1, string in series
China has a long history of book publishing, and the book binding forms are constantly evolving with the development of book production technology and materials used.
It is generally believed that the earliest books in China are tortoise shells or animal bones engraved with words in Shang Dynasty, which has been more than 3,000 years. At that time, for the convenience of preservation, several pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions related to content were connected in series with ropes, which was the binding form of early books.
From the late Shang Dynasty, bronze inscriptions appeared, and rulers cast important documents on bronze wares. Especially in the Western Zhou Dynasty, inscriptions can accommodate more characters. The inscriptions on Mao tablets in the Western Zhou Dynasty have reached more than 500 words. Because people regard the inscription on bronze as one of the ancient "original books", most book historians think it is also a form of ancient book binding.
2. Bamboo slips
Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips were the most representative form of books. They can be simplified arbitrarily according to the length of the article, one letter at a time. Finally, string two ropes together and keep the package. There are two kinds of bamboo slips and silk books, which are sewn into bags by tasters. Bamboo slips originated in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and remained in use until the 4th century. Bamboo slips are not only made of bamboo, but also called wooden slips by some wood users.
Parallel to it, there are wooden slips, which are made into rectangular pieces of wood and used to write short articles.
3. Silk script
Silk book is a kind of book form slightly later than bamboo slips. Written on silk fabrics, its binding form is to sew the edges and store them in rolls. Because the materials are expensive, they are mostly used by rulers to write official documents or draw pictures, and ordinary books are rarely used.
4. Stone Sutra (Stone Tablet)
The Story of the Stone is also a form of ancient books. The most representative is Xiping Stone, which was carved in the fourth year of Xiping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 175). Seven Confucian classics are engraved on 46 stone tablets, with a total of more than 200,000 words. It stands in front of Luoyang Imperial College for people to read, copy and correct, and its function exceeds that of ordinary books. Its form is double-sided carving.
5. rubbings (scrolls)
After the invention of paper, the form of rubbing appeared. You can copy all kinds of stone inscriptions on paper, and it is easy to save and read after being mounted into a roll. Later, this method was applied to bronze inscriptions and Wen Tao's rubbings. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, various rubbings are an important category in court books.
Paper was invented in the second century BC; Since the second century, paper has been widely used for writing. In the 2nd century A.D., the use of paper became more common and became the main material of book carrier. Many changes have taken place in the binding form of paper books. The earliest books were written in the form of simple raiders and silk books, that is, scroll loading. In the early Tang dynasty, on the basis of scroll loading, cyclone loading appeared again. In the past, there were different views on the shape of cyclone suit, because there were only records and no physical objects. Zhang Bangji called it this in the Song Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Ye Dehui called it "the product of scales". Some people think that connecting folded clothes end to end is a whirlwind suit. Later, it was found that the written versions of Tang Yun in the Tang Dynasty were staggered one by one and stuck to the bottom paper of the scroll. When reading, it becomes a scroll after opening, and its appearance is the same as that of the scroll, which proves that the first two statements are correct.
6. Admiration, whirlwind clothing, butterfly clothing (book binding in the early stage of printing and Liao and Jin Dynasties)
Origami originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its shape is that the written pages are pasted together in sequence, folded one by one, and then sealed before and after.
Before the invention of printing, there were generally only the above-mentioned book binding forms. After the invention of printing, scroll binding and folding binding continue to be used, but there are still new developments in materials, format size and binding technology. With the development of printing technology, new book binding forms have emerged, including butterfly binding, Bao Beizhuang binding and thread binding.
The invention of printing marks that the publication of books has entered a new era. Due to the change of production mode, books can be produced quickly and in large quantities, and more people can have the opportunity to read. The increasing demand for books has promoted the prosperity and development of the publishing and printing industry. Publishers pay more and more attention to the binding form of books, which embodies the complete art of ancient book binding from the choice of layout, the size of the core, font lines, binding form and the materials used in the cover.
Printing was invented in Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. The earliest existing printed matter is the Dalagni Sutra carved around 704 AD and the Diamond Sutra found in Dunhuang. Carved in 868 AD, they are all mounted on scrolls. It can be seen that in the early days of printing, scroll binding was the most commonly used binding form. The earliest printed encyclopaedia is Tang Yun, and its binding form may be whirlwind, which was printed in various places.
From the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, printing was not popular, only in Xi 'an, Sichuan, Huainan, Bianjing, wuyue and other places. By the Song Dynasty, the publishing and printing industry was gradually popularized, and the official seal, folk seal, school seal and temple fair seal all developed, and the printing area was wider. At the same time, the publishing and printing industry appeared in Beijing. In the past, books printed by Liao Dynasty in Beijing,
The medical books "Back in Time" and "Hundred Formulas" printed during the period of110, as well as the collection of Buddhist scriptures "Khitan Tibetan" which had a huge printing project in the Liao Dynasty, the earliest engraving time was the Yangjia of Yangshan Temple in Yanjing in the eighth year of Liao Dynasty (AD 2005). From the inscriptions of these printed materials, we also know a number of lettering units in Nanjing, Liaoning (now Beijing), including "Yangjia in front of Yangshan Temple in Yanjing" and "Feng Jia in the south cheek of Zhong Xian Square in Tanzhou Street in Yanjing".
The earliest books printed in the Northern Song Dynasty were Shangshu and Classic Interpretation in the fifth year of Kaibao (AD 972), while Kaibao was printed from AD 97 1 to the eighth year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 983). The earliest printed books in Beijing were only later than the Northern Song Dynasty 18, which shows that Beijing was published and printed.
Judging from these Liao Dynasty prints in Beijing, most of them are rolled, butterfly and folded. Some books are also dyed to prevent insects. Among them, the Tibetan language of Qidan is the most representative print of Liao Dynasty in Beijing, with exquisite paper, ink, engraving and binding. Each volume has a map of the capital, which represents the fine tradition of attaching importance to illustrations in ancient books in China. Judging from the existing engraving and binding level of Liao books, all books in Beijing are published.
In Yingxian wooden pagoda, several carved Buddha statues were found. The lines and outlines were printed by carving, and then painted by hand. This is the earliest printed and painted wall chart found so far.
1 127 years, Jin destroyed Liao, with its capital in Yanjing (now Beijing), and became the political and cultural center of the north. In the first year of Zhenyuan (A.D. 1 153), the Jin government set up the secretary supervisor and imperial academy, who were responsible for the collection, publication and printing of books. After the Jin army occupied Bianjing, there was a large collection of books. Beijing's engraving power has further expanded. Due to the attention of the Jin government, the types of books published in Beijing have greatly surpassed those published in Liao Dynasty. According to statistics, there are more than 200 kinds of books printed in Beijing in the Jin Dynasty, including classics, medicine, Taoist collections, Buddhist collections and so on.
Book binding in Beijing in the Jin Dynasty was similar to that in the Southern Song Dynasty. In Beijing, scroll loading is rarely used, Buddhist and Taoist books are mostly folded, and ordinary books are mostly butterfly loading.
Butterfly costume is a new book binding form after the invention of printing. It is inferred that Feng Dao organized sutra engraving in the Five Dynasties, but it is difficult to determine. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, all classics and historical works were printed with butterfly costumes, which quickly became popular throughout the country. Since the Liao Dynasty, Beijing has also used butterfly clothing, and its technology is roughly the same as that of the Central Plains. The application of butterfly clothing is the form of book binding.
7. Bao Beizhuang (book binding in Yuan and Ming Dynasties)
In A.D. 1264, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu moved the capital to Yanjing and changed its name to Dadu. Nearly a hundred years later, Beijing has become the political and cultural center of the country. The Yuan Dynasty made outstanding achievements in publishing and printing, such as printing more books than the previous generation; The creation and application of wooden movable type, the two-color overprint of Zhu Mo books and the popularization and wide application of Bao Bei Zhuang.
The Yuan government attached great importance to the collection, publication and printing of books. Editorial department, secretarial office and classic room are mainly engaged in the publishing, printing and collection of books, as are Xingwen Department, Cultural Relics Bureau, Guangcheng Bureau, imperial academy and other institutions. The government has also set up a special yearbook editing and printing agency, which publishes and prints three kinds of yearbooks, mini-yearbooks and Hui Hui Yearbooks every year, with a print run of more than 3 million copies.
The binding forms of books published in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty were mainly butterfly clothes and folding clothes. Butterfly dresses are mostly used in general books, such as classics and history books published by the government. Folding clothes are mainly used in Buddhist scriptures. In terms of fonts, Zhao Ti is mostly used, and simplified characters are mostly used in folk books.
In the butterfly books of the Yuan Dynasty, there appeared a book binding form of large format and small core, which was rare in the previous generation. For example, Meng Qian Bi Tan, which was engraved during the reign of Yuan Dade, has a folio height of 4 16mm and a width of 280 mm, while the size of the whole core is only 152mm and a width of 200 mm, with four pages.
Since the mid-Yuan Dynasty, Baobei Village has been widely used in books. The technological characteristics of back loading are as follows: the words on this page are folded outwards, butted together, a bookstop is tied on the blank edge of this page, and a bookstop is cut outside the bookstop. After the back of the book is pasted, cut the upper and lower bookends. Generally, books are covered with thick paper, while palace books are made of yellow silk. I remember that the watchmaker Jiao Qing 'an's recipe for making batter is: yellow wax, gelatin, alum, bletilla striata, quinoa basket, Gleditsia sinensis, Pogostemon, flour, firewood and charcoal. This formula includes three parts: adhesive, preservative and perfume. It can be seen that the materials used in book binding at that time were very scientific, which could preserve books for a long time.
Baobeizhuang has many advantages over butterflies. First, it is easy to read. Second, books are more durable. It is also an important stage of book binding form, which is closer to today's book binding form.
The Ming Dynasty was the most glorious era of publishing and printing industry in ancient China. Only in the Ming Dynasty did Beijing truly become the center of publishing and printing in China.
In the Ming Dynasty, many central institutions were engaged in the publishing and printing of books, and the contents of printing were different according to their different functions. Imperial academy in the capital mainly prints educational books (such as classics and history books), Qin mainly prints almanac, and the Ritual Department is responsible for the printing of local governments. In addition, Duchayuan, Taiyuan, History Museum, Ministry of War, Ministry of Industry, Shuntianfu and other institutions are also engaged in book printing activities. Some departments have also set up printing offices.
Li Si Jingjing Factory, established in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty, is the largest printing factory in history, with a total population of 120O. Among them, there are more than 700 craftsmen engaged in book binding. The folk printing industry in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty was also very prosperous, with more than a dozen printing workshops distributed in the capital.
Book binding in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty is a master of all previous dynasties. The layout and proportion of books are varied, and the book binding forms of past dynasties are followed, but the technology is more exquisite.
In the Ming Dynasty, the most representative binding form of books printed in Beijing was printed by factories. It prints books on classics and history with spacious layout, regular script, big Darkmouth, double fishtail and double-line fine print for annotation. Most of them are wrapped in northern clothes. Bibliographers call it "the best in the world" There are two kinds of binding printed by this factory, one is Bao Bei and the other is Thai. Those who wear plain silk are mostly used by officials; Wrapped in thick paper, ordinary officials can use it or sell it to the people. The Tripitaka (Northern Tibet) printed by this factory is folded, about one foot long, and the cover is mounted with yellow silk and various colors of silk. Its decoration is very elegant. In the Ming Dynasty, Beijing Ju Tie wrote a book, Yongle Grand Ceremony, with a volume of *** 1 1095.
Thread-bound book is a new book binding form that rose in Ming Dynasty, and it is also the most perfect book binding form in ancient China. The processing flow of thread-bound books is: folding, matching, bumping, stapling, twisting and matching.
Cover, three-sided cutting, drilling, threading, Bao Shu angle, etc. The covers of thread-bound books in Ming Dynasty were mostly paper, made of thick paper or several layers of paper. A more elegant cover is rolled on thick paper.
Use fabrics such as cloth, silk, brocade and silk. The corner wrapping is to stick filaments on the upper and lower corners of the book binding to make it beautiful and firm. Some books also have roots, that is, the title is written in the lower incision near the binding.
And the number of volumes, so as to be easy to find when reading. Thread fitting is for threading. According to the size and design requirements of books, there are four eyes, six eyes and eight eyes. White silk thread is often used to cross two lanes, and the book should be pressed.
In fact, the thread should be tightened. Sun Congtian in Ming Dynasty said in "Collection Summary": "It is good to tie the thread with clear white silk thread, and it can only be tightened if it is tied tightly."
8. Thread-bound books (book binding in Ming and Qing Dynasties)
The cover text of a thread-bound book is called a book note, which only prints or writes the title and volume number on a long piece of paper and sticks it on the upper left corner of the cover. The title page contains more detailed contents, including the title of the book, the name of the publishing house and the date of publication. More detailed publication information is printed at the back of the book. Some books published by the government are also stamped on the first page or cover of the book. The most representative is the large calendar printed by the factory, which not only
The book binding in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty also included the cover of the letter, so as to package all the volumes of a book into a whole. The cover of the letter is mostly made of thick cardboard and covered with blue cloth (or brocade), depending on the size and thickness of the book. There are two forms of letter covers. One is wrapped all around, exposing the upper and lower openings of the book, which is called semi-wrapped. The other is to wrap all six sides of the book, which is called all-inclusive type. In addition to the thick paper cover, there are two kinds of outer packaging: plywood and wooden cases. Plywood is to use two boards the same size as a book, sandwiched between the upper and lower sides of the book, and then tied tightly with a cloth belt. The wooden box is made into a wooden box according to the size of the book to hold the book.
In the Beijing edition of the Ming Dynasty, there was also the binding form of page lining paper, which was mostly used for thinner paper. There is a kind of ribbed paper, which is as thin as cicada's wings and has serious through printing. After lining paper, it not only overcomes the phenomenon of through printing, but also increases the strength of the page.
Due to the development of block printing technology, it provides good conditions for book binding art, including layout art, font art, illustration art and multi-color printing of words. Before the Ming Dynasty, the calligraphy styles of famous artists such as Yan, Ou and Zhao were mostly used in printing books. Since the Ming Dynasty, the traditional custom of using characters in books has been changed to horizontal, vertical, horizontal, light and vertical, which is the song style commonly used in books. Song Dynasty sprouted in the Song Dynasty. Song style was used in the editions of imperial academy and Beijing merchants, and it was quickly popularized throughout the country. Font styles are also bold, medium bold and thin. The wide application of this special printing font marks the new development of the layout art of ancient books. The art of illustration of ancient books in China has a fine tradition. In the printing of Buddhist scriptures in Tang Dynasty, there were many books with illustrations in Song Dynasty. By the Ming Dynasty, the art of illustration of books had been achieved. There are many illustrations in official science and technology books, medical books and local chronicles, especially in the enlightenment books used by the court, there are short color printing illustrations.
Due to the great increase in the output of books, the middle and lower classes of society also have the opportunity to study. From the book binding form, books are also divided into different grades. There are both luxury books for the upper class and ordinary books for the middle and lower classes. The printed books of folk workshops mainly meet the needs of the general public, and they are simple, practical and low-cost from engraving to binding. There are also small and medium formats. Sun Congtian in the Ming Dynasty said in the Book Collection Summary: "Binding is not about gorgeous decoration, but about appropriateness, quaint, appropriate thickness, exquisite and correct, which represents the general requirements of people in the Ming Dynasty for book binding.
1644, the Qing government established Beijing, and it is still the political and cultural center of the whole country. The Qing government attached great importance to the publication and printing of books, and established Wuyingtang, which was specialized in the publication and printing of books.
During the Kangxi period, a group of intellectuals gathered to compile the Collection of Ancient and Modern Books, produced 250,000 bronze movable types and printed this voluminous series. During the Qianlong period, under the auspices of Jin Jian, Wuyingdian carved a pair of jujube movable type, each with a size of 253,500. Qianlong personally named the movable type version "Juzhen Edition". In addition to using this set of wood,
A major feature of Beijing printing in Qing Dynasty was the prosperity of folk printing workshops. According to statistics, there were 120 workshops at that time, concentrated in Longfu Temple and Liulichang. In these workshops, there are also people who specialize in book binding and painting and calligraphy mounting.
The most common book binding forms in Qing Dynasty were wired binding, scroll binding, folding binding, butterfly binding and Bao Beizhuang. In Qing dynasty, scroll binding was mostly used to mount calligraphy and painting, and the mounting technology was very exquisite. The bottom surface is mostly high-quality rice paper, the painting core is inlaid with plain satin on all sides, and the materials used for the shaft head are divided into different grades. Folding binding is not only used for Buddhist scriptures and copybooks, but also for general books and court printing. The carving is very excellent, and its binding is folded in half, but the difference is that the folio is about one foot square, and the cover is mounted with yellow silk. There are 720 volumes of "Long Zang" carved in Kang Yong's reign, all of which are folded. The book cover is mounted with yellow silk, and there are 10 volumes, which are huge. Books printed by the court also use butterflies. The cover is mounted on cardboard with yellow silk, with front and rear ring linings and one side mounted on the inside of the cover. The binding is flat and neatly cut, which belongs to the binding of court books. Baobeizhuang was also used more in Qing Dynasty. A set of * * * 36,365,438+05 volumes "Si Ku Quan Shu" compiled during the Qianlong period is a masterpiece with seven volumes. Its library uses green silk, its history library uses HongLing, its branch library uses blue silk, its collection library uses gray silk, and finally the books are packed in wooden letters. Thread binding is the main form of book binding in Qing Dynasty. Generally, thread-bound books not only have special requirements for the sealing materials of royal books, but also strive for the four elements of "proper protection, simple style, appropriate thickness, exquisite and correct". There are two kinds of covers: paper and market. A book is in a letter case. There are one or two pages of white paper in front of the thread-bound book in Qing Dynasty, followed by the title page, which has the title, the name of the signer, the year, the place and so on. Most of the letter covers are semi-wrapped, and there is a word at the bottom, on which the title and volume number are written.
Judging from the size of folio, the Qing Dynasty is diverse. The scale of government publications is large, and most of the non-governmental publications are small and medium-sized. One is called the entrainment folio, which is the smallest folio in the past, equivalent to today's 128 folio. The font is small, but the printing and binding are exquisite.
In the Qing Dynasty, there appeared a series of publications, one was Jin Wengong Annals, and the other was Jinghua Daily, a quarterly magazine. The content is the list of central and local officials, and the cover is red paper, which is called the red book. Beijing newspaper is equivalent to today's newspaper, but it is also bound into a book, with two or three pages or six or seven pages in each issue, and the cover is white and yellow paper.
From the beginning of18th century, western printing technology was gradually introduced into China, and modern publishing and printing industry began to rise. With the application of new printing technology, the binding form of books has also changed greatly. The basic forms used today, such as album binding and rectangular folio, originated in the Song Dynasty in China and gradually spread to the west in the14th century. Although there have been some improvements in materials, technology and methods.