1, Putonghua is a modern standard Chinese with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect (Mandarin) as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.
2. Source: Judy seized the throne of Wen Jian and moved the capital to Beiping (renamed Beijing), mainly from Nanjing, and moved hundreds of thousands of nobles, rich families and ordinary people all over the country. Based on Nanjing Mandarin, it influenced the pronunciation of Dadu in Yuan Dynasty. Through the whole process of Ming Dynasty, Beijing Mandarin (different from Beijing Hutong pronunciation) took shape.
Extended data:
The standard of Putonghua proficiency test is as follows:
1, Grade A: When reading aloud and talking freely, the pronunciation standard, vocabulary and grammar are correct, the intonation is natural and the expression is smooth. The total loss rate is less than 3%.
2. Level 1 B: When reading aloud and talking freely, the pronunciation standard, vocabulary and grammar are correct, the intonation is natural and the expression is smooth. Occasionally there will be mistakes in pronunciation and tone. The total loss rate is less than 8%.
3. Class Ⅱ A: When reading aloud and talking freely, the pronunciation of phonology is basically standard, the tone is natural and the expression is smooth. Several difficult pronunciations (flat tongue, front and back nasal sounds, lateral nasal sounds, etc.). ) sometimes I make mistakes. Lexical and grammatical errors are rare. The total loss rate is within 13%.
4. Second-class B: When reading aloud and speaking freely, individual tones are inaccurate and vowels are not pronounced in place. There are many difficult sounds (flat tongue, front and back nasal sounds, lateral nasal sounds, Fu Hu, z-zh-j, aspirated but not aspirated, i-ü undifferentiated, voiced stops reserved, voiced stops fricative, voiced stops lost, vowels monosyllabic, etc.). ), and there are many mistakes. Dialect intonation is not obvious, and sometimes dialect words and dialect grammar are used. The total loss rate is less than 20%.
5. Grade A: During reading aloud and free dialogue, there are many vowel pronunciation errors in Grade A, which are difficult to pronounce beyond the common range and the tone value is inaccurate. Dialect intonation is obvious. There are mistakes in vocabulary and grammar. The total loss rate is less than 30%.
6. Grade B: When reading aloud and talking freely, there are many pronunciation errors in pronunciation and intonation, and the dialect features are prominent. Dialect intonation is obvious. There are many mistakes in vocabulary and grammar. Outsiders can't understand his conversation. The total loss rate is less than 40%.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia _ Mandarin Proficiency Test Baidu Encyclopedia _ Mandarin