The Commercial Press is the oldest publishing institution in China. 1897 was founded in Shanghai and 1954 moved to Beijing. Together with Peking University, it is known as the "Gemini of modern culture in China".
The establishment of Commercial Press marks the beginning of modern publishing industry in China. Publishers headed by Zhang Yuanji and Xia Ruifang worked hard and laid a solid foundation for business development. As early as the beginning of the business, a joint-stock company was established, and since then, a large number of outstanding talents such as Gao and Wang have been hired to carry out diversified management centered on publishing, and their strength has grown rapidly. They compiled textbooks for universities, middle schools and primary schools, compiled large reference books such as Ci Yuan, translated and introduced western academic masterpieces such as Evolution and The Wealth of Nations, and published works by Lu Xun, Ba Jin, Bing Xin and Lao She. Organize four series of important ancient books, edit large series of books such as Universal Library and University, publish more than ten kinds of magazines such as Oriental Magazine, Novel Monthly and Nature, establish Oriental Library, go to work primary school, manufacture educational equipment and even shoot movies.
After the founding of New China, the business actively completed the transformation of public-private partnership, and moved to Beijing on 1954, and started a new struggle with the strong support of the central government. During the period of 1958, the business department of China Publishing House undertook the publishing tasks of translating and publishing foreign philosophy and social sciences and compiling and publishing Chinese and foreign dictionaries, and gradually formed a publishing pattern with Chinese and foreign dictionaries as the main pillars, such as "Chinese translations of world academic masterpieces" and "biographies of world celebrities".
From 65438 to 0897, Shanghai was founded by Xia Ruifang, Bao Xianen, Bao Xianchang and Gao Fengchi.
190 1, Zhang Yuanji Investment Commercial Press. On behalf of Zhang Yuanji and Cai Yuanpei, Foreign Affairs was published. Book and sell Chinese-English phonetic dictionaries. Fu Yuan translated by Yan Fu (by Adam Smith) was published by Nanyang Public College (later published by the Commercial Press).
1903, Hankou set up its first branch. 10, Commercial Press Co., Ltd. was formally established to absorb Japanese capital and improve printing. First use of copyright printing. Compile the "latest teaching materials" for primary schools. Xiu Xiang's novels are published bimonthly and edited by Li Boyuan. Translate and print the series of divination.
1907, the address of the newly-built printing house and compilation office on Baoshan Road, Zhabei, Shanghai. Zhabei Baoshan Road printing plant and compilation office were completed. It was originally printed in type. The primary school teachers' workshop was closed, the affiliated primary school was reorganized into a working primary school, and Jiang Weiqiao was the principal. Yu Houpei went to Japan to study photographic plate-making technology. Cai Yuanpei was employed to compile books for the Commercial Press. Published 80 Chinese versions of Japanese laws and regulations, with introduction 1 volume, translated by Nanyang Institute of Translation. Published 32 volumes of "dignitaries of various countries" (the Qing court compiled, translated and inspected the political information of various countries).
1909, the library compiling rare books and reference books was named Hanfen Building, and later renamed Oriental Library, which was opened to the public. Improve copper-zinc plate, trial-produce tricolor copper plate, and hire American technicians to guide. The Board of Directors of the Commercial Press held its first meeting on March 8, with seven directors present and Zhang Jusheng as the chairman. Run a business counseling school, the first principal of Zhang Yuanji. Run an art school. Start an educational magazine. Publish one or two episodes of Sun's fairy tales (the earliest fairy tale published in China). Published the Chinese translation of Japanese Dictionary of Law and Economy (the earliest encyclopedia dictionary translated and printed in China). A General History of the World (the first attempt of cooperation between Chinese publishing houses and foreign countries) was published under the agreement with the British Times.
19 14, the board of directors withdrew its shares in Japan. Set up a branch library in Hong Kong. Make educational slides. Founded Student magazine, edited by Zhu,, and successively (closed 1947). Kant's Theory of Human Mind Ability: On the Control of Diseases by Will was published and translated by German and sinologists Wei Lixian and Zhou Xian.
1932, "1.28" Incident, two major battles of Japanese imperialism's occupation of Shanghai. The General Management Office of the Commercial Press, the General Factory and Compilation Institute, the Oriental Library and Shanggong Primary School were bombed and burned, resulting in huge losses, and they were forced to suspend business and lay off all their employees. Business resumed on August 1 day, and new books were published at sunrise. 10, the Oriental Magazine, edited by Hu Yuzhi, was reissued (Volume 29, No.4 to Volume 30, No.6). [8]
1932,65438+1On October 28th, the Japanese Marine Corps suddenly attacked Zhabei, Shanghai, and the incident broke out on October 28th. The next morning, Japanese planes bombed the business, and the general management office, compilation office, four printing houses, warehouses and Shanggong primary school on Baoshan Road were all shot and caught fire, and all of them were burned down. 1 February, 9321day, Japanese ronin sneaked into the undamaged Oriental Library of the Commercial Press and set it on fire, all the books were reduced to ashes. The five-story building became an empty shell with a terrible shape.
According to statistics, the assets loss of the Commercial Press exceeded16.3 million yuan, accounting for 80% of the total assets. The most lamentable thing is that the Oriental Library has a total collection of 460,000 books, including 3,700 rare books and 35,000 books. China has the most complete collection of more than 2,600 kinds of local chronicles, including 25,000 copies, which were all burned. At that time, the so-called number one library in East Asia suddenly disappeared overnight, and the priceless rare books also disappeared from the world. This is a great disaster in the cultural history of China. Some scholars believe that the burning of Yuanmingyuan and the bombing of the Commercial Press are the most distressing civilization tragedies in China's modern history.
When the Japanese army wanted to bomb the Commercial Press, the commander of the Japanese Marine Corps, Yukichi Iwasawa, made it very clear: "Burning down several streets in Zhabei can be restored in a year and a half. Only when the Commercial Press, the most important cultural institution in China, is burned down will it never recover. " 1933, the merchant received a threatening letter from the Japanese ronin, which wrote: "China failed to establish a school, read some Mandarin Three People's Principles and establish a * * * harmony, overthrow imperialism and govern the world in a bad way ... Our library sold school books separately and printed some corrupt things. Shanghai destroyed the library, but the library still maintained bad habits, still printed with books of the Three People's Principles and the language of the Party Department. China couldn't stand it, so he destroyed his library. If we don't change our bad habits as soon as possible, our army will burn everywhere, especially the Commercial Press. " This passage even tells the story of the Japanese bombing the Commercial Press.
During the period of 1934, the Renaissance Committee of the Oriental Library accepted more than 3,000 books donated by the German Consul General in Shanghai on behalf of famous German academic groups. The new Hong Kong Branch of the Commercial Press was built in North Point. Four series of sequels, 8 1 books, 1438 volumes, were printed. Printing the first rare edition of Sikuquanshu. Compile the second episode of The Library of Everything. Edit and publish Children's Library. Li jinxi's Outline of the History of Mandarin Sports was published. Wu Bannong's translation of Das Kapital (by Marx) was published. Photocopy of Jiaqing Reconstruction Unified Record. Copies of the chronicles of six provinces (Hunan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Kyrgyzstan, Hubei and Shandong).
194 1 year, the general administration moved to Chongqing. Warehouses and printing houses in Shanghai and Hong Kong were hijacked by the Japanese. Oriental magazine
The recent photos of the Commercial Press were forced to stop publishing. 1944, Chongqing Branch of Oriental Library opened. 1946, the general administration office moved back to Shanghai from Chongqing. 1948 establishment of Taiwan Province branch. [15] 1950 The Commercial Press, Sanlian Bookstore, Zhonghua Bookstore, Ming Kai Bookstore and their affiliated bookstores jointly established China Book Publishing Company, which is the second distribution system in China besides Xinhua Bookstore. 195 1 Establishment of Beijing Office of the General Office of the General Administration. The editorial department moved to Beijing. 1954 the general management office moved to Beijing and implemented a public-private partnership. The Commercial Press merged with Higher Education Press. 1957 separated from the higher education press and resumed the independent establishment of the Commercial Press. Time Publishing House (including11950 publishing house merged into the agency) was revoked and merged into the Commercial Press. Set up a Hong Kong office. Hold the 60th anniversary meeting in Hong Kong. Publish Xinhua Dictionary (new edition).
During the period of 1958, the business department of China Publishing House undertook the publishing tasks of translating and publishing foreign philosophy and social sciences and compiling and publishing Chinese and foreign dictionaries, and gradually formed a publishing pattern with Chinese and foreign dictionaries as the main pillars, such as "Chinese translations of world academic masterpieces" and "biographies of world celebrities".
Report to the superior
Shenbao, formerly known as Jiang Shen New Newspaper, was founded in Shanghai on April 30th, 872 (March 23rd, 11th year of Tongzhi reign of Qing Dynasty), and was closed on May 27th, 949. The newspaper with the largest circulation and the widest social influence in modern China is the beginning and symbol of modern newspapers in China. It has been running for 77 years, and has experienced three times: the late Qing Dynasty, the Beiyang Government and the National Government. * * * has published more than 27,000 issues [1], which has a long publishing time and a wide influence, which is unmatched by other newspapers at the same time. It occupies an important position in the study of Chinese news history and social history, and is called the "encyclopedia" for studying the modern history of China.
1872 a commercial newspaper founded by British businessman Ernest Major, whose main purpose is to make profits. Among the newspapers run by foreigners, Shenbao is the first newspaper run by China people. The news business reform carried out by Shenbao: First, publishing political articles. The newspaper's remarks should be "related to the national economy and people's livelihood" and "concerned about the imperial economy and knowing the sufferings of the people's crops". The second is to reform news reports. Because of attaching importance to the truth of news, the Japanese army invaded Taiwan Province Province, and Meicha sent people to Taiwan Province Province for an interview to find out the truth. This is the beginning of the military communication of Chinese newspapers in Shanghai, and it is also the embodiment of Shen Bao's emphasis on news authenticity. Secondly, it paid attention to reflecting the real social life and reported "Yang Naiwu's unjust case" for three consecutive years, which was the earliest and longest continuous report in China newspapers at that time, and finally revealed the truth of the unjust case. Third, attach importance to the publication of supplementary texts. The fourth is to operate a sideline. (1) Start a literary magazine. 1872165438+1October1KLOC-0/Shenbao published China's first literary journal "Ying Huan Suo Ji"; (2) Publishing vernacular news. 1876 On March 30th, Shenbao founded People's Daily, which was the first popular newspaper in China to use vernacular and punctuation. (3) writing pictorial. 1877, Shenbao published Phantom Pictorial, 1884 On May 8th, China's first current affairs pictorial Dianshizhai Pictorial was founded. 4 print books. In addition, the Treasure Hall also opened Jiangsu Potion Factory and Soap Factory, and thus established "Ernest Major Co., Ltd." in 1889, with total assets of 302,000 silver, which is more than 180 times that of the founding fund, thus achieving the goal of "making a profit" in Ernest Major.
Abstract: The application was established on April 30th. 1872. After three dynasties of Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty, it also went through various historical stages, such as the Revolution of 1911, the May 4th Movement, the Northern Expedition, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Liberation War. It was closed on May 27th when Shanghai was liberated. 1949. 1982 The Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Publishing Bureau decided to entrust the Shanghai Bookstore to preserve and publish the full set of Shenbao by photocopying.
Why spend so much effort to preserve Shenbao?
The reasons are as follows: first, Shenbao has only one complete set, and most of the incomplete ones are crisp and yellow, which is difficult to check; Another important reason is that Shenbao is not only one of the earliest newspapers published in China, but also a treasure house of modern history in China.
Shen Bao is a model of freedom of the press.
In the months before Guangxu's death, Shen Bao (1908) kept a close eye on the changes of his illness, reported it for more than 30 times in a row, and announced the "pulse case" and the prescription of the imperial doctor many times. The relevant contents are summarized as follows:
June 23 1908 "Doctor Chen asks for pulse renewal": "The emperor refuses to obey, but the symptoms of ear ringing, backache and foot pain have not changed recently, while the symptoms of dry mouth, loose stool, headache and insomnia at night have not increased but decreased.
1August 22, 908: The insured doctor went to Beijing at the beginning of last week and asked for a pulse in the hospital. His prescription is quite different from that of Chen and Cao. According to the inner prison cloud, in the past two months, the emperor did not want to drink the prescriptions prescribed by various doctors. I only took one or two of the ten doses, and the medicine in Zhouyi was quite popular with the saints, and I have consulted it three times in four days. "(Zhou" pulse case medical policy ")
1908 165438+1016, Shenbao released the telegram of Emperor Guangxu's death: "I am seriously ill, only two minutes away today." The telegram was accompanied by a note: "This telegram was received the night before. Yesterday's newspaper was afraid of inaccuracy and there was no record."
Declare related pictures (6 photos)
These news published in Shenbao are not from official reports, but exclusive news obtained through their own information channels. It is worth noting that the report of Shenbao lasted for nearly half a year and was not interfered by the Qing government. The person who provided the news for Shen Bao is also safe and sound, and the latest news is constantly sent. Shenbao often marks "according to the cloud in the inner courtyard" and "according to the cloud in the inner prison" in its reports to show the reliability of the news. One newspaper said: "In the last years of Guangxu, newspapers did not report to the official court, and their freedom of speech was recorded. You can blame the political gains and losses, the good and evil of internal and external officials. Public grievances and hidden diseases are announced as much as possible. " This is the most open news period in China's modern history, otherwise the palace secrets such as "Holy Bow Against Peace" cannot be made public.