Women in the Ancient Battlefield, Hou Lun, etc. Excerpted from Selected Letters from the Jin Family. The general comments on building evaluation, such as Answering Ren 'an's Letter, Sun's Letter, Planting Camels, Fengle Pavilion, Luoyang Famous Garden and Jianyuan Inscription, are all based on the original evaluation. The general comments such as Delin's Interpretation, Argument for Officials and Letter to Ouyang Sheren are the application of Mao's comments. A General Review of Qianchibi Fu is a rewriting of Jin's comments, while A General Review of Transcendental Stories is developed on the basis of comments. There are also some comments that combine the theories of various schools with their own, such as the general review of Yueyang Tower, reading the Biography of Meng Changjun and the Pavilion of Western Languages, that is, the theory of building and gold. This method of selecting the best from the best and summarizing the best is often used when commenting sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph. For example, the annotation "forbearance is an idea" at the end of the first paragraph of Houlun is taken from Lu's comment on writing, while the annotation "This sentence and the beginning of the article are also discussed" under "its meaning is not in the book" is taken from Jin's original annotation. Second, the reason why Wu "named his family's old notes, giving consideration to personal interests" is because they think that "each has its own wonderful solution, and there are many omissions. When taking its strengths and making up its shortcomings, it is a perfect match" (Example). In fact, another important reason is that this book is for children to learn. No matter what viewpoint you choose and what comments you make, you should strive for "honesty" and "safety". Novel but not weird, practical and avoid deviation. So they don't choose radical or deviant articles, and don't record comments with ideological characteristics, great personality and full of emotion. They often adopt the method of learning from others' wisdom and explaining the original annotation in order to make the annotation comprehensive and safe. In this way, it is possible for the concept of ancient prose to absorb all the advantages of various anthologies, which has long been welcomed by China ancient lovers, so that when talking about the influence of anthologies on China literature, Lu Xun mentioned it together with anthologies, saying, "At first glance, it seems ridiculous, but both of them have the same influence on literature."
Key knowledge points
"Ancient prose" is the most gorgeous, valuable and representative ancient prose collected by the author from a sharp perspective in the vast ocean of China literature, so this book is also the best anthology of ancient prose. For hundreds of years, not only scholars are familiar with it, but also the general public loves it and spreads it widely. Although due to the limitation of the author's thought, the selected articles are strongly neo-Confucianism, but it does build a shortcut for readers to appreciate the essence of ancient Chinese, so it is inevitable that their reputation will not drop.
Recite on time
In ancient times, I was not conscientious, did not hesitate, and did not dare to climb; Don't care, don't dare to recite; A paragraph, a tick, is not in the statutes, dare not disagree with the rhyme, dare not write.
Thoughts after reading: China's view of ancient literature is a particularly heavy classic. This is not only to say that it contains the essence of China's thought and literature. At the shallowest level, its thickness and weight far exceed 300 Tang poems. Therefore, when reading this book, it is impossible to put it in your pocket and take it out after dinner. Fortunately, the tranquility of northwest Yunnan has brought me an excellent opportunity to take it with me many times, find an uninhabited bush or building in the wild, hide myself between leaves and branches, forget my existence and concentrate on reading this classic with considerable thickness and weight. I still stubbornly believe that it must be a quiet moment to read such a classic as Ancient Chinese Literature. Find a quiet place, lie comfortably and read that realm in the warm sunshine.
There are obvious differences between ancient prose and many books. I don't like Lao Tzu to restrain myself from forbearance, nor do I like Sun Tzu's art of war to pursue self-cultivation, nor do I like Lala's scheming. The essence of this book is that it records all kinds of military wisdom and strategies of ancient literati through stories such as Zang Nuobo, Yu Zi, Sui Tang, Feng Xuan, Zou Ji and Su Qin, but always tells you the way to realize your self-worth when you were born and the moral glory in the wars of many countries marching eastward and westward. In those ancient times, the personal charm of predecessors was like plum fragrance, which was intoxicating. According to China's ancient literature, what we read is not only events and records, but also the externalization of people's character, such as: "If people hate me, they must know; I hate people, and I can't know; People's virtue is also good for me, and I can't forget it; I am virtuous to others, and I must not forget it. "Such sentences and paragraphs can be seen everywhere. It is precisely because of this that China's View on Ancient Literature will let us read it calmly for hundreds of years, intoxicated like drinking wine, and listen humbly when we meet the master.
A thick book, China's View of Ancient Literature, devoted a large part of its space to describing ancient wars, and showed its intelligence through the characters in the smoke, which satisfied some people's desire to peek at the heroic character in the iron and blood period. However, we can easily find that this book is not only a book, but also a philosopher, as long as you read it carefully. It allows you to constantly appreciate an amazing mind and temperament, which makes people quietly fall for it. When my eyes bypass the thrilling chapters such as Shuai Biao, Biography of Qu Yuan and Yueyang Tower, I always stay on Li Ling's answer to Su Wude and Chen Qingbiao for a long time. Su Wu's trekking in the history of China has supported the spirit of many people, making him proud and exemplary. In contrast, the contemporary Li Ling was written into one almanac after another because of surrender, and many generals and ministers were not ashamed. However, Guan Zhi of Ancient Chinese Literature, which is regarded as a classic of ancient Chinese literature, contains a letter from a surrenderer who surrendered to Su Wu. I really don't know what Wu Chucai and Wu Tiaohou who compiled this book thought at the beginning. But as a witness of a traitor and a thief, it is listed in the same volume as the famous articles such as Teacher's Watch. Between the lines, I read it, but it was equally touching. Perhaps this is the unique temperament of prose.
With the deepening of my own creation year by year, I often think lightly about the nature of prose itself in my mind, in some occasional quiet times. Prose, a seemingly random text, should have revealed his psychology spotlessly. An ancient prose view, seemingly too complicated, actually has only one theme: being a man.
However, it is difficult for people to do it. The waves of history have made many people and things see their true colors after decades or even thousands of years. How hard it is to tell them apart. To this end, I found that in this book, many people who are fixed in a long and short space by words form a team with their own bodies. Some of them are rigorous, some are wild, some are crying, and finally they tell me only one question: they are all sticking to their deep feelings, anytime, anywhere, inadvertently through different forms. Such as Qu Yuan, Zhuge Liang and Jia Yi, such as Liu Zongyuan, Wang Anshi and Fang Xiaoru. I don't know what others think of this book, at least I think so. The people in the book, and the authors who wrote these chapters, are long gone. The dead, what they left behind, different interpretations have different views. However, many people will invariably hold this book in their hands and read it under the lamp, in the sun and at night. In this book, water and mountains, bows and daggers, sighs, ruts and hoofprints are always covered with thick and thin blood marks. Some people can't sleep at night for fame, some people run around for your good, and some people cry and touch towels for the people. When they look dignified in middle age, no one would have thought that these ancient words remembered some people and let some people remember them.
Travel around the world in 80 days.
This is one of Verne's most popular novels. Fokker, the hero, made a bet with his friend that he would travel around the world once in 80 days and then return to London. Although he overcame all kinds of difficulties, he arrived in London five minutes late and thought he had failed. However, he won an unexpected victory, because he circled the world from west to east, just saving a day. His works were widely popular after being adapted into plays.
Around the World in 80 Days is a very famous sci-fi and literary work, which describes the story of Filias Fogg and his servant Lu Tong traveling around the world and taking risks along the way. The novel begins with a bet, interspersed with love stories and humorous stories, which is unforgettable and instructive.
Chapter one Mr fogg and the new servant
Chapter II Betting at Poker Table
Chapter three begins to travel around the world.
Chapter four The detective fell in love with Mr. Fogg.
Chapter v consular signature on passport.
Chapter 6 Lulu talks too much
Chapter VII Encounter at Sea
Chapter VIII Trouble of Passepartout Temple
Chapter 9 Riding an elephant through the forest
Chapter 10 Bravely save Aouda's wife
Chapter 11 Shura's trick failed
Chapter XII Head-on Conflict
Chapter 13 Aouda didn't find her cousin
Chapter 14 Passepartout was arrested
Chapter 15 wishful thinking fell through again
Chapter 16 Overcoming the Storm
Chapter 17 Passepartout's Wandering Story
Chapter 18 Shura changed his mind
Chapter 19 Street distress in San Francisco
Chapter 20 Lu Yu bison
Chapter 21 The train risks crossing the bridge
Chapter 22 Duel with the Colonel
Chapter 23 Indians rob trains
Chapter 24 Sleigh galloping on the snowfield
Chapter 25 Overcoming Bad Luck
Chapter 26 Mr Fogg lost.
Chapter 27 Happy ending
Travel around the world in 80 days: run around the earth.
□ Meng Qingde
Jules verne, a Frenchman, introduced a special character to the world with his novel Around the World in 80 Days. Mr Phileas Fogg, a wealthy gentleman living in London, whose background is almost unknown all over the world, stood there like a clock from the moment he appeared. He is as serious as a clock and as accurate as a clock. No matter what happens, he never worries or gets angry. He just walked on at his own pace. He eats regularly, goes to bed regularly and even goes to the club to play cards. Move your legs at a fixed time every day, with 576 steps on your left foot and 575 steps on your right foot.
The biggest difference between Mr. Fogg and the clock is that the clock can make a sound, while Mr. Fogg can hardly speak. In a 270-page book, Mr. Fogg's speech only accounts for five or six pages at most. However, if he doesn't speak, it means that he will make a decision on one thing, which means that he will do it. He said it would take 80 days to travel around the world, and he dared to gamble with his life. He said he would spend 80 days traveling around the world. He got up and left with the servant. At the last moment of the 80th day, he ignored the buzzing sound outside the club gate.
Mr fogg dares to gamble with his life, because he knows that the earth is round in 1872, because he dares to take all his possessions except gambling, 20,000 pounds, to pay for road trip who bridged the mountain, because he regards the traffic conditions such as boats and cars along the way as his palm print. Finally, and most importantly, there was a gentleman who firmly believed that one thing could be done for the public to see.
Mr Fogg finally succeeded, which can't be blamed on jules verne's insistence on arranging a happy ending for his characters. This only shows that he spent 80 days traveling around the world even under the traffic conditions at that time. Everything in the world, no matter how vigorous, is nothing in the end. The most thrilling thing is the process that makes the world stunned. This is called creating a brilliant process that amazes God. Just as the Tang Priest and his disciples had to go through 81 difficulties to learn from the West, Mr. Fogg and his servants traveled all over Europe, Africa, Asia and America, using a series of available means of transportation along the way, such as ships, trains, carriages, yachts, merchant ships, elephants and sledges. On the way, Indian cannibals hunted down, Hong Kong's marijuana and spirits were psychedelic, the waves set off by the Pacific hurricane, and the bullets whizzed by Native Americans. However, in the face of all this, Mr. Fogg has always been so calm, as calm as watching the world play and as calm as watching other people's business.
Aside from many things that hinder Mr. Fogg in the book, the most terrible thing should actually be on the banks of the Suez Canal in Egypt. If God's eyes were a little biased-no, if the legal construction in Britain was a little less serious, if the police officers Mr. Fogg met were a little indifferent to the law, and if the police officers Mr. Fogg met were not British but people from another country, then Mr. Fogg should have called as early as when he had just crossed Europe. However, although Mr. Fix, a British police detective, admitted that Mr. Fogg was a suspect in the recent robbery of the British National Bank, he still respected British law. He has to wait for London to issue an arrest warrant for him. He followed Mr. Fogg all the way from Africa, across Asia, across America and back to Europe, and finally became a witness of Mr. Fogg's global travel. Finally, it was not until he returned to Europe and reached the gate of London, where English law could be legally enforced, that Mr. Fix finally showed Mr. Fogg an arrest warrant and detained Mr. Fogg in a place only one step away from success. However, as the book says, he acted according to the law, which is entirely his duty, although his reason and emotion have told him that his judgment is likely to be wrong.
Mr fogg is as rigid as wood, as rigid as mathematics and as serious as a clock. In the process of traveling around the world, he ignored windows and portholes, and he didn't even look at the scenery. As the book says, "He is not traveling, he just wants to walk around the earth." All he wants is to finish his plan meticulously, all he wants is efficiency, and all he wants is that this link can be closely linked with the next one. Looking through Mr. Fogg's global diary, through many appearances, what Mr. Fogg really values is not winning or losing, or even the recognition of the world. What he pursues is to prove the feasibility of 80-day global week to heaven and earth. What he wants is real realization, and all he wants is to know for himself.