First, the distribution and basic characteristics of Fuxi Nuwa.
There are many images of Fuxi Nuwa found all over the country. According to statistics, there are nearly 100 such images in Shandong, Sichuan, Henan, Jiangsu and northern Shaanxi.
Shandong area:
1. The portrait below the pillar on the east side of the Han tomb in Yinan, with the upper part in the arms of a giant, has two anticlimactic people. On the left, Nu Wa holds the rules, and on the right, Fuxi always wears a crown.
2. On the second floor of the mural on the west wall of Wuliangci Temple in Jiaxiang County, there is a portrait of Fuxi's mother snail mating on the right, where Nuwa adheres to the rules and Fuxi adheres to the rules, and on the left are emperors in ancient legends such as Zhu Rong, Nong, Huangdi, Jianxiang, Emperor Yao, Shun, Yu and Jia.
3. Two human heads and snake statues were unearthed from Baizhuang Han Tomb in Linyi. One of them is Gui Zhi, holding a sun and a nine-tailed fox in her arms. It is Fuxi; The second one is a jade toad spider round wheel carved in her arms, which is for Nu Wa.
Sichuan area:
1, a portrait brick unearthed in the suburb of Chengdu, with two snake heads, a long tail with feet, Fuxi on the left, Wuyang sun gear in one hand and rules in the other; On the right is Nu Wa. A moon wheel with a toad spider and a laurel tree in one hand. On the other hand, they are holding a rectangular object, facing each other.
2. Portrait bricks were unearthed outside Guanghan City, with Fuxi Nuwa as the first snake and Xuanwu at the end. Every moon has a suzaku under its tail, and the two are separated by patterns, with their heads facing each other.
3. On the back of the sarcophagus in Jiang 'an's portrait, there are two snake heads with long tails intersecting. Nu Wa holds the moon wheel in her left hand, musical instruments in her right hand (like a row of Xiao), sun gear in her right hand and instant noodles in her right hand.
Henan area:
1. In the picture of immortals ascending to heaven painted on the top flat ridge of Buqianqiu mural tomb in Luoyang, one end painted a female snake with a toad spider and a laurel moon wheel, while the other end painted a male snake with a martial wheel, which is contrary to Fuxi Nuwa.
In the stone tomb of Nanyang Tanghe Knitting Factory, there is a picture of a giant holding two snake heads. Fuxi and Nu Wa were the earliest snakeheads, and they both held Cao Zhi in their hands.
3. Nanyang stone reliefs are located at both ends of the picture, and the tails intersect in the middle. At one end, there is a Wu wheel in both hands, and at the other end, there is a toad moon wheel in both hands.
Xuzhou area:
1, Shilipu Han stone tomb, with a head and tail carved on the front of the back room pillar, holding the sun in both hands as Fuxi statue.
2. In the Han Dynasty stone tomb in Guo Li, there is a portrait of a man with a head and a tail, and the tail is triple, standing opposite Fuxi Nuwa.
Northern Shaanxi:
Mizhi No.2 Stone Tomb, with the head of a snake carved on the lintel, face to face. Fuxi is the one who takes the sun and sun gear, and female entertainment is the one who credits the toad and the moon.
The above examples basically represent the basic characteristics of Fuxi female snail image. The existence form of this pair of images is basically two-body juxtaposition or two-body mating, and their physical characteristics are basically human heads and snakes. The appendages in their hands mainly include ruler, sun and moon, Cao Zhi and so on. Of course, due to artistic needs, the increase or decrease of a certain detail by Han painters in various places may affect the consistency of this image, but as long as the main features remain unchanged, they can all be included in the Fuxi female snail image series described in this paper.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yi preached when he made notes on Chu Ci. Rumor has it that Nu Wa is the head of the snake, 70 times a day? His son, Wang Yanshou, wrote directly in the book Lu Ling Photoelectricity Fu:? Fuxi scales, Nu Wa snake body. ?
At this point, the characteristics of Fuxi's portrait of Nuwa can be described as follows:
In terms of the image subject, the images of Fuxi Nuwa are basically the same everywhere, showing as snakehead or snakehead. The images of Fuxi Nuwa in different places show the characteristics of consistency in the image subject. In terms of image system, Fuxi Nuwa images in different places show obvious regional differences. According to the comparison of objects, we can summarize the image system of Fuxi Nuwa into three types: conventional type, old moon type and Cao Zhi type; Shandong is dominated by rules; In Henan, Cao Zhi type is the main type; Sichuan is dominated by the sun and the moon. Other portraits, such as Xuzhou and northern Shaanxi, are mostly in the form of holding the sun and the moon or without attachments. It is worth mentioning that, with the Han Dynasty as the boundary, He Nuwa in unearthed cultural relics generally appeared at the same time, with two forms: tail intersection and tail non-intersection. In the cultural relics before the Han Dynasty, only Fuxi or Nu Wa appeared alone, while in the ancient books such as Zhuangzi, Songs of the South and Classic of Mountains and Seas, Fuxi or Nu Wa all had separate descriptions, without the co-occurrence of Er Shen. Therefore, we can boldly speculate that the closely intertwined image of Fuxi and Nu Wa has a special meaning.
On the Significance of Fuxi's Nuwa Image: Sex and Personality
Fuxi Nuwa statues are widely distributed, and the cultural outlook and artistic temperament vary greatly from place to place, but only local subtle changes do not affect them? Snake head? The existence of this remarkable feature. The consistency of this image theme should be rooted in the overall composition of national culture, that is, the historical records of ancient totems and ancestor worship.
In the totem worship in ancient China, there was a time when man and beast were the same. This can be clearly observed in most information about primitive society. For example, some tribes have the habit of dragon and snake totem worship. Therefore, from this perspective, the half-human, half-snake body of Fuxi Nuwa can be regarded as the continuation or mapping of dragon and snake totem worship. The image of Fuxi Nuwa in Han paintings is the continuation of this totem in Han dynasty, which has been passed down to Tang dynasty, and there is still the image of Fuxi Nuwa in Turpan silk paintings. This shows that the dragon and snake totem worship occupies an important position in Chinese national culture, and the unique ancestral feelings in Chinese national culture are also reflected in the image of Fuxi Nuwa. In Han paintings, Fuxi Nuwa is regarded as the ancestor god, such as the legend of Nuwa's creation of loess and the combination of Fuxi Nuwa's brother and sister in the later period to reproduce human beings, which well shows that Fuxi Nuwa is regarded as the ancestor god to reproduce human beings. Like totem worship, the consistency of Fuxi Nuwa's image subjects can also show that they are respected throughout China, and for Han people? Pursue the distance carefully? The expression of ideas.
Through the consistent characteristics of the image theme of Fuxi Nuwa in various regions, this paper analyzes the totem and ancestor worship. The obvious difference of Fuxi Nuwa in different regions is the regional difference of ideas, which is reflected in works of art.
(1) The image system of Fuxi Nuwa is a conventional type in Shandong Province, based on their creative achievements.
Rules and moments are two creative tools. With rules, you can draw a circle, and with moments, you can draw a square. Is this the same as the ancients? Where is the sky round? Cognition is the same. It can be concluded that Fuxi Nuwa, who abides by the rules, was regarded by the ancients? Create everything in the right way? Ancestors of god.
Fuxi has many titles in mythology and made remarkable achievements. "Is it easy? Copula theory? The ancients honored the king of the family, looking up at the sky and overlooking the earth. Bird-watching articles and land suitability. Close to the body, away from everything. Therefore, gossip was initiated to communicate the virtues of God and the feelings of all things. Tie a rope into a net, lose a fish, and hide your parting? .
? Nu Wa is the Yin Emperor, how can she help others play tricks? "Only nanzi? The book Interpretation of Ghosts is very attractive, and her main achievement is to make things better. As the saying goes, heaven and earth open up, people go empty, and Nu Wa makes people out of loess. The audience was at a loss, but he was holding the rope in the mud, holding people high and letting the rich go. The loess people were poor and attractive. ?
In ancient times, the four poles were abolished, and Kyushu was cracked; Heaven does not repeat, and the earth does not contain it; Fire does not go out, water is inexhaustible; Wild animals eat people, while birds prey on the old and the weak. So the female disaster refined the five-color stone to make up the sky, broke the aojiang foot and set up four poles, killed the black dragon to help Jizhou, and accumulated reed ash to stop the lewd water. ?
Judging from these records, Fuxi and Nu Wa have a high position in mythology, made outstanding contributions and creative inventions to the human world, and played a decisive role in the formation of human order. So they deserve to be the ancestor god. Putting rules and regulations in their hands is precisely to show creativity. Huainanzi? If Tai Hao and Shao Hao ruled the Spring and Autumn Period by observing rules and regulations in astronomical training, it can also show that rules really play an important role in the human world.
(2) The image system of the sun and the moon of the female snail in Fuxi, Sichuan, truly shows the divine characteristics of the sun god and the moon god.
The relationship between Fuxi and the sun, and between Nu Wa and the moon was clear only in the Han Dynasty, which can be considered as the image of Fuxi as the sun god and Nu Wa as the moon god. Regarding the sun and moon gods, what are the records of birthdays and regular births in the literature? Shan Hai Jing? Wild South Classic? Xi He, Di Jun's wife, was born ten days ago? . Wild west sutra? Di Jun's wife Chang Yisheng has two months in ten months? . On the surface, the sun and the moon seem to have nothing to do with Fuxi Nuwa, but some modern scholars have conducted in-depth research on it. The Origin of the Gods holds that Fuxi Nuwa is the sun god and the moon god in the Zhuan Xu system, and their status as the sun god is directly determined from the evolution of myths. The book "Study on Painting Gods" holds that the sun and the moon? Its correspondence with Yin and Yang became an extension concept in the philosophy of Han Dynasty. At the same time, different genders were attached to men and women, so Fuxi and Nuwa gradually combined with the sun and the moon in evolution. ?
The above two theories, the former from the perspective of myth history, the latter from the perspective of ideological history at the same time affirmed the relationship between Fuxi Nuwa and the sun and the moon. Judging from the performance of Han portraits, the thought of Yin and Yang is quite popular in funeral customs. The sun and the moon themselves, Fuxi and Nuwa themselves, and the combination of the sun, the moon and Fuxi Nuwa are all deeply influenced by Yin and Yang thoughts. It is not surprising that the sun and the moon have given mankind worship of the sun and the moon. Therefore, the portraits of the Han Dynasty have the image of the Sun and Moon God in a wide area, which is also a concrete manifestation of the worship of the Sun and Moon God by the Han people. It was only in Sichuan that this worship reached its peak. ?
(3) Henan Cao Zhi-type image system has the significance of longevity, immortality and immortality in Nanyang Han paintings.
Cao Zhi was regarded as an elixir of life in ancient times. Wang Chong, a philosopher of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote in On Balance? In the chapter "Verification", it says:? Cao Zhi prolongs life and immortals eat it. ? Combined with the social atmosphere of seeking medical advice and medicine and believing in immortality of ghosts and gods in the Han Dynasty, the caocao type naturally aims at immortality. Taking the Han paintings in Nanyang as an example, Cao Zhi used by immortals was combined with Fuxi Nuwa for the first time. In the Han paintings in this area, Cao Zhi has a wide range of uses, with feathered people holding Cao Zhi soaring and rare birds and animals eating Cao Zhi. Is this what Bao Puzi said to Cao Zhi? There is a liter of cheese from Shi Zhi, Mu Zhi and Cao Zhi, which can be eaten after thousands of years, making people live longer. They can ride the clouds to the sky, watch the ghosts and gods eat together, and live a long life. If you take the shiny Long Xianzhi, you will live a long life. Fuxi Nuwa is the ancestor of mankind. It has the function of sheltering and putting Cao Zhi, an immortal thing, in his hand, and endowing them with the function of protecting longevity. This is the creation of a Han painting in Nanyang. By discussing the characteristics and significance of Fuxi Nuwa's image, it shows that Fuxi Nuwa's image theme is consistent, which reflects the * * * nature of internal beliefs and folk customs in China. The difference of image system it presents reflects the personality of beliefs and folk customs in different regions. This explanation is helpful for us to understand the images of Fuxi Nuwa in Han paintings more clearly and understand the significance of expressing them more thoroughly.
On the symbolic significance of Fuxi Nuwa's obeying the rules
Take this picture shown by the subject as an example, it belongs to the custom of Fuxi Nuwa in Tang Dynasty: the scroll or hemp painting of Astana tomb in Turpan, Xinjiang. According to the archaeological report of the Tang tomb in Astana, dozens of such silk paintings were unearthed in the same period, which were nailed to the top of the tomb with the picture facing down. In the painting, Fuxi wears a crown and lives on the left. Zhang holds a moment in his left hand, with Mo Dou in the moment, or Mo Dou in his right hand; Nuwa stood on the right with a high bun, a ruler in her right hand and scissors in her left. Fuxi Nuwa is a snake, dressed with waist connected, * * * wearing a skirt, embracing the upper body, intersecting with the lower end of the Song Dynasty in a spiral shape. They have round wheels on their heads to symbolize the sun; There is a moon under the tail. The picture is surrounded by circles of the same size, some of which are connected by lines into stars and big scoops.