Different Grant and Anonymity: Analysis of Two Special Ways to Inherit Ancient Medical Knowledge in China

In ancient medical books, there are many stories with different titles and names, which are closely related to the inheritance of medical knowledge. Although the former has different forms of expression and the latter involves various objects, the related stories are very similar in narrative structure. These two phenomena have a long history, which are closely related to the objective ability to better integrate texts, knowledge and social life, thus realizing the survival of medical knowledge, expanding the spread of medical knowledge and enhancing the spread effect of medical knowledge. It's not a simple pursuit of fame and profit. When interpreting various ancient medical texts and their related cultural phenomena, it is of great academic significance to restore the specific context and process of text formation, circulation, reading and use, rather than directly making value judgments. In ancient times, many authors or owners of medical books claimed that they were taught knowledge by different people, or found unusual medical books by accident, or were taught knowledge by experts in specific places and obtained unusual medical texts. Many people also add the words "different grant", "different biography" and "secret grant" when naming medical books. For the convenience of writing, these phenomena are collectively called "different grants" in this paper. In addition, there are many authors or owners of medical books who claim that their works or part of their contents come from historical figures, legends or celebrities, which is a phenomenon called "spreading names" in academic circles. If the teacher's teaching, heirloom and self-study constitute the "dominant tradition" of ancient medical knowledge inheritance, then different teaching and disguised naming constitute the "hidden tradition". In the study of modern medical history, they are gradually forgotten, and few scholars study them as serious topics. Although some studies have paid attention to related medical books, the discussion focused on the author's textual research, edition collation, specific content analysis and academic thought summary, but did not dig deep into the context, social and cultural significance of its emergence and evolution, or even equate it with absurd nonsense or appetizing gimmicks. Although these research orientations are helpful to explore historical facts, they are easy to fall into the misunderstanding of "one size fits all" and "cover up" all similar phenomena, which hinders us from exploring diverse and complex historical levels. A book is a kind of text, which was produced under a certain historical background. Its title, text structure, content, genre and language are inevitably embedded with more or less social and cultural connotations. Books are also carriers of knowledge, from knowledge collection and screening to compilation, publication, circulation and reading by readers. These are the concrete manifestations of knowledge production, dissemination and application. The participants in the book production process, the media and channels of books, and the way readers acquire, read and use books will not only affect the expression and diffusion of knowledge, but also affect the social existence value of knowledge. Medical books are no exception. In view of this, the author tries to shift the research focus from verifying the authenticity, real author and source of medical books to analyzing the narrative of the text, focusing on the basic structure of stories related to these two phenomena and their internal relations with the social culture at that time, explaining their roles in the inheritance and dissemination of medical knowledge, and revealing the changes in the meaning of the text and the social problems reflected in the process of knowledge generation, circulation and application. The author believes that there are many cases involving these two phenomena in the medical books of Fang Lun, which have an absolute advantage in quantity. Therefore, this paper takes this kind of medical books as the main object of investigation for the time being, and limits the time period to the Qing Dynasty, when the production of medical books was the most prosperous. Please correct your mistake. First, the basic manifestations of medical knowledge "heresy" and its * * * same characteristics "heresy" mainly includes three situations: First, doctors' prescriptions, skills or medical books are directly taught by different people; Second, the parties get different books; Third, the above two situations occur in unusual places, emphasizing the particularity of space. No matter where they are, they always have secret recipes, forbidden prescriptions, secret recipes, different books and other rare things in the world. In the eyes of many scholars and doctors, "strangers" usually refer to knowledgeable and respected people. For example, Chen Zao, a famous poet and official in the Southern Song Dynasty, was very happy to get the book "Compiling Materia Medica" compiled by Wang Kun, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry. After reading the book, he wrote a postscript for it: "The book board is published in Siming, with 35 volumes at the beginning, starting with the hook, and finally preparing miscellaneous treatment for women and children. However, you can see it at first reading. There is no shortage of knowledge from other worlds, and talents have knowledge, where they are, and pretend to hide secrets, which not only protects themselves, but also rewards their hearts and enjoys their benefits without making up. " It can be seen that "Shi" here refers to talented and knowledgeable people, which is beyond Chen Zao's cognitive scope. Shi Jinglong, a monk in the early Ming Dynasty, once said when recalling the development of medicine: "Shennong is delicious, but it is difficult to ask, and there are many differences. Those who aspire to teach and practice have their own specialties. It can be seen that the sages who can inherit the mantle of Shennong and Xu Anqi are all classified as "envoys" by him. The knowledge spread by strangers is the object of trust and even pursuit. Between Kanggan and Kanggan, Hua Ximin, a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, once worked as an instructor in Jingxian County, Anhui Province. He admired his uncle Yu's medical skills very much, and compiled his words into a book called "Medication Mind Method". According to Hua Ximin's self-report: "Teacher Wang's knowledge was handed down from a mirror machine, and his treatment was foolproof. "During his stay in Kang Yong, Xirao Nian, from an official to an assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, successively published the Encyclopedia of Grass Pavilion and Family and Prescription Collection and Prescription. He specially attached a book "Different Ophthalmology" (also known as "The Secret of Different Ophthalmology") to the two books, and Xirao Nian said in the postscript of this book: "The Secret of Ophthalmology" was also given by his uncle Mr. Li Zhuolu. This book has been handed down from different people, and there are no other books in the world. I loved it when I saw it, and I brought it back when I begged. I have been in the secret for more than 20 years. " It can be seen that books taught by strangers are also valued and recognized by social elites. There are basically three places where aliens haunt: one is between inaccessible mountains and rivers. In the early Qing Dynasty, Jing Zhaorenpu Qiu Tian abandoned Confucianism to become a doctor, and was once denounced by Wang Kentang, a Confucian doctor. While studying medical classics, he is "withdrawn" by nature. The so-called smog and chronic diseases make me unable to cure myself. He traveled all over the five lakes of Wu, Yue and Chu and sang for it. Obviously, the five lakes of Wu, Yue, Chu and Sanxiang are all mountainous and watery places in the south. Pu is very lucky to meet strangers and books here. During the Jiaqing period, Li Tingjing, a Taidao official in Susong, Jiangsu Province, collected more than ten volumes of Tincture of Smallpox. Because many people borrowed it from him, he deliberately reprinted it and spread it widely. The author of this book, Zhu Yuan, is an official of the Ministry of War. He is a close friend of Li Tingjing's brother. They often discuss medicine in their spare time. Zhu Yuan is especially good at acne rash and is very famous in the capital. Li Tingjing said in the Preface to Reprint: "Every time I look at the symptoms of distress and adversity, I will judge its origin and where I suffer, and I will be unhappy." His assertion is unprecedented. Mr. Wang once said that when he was studying in Songshan, he met a stranger in the stone room. He sincerely asked for advice for more than 53 years, and then he got 53 articles, referring to ignorance of medical records. "Songshan has been a gathering place of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism since ancient times, and it is famous for its Shaolin Temple. Stone chambers are the residence of monks, and Buddhism and Taoism are rich in medical culture. It seems reasonable for Yuan to meet strangers here and realize medicine. Second, Buddhist and Taoist temples. In the 13th year of Daoguang (1833), Sun Yingke, a poor man from Gaoyou, Jiangsu Province, went to teach in other places. On the way, he accidentally fell off his horse and broke his left arm, but he didn't meet a doctor who could treat the disease for a hundred days. After a while, he reluctantly returned to Gaoyou, borrowed a room, and met a timber merchant in Jiangnan, Huang, who happened to have a prescription for this kind of injury. Sun Shi later wrote: "Huang Jun, an overseas Chinese leaf, lives in a temple 25 miles south of the city and rarely meets strangers. He gave his secretary a scroll, which is very effective in treating fractures. I'm sorry to keep Yu Yan for a long time, but I was allowed to be treated for half a day, and I'm not grateful for this prescription. I asked to read his book ... I've never seen it before. Moreover, sex is peaceful and there is no product of quick success and instant benefit; There are many ways to add and subtract, and it will be lively. Salvation elixir, crossing the treasure raft. I recorded the manuscript, according to the party tune, and slept and played. In the winter of the Sino-Japanese War, I went to Jiangyin, but it didn't fall. On the gully road, I worked endlessly, and I was dying. Thanks to Huang Jun, it is the power of books. This book was written in the second year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty and signed by a real person from a different place. "It is not difficult to see that this book originated from a Taoist priest in the Ming Dynasty and has been in Daoguang for more than 300 years. Judging from its appearance in temples far away from the city, it should be a medical book circulating in the countryside. Throughout the Qing Dynasty, the story of paganism was that Chikurinji, a monk in Xiaoshan, gave gynecological medical books. In fact, Chikulinji has been famous for its medical skills since the construction of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and gynecology is one of them. It was even remembered by the world after being canonized by the court in the Southern Song Dynasty. There is a deep relationship between gynecology and Buddhist medicine in Chikulin Temple, but few people can sort out its origin. For thousands of years, there have been different opinions about Qiankulinji's gynecological skills and dozens of corresponding medical books, as well as how the legends and legends caused by them came into being, evolved and spread, which can be described as a public case in the history of medical culture. Among them, a popular view in Qing Dynasty is that monks in Chikulin Temple were taught female prescriptions by foreigners. Please read a passage dictated by the ancient people of Shandong Province in the Tongzhi period: "The Chikulin Collection in Xiaoshan is in the northeast of the county. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Lu donated, and the monk was from Shimen County. He is kind-hearted, helps the poor and makes friends with upright people. One day, I met a stranger who entered the temple and chatted with the monk very enthusiastically. Monks make their own tea. When the stranger saw the pen and inkstone, he wrote down the prescription of gynecology on the table, offered tea and talked about medicine. When the monk came out of the temple gate, his disciples came from outside. When they saw ink, they brushed it off the table. When the monk entered the room, he was stopped. Looking closely at all parties involved in gynecological medical records, * * * has 120 diseases, and the prescriptions of 18 diseases have been brushed off, leaving only 100 diseases intact. After copying it into a book, please ask a famous doctor to make it up, so the streets are full of wind and water. After the old monk died, his apprentice became more and more famous. "It's not hard to understand. The narrator directly simplifies the source of the knowledge of gynecological medicine in Qiankulinzhi to" Paganism ",and attracts people's attention by using vivid storylines, which not only increases the mystery, but also creates the effect that this book is not a passive water and a tree without roots for readers. Third, overseas. This kind of cases mainly appeared in the late Qing Dynasty. At present, with the spread of world geography knowledge and concepts in China, many "aliens" in medical books have clear nationalities. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a man named "Zuo Min Jushi" wrote a book "Experience of the Secret Biography of Traumatology", which was actually taught by foreigners in Korea: "Doctors have their own subjects, all of which are taught by sages, but I have read all the books on orthopedics, but I haven't got the details. Walking in rivers and lakes, it is called Korea country by strangers. I am proficient in this disease, and I made it very clear. I have the skill of epiphysis and the method of setting bones. I don't care about gold silk. I regard it as my father. I have been trying to teach it for several years, and it has no effect. It can be a treasure of health preservation. Others met a "strange man" from Japan: "I travel in rivers and lakes less, and I met a strange man who claimed to be Japanese and specialized in treating injuries. Whenever there is a disease of fracture or dislocation of epiphysis, medicine is like a god, and surgery can be done to damage bones. If a teacher is always like a father, he will get his secret biography and try again and again. Their works are different in content, but their experiences of acquiring medical knowledge are very similar. To sum up, linking the source of medical knowledge with different people, different books and foreign symbols, although the specific scenes are different, actually have the same social and cultural characteristics. First of all, in space, they are in places that most people are unfamiliar with or difficult to reach, far from people's daily life and daily cognitive range, and most of them have no position in the orthodox medical knowledge system. Meeting experts and wonderful books in these places is undoubtedly a strong contrast, mysterious and imaginative. Secondly, as far as the people involved in the story are concerned, it is usually a social class that is difficult for the dynasty countries to achieve good control, such as Buddhists, refugees, hermits and other Jianghu people. Their ideas, knowledge structure, religious beliefs, etc. They are quite complicated, and they are not pure Confucian value systems. Therefore, they are easily identified as potential threats to social order in mainstream discourse and labeled as "people of different races from me". Finally, almost all cases have similar storylines, that is, the author or owner of medical books met a stranger, and this encounter was only known by the parties and could not be confirmed or falsified afterwards. From the perspective of knowledge dissemination, this is undoubtedly an information monopoly, which is easy to breed collateral meetings, legends, guesses and associations. ..................................................................................................................................................................................