After Xiao Gong's death, Huiwen Wang and Hehe successively inherited the existing inheritance and followed the strategy of the previous generation, taking Hanzhong in the south, Bashu in the west, cutting fertile land in the east and occupying a very important regional city in the north. Frightened, the princes gathered in an alliance and tried to weaken Qin. Don't be stingy with rare and precious utensils and fertile land to recruit talents from all over the world, and adopt the strategy of vertical integration to conclude a Covenant, help each other and become one. At this time, there were Qi, Zhao, Chu, Chun Shenjun and Wei, Xin Lingjun. These four monarchs are wise, resourceful, sincere and trustworthy, generous to others, and have great respect for talented people. They broke Qin Lian Heng's plan by contract, and formed the allied forces of Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. At this time, the scholars of the six countries were Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, Doukhi and others to advise, Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Slow, Zhai Jing, Su Li, Le Yi and others to communicate, and Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Tian Ji, Lian Po, Zhao She and others commanded their respective armies. They once went to Hanguguan to attack Qin with ten times as much land and a million troops. The National People's Congress of Qin opened its doors wide and led the enemy deep, but the troops of the nine countries hesitated and dared not enter the customs. The Qin people did not lose an arrow, and the princes of the world were in panic. As a result, the vertical agreement failed, and the vassal States scrambled to cede territory and bribe Qin. The state of Qin has the spare capacity to subdue them when they are sleepy and pursue the defeated troops of the nine countries. Millions of defeated soldiers are lying dead on the road, with rivers of blood and big shields floating. In this favorable situation, Qin cut off all the land in the world and re-divided the land of mountains and rivers. The powerful countries surrendered voluntarily, and the weak countries went to Qin to worship on time. When King Xiaowen and King Zhuangxiang succeeded to the throne in turn, their rule was not long, and nothing important happened in the State of Qin.
By the time of the first emperor, he developed the legacy of the Sixth World, ruled all countries by force, wiped out the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty and all the vassal States, ascended the throne to control the world, enslaved the people all over the world with severe punishments and severe laws, and shocked the world. Taking Baiyue's land to the south and dividing it into Guilin County and Xiang Jun County, Baiyue's monarch bowed his head and tied a rope around his neck, leaving his life to the lower officials of Qin. So he sent Meng Tian north to build the Great Wall, guarding the border and repelling the Huns for more than 700 miles. The conference semifinals dare not graze in the south again, and the warriors dare not bow and shoot arrows for revenge.
Then he abolished the ancient emperors' way of governing the country and burned hundreds of works in order to make the people ignorant; Destroy tall walls and kill heroes; Collect all the weapons in the world, concentrate them in Xianyang, destroy sharp swords and arrows, cast twelve bronze men, and weaken the resistance of the people. Then take Huashan as the city and the Yellow River as the pool moat, occupy Huashan and face the Yellow River, which is considered to be a dangerous and solid terrain. Excellent generals guard the key points with strong crossbows, and reliable officials and elite foot soldiers question passers-by with sharp weapons. The world has been decided, and the first emperor thought that relying on the dangerous terrain in Guanzhong and the iron wall of Fiona Fang, the imperial inheritance of later generations could be realized.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, his afterglow still shocked remote areas. However, Chen She was just a poor boy who made windows out of broken urns and tied doors with straw ropes. He was a lower class man, and later he became a soldier who was transferred to the frontier. Talent is inferior to ordinary people, virtue is inferior to Confucius and Mozi, and wealth is inferior to Tao Zhugong and Eton. He joined the garrison, suddenly rose from the field, led tired soldiers, commanded a team of hundreds of people, turned around and attacked the state of Qin, broke branches as weapons, held bamboo poles as flags, and all the heroes gathered in response. Many people followed him like shadows with food. Heroes to the east of Xiaoshan rose up together to destroy the Qin Dynasty.
Besides, the Qin dynasty, which ruled the country, has not been weakened, and the topography of Yongzhou, the dangers and solidity of Xiaoshan and Hanguguan are still the same as before. Chen She's position is not higher than that of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhong Shan. Hoe stick is not sharper than hook spear; The fighting capacity of the soldiers who fought in the frontier is not comparable to that of the nine armies; Chen She's strategy, the strategy of marching with troops, can't compare with the former military commanders and counselors of the Nine Kingdoms. But those with good conditions failed, those with poor conditions succeeded, and their achievements were completely opposite. Why? If we compare the eastern countries with Chen She and measure their strength, it will be a world of difference. However, Qin developed into a country with many chariots and horses with its tiny place, which led to the return of eight countries and the appearance of six governors. It has been more than 100 years since then. After that, I will own the world, with Lushan Mountain and Hanguguan as the inner palace. A garrison soldier attacked the country and died. All the grandchildren died at the hands of others and were laughed at by the whole world. What is the reason? Without benevolence and righteousness, the offensive and defensive situation will be different.
Qin unified the world, annexed the princes, proclaimed himself emperor in the court, and supported the four seas. Why do all the scholars in the world submit to Mu Feng? The answer is: since ancient times, there has been no emperor who unified the world for a long time. The power of the Zhou royal family is very weak. After the five tyrants died one after another, the emperor's orders could not pass through the world. So the princes conquered each other by force, the strong invaded the weak, there were many bullies, the war continued, and the soldiers and civilians were tired. Now southern Qin Huang claims to be the emperor and rules the world, which means that there is a son of heaven in the world. In this way, those poor people all hope to live on him, and no one admires the emperor insincerely. At this time, it is the key to maintain authority and stabilize the results, whether it is stable or dangerous.
With the heart of greed and meanness, the king of Qin only wanted to display his personal wisdom, distrust the heroes, stay away from the people, abandon benevolent governance and kingliness, establish personal authority, ban ancient books and poems, implement cruel and cruel laws, put deceitful power ahead, put benevolence and loyalty behind, and take cruelty as the premise of governing the world. To implement the merger, we should pay attention to bullying the market; To stabilize the country, we should pay attention to timely response: in other words, we cannot seize and protect the world in the same way. After the Warring States period, Qin unified the world, and its route and laws remained unchanged, which was the same as its method of seizing and protecting the world. The king of Qin alone owned the world, so his demise came soon. If the king of Qin can take into account the ancient situation and formulate and implement his own policies according to the road of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, then even if there are arrogant and extravagant monarchs, there will be no disaster of collapse and peril. Therefore, Yu Xia, Shang Tang, Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang have established a country with outstanding names and long-term achievements.
Nowadays, when Qin Ershi ascended the throne, no one in the world craned their necks to see his policies. People who are cold feel good in coarse cloth and short clothes, and people who are hungry feel sweet when they eat bran. The people all over the world wept bitterly because of the righteous act of the new emperor. This means that hard-working people are easy to accept benevolent governance. If II has the virtue of a general, he will employ loyal people, and his subjects will be single-minded and worry about the sufferings of the world. During the mourning period, he will correct the mistakes of the former emperor, cede the land to the people, reward the descendants of the heroes, seal the monarch, treat the sages of the world, release the prisoners from prison, exempt them from punishment, abolish the arbitrary punishment of confiscating their wives and children as official servants, and let the sentenced people return to their hometowns. Open positions and send money to help the poor; Reduce taxes, reduce labor, and help people relieve their urgent needs; Simplify the law, lighten the punishment, give criminals a chance to grasp the future, so that people all over the world can turn over a new leaf, turn over a new leaf, cultivate one's morality and be cautious about themselves; Satisfy everyone's wishes, treat the world with prestige and kindness, and the world will be joined. If all the places in the world are happy to live and work in peace and contentment and are afraid of chaos, then even if there is a traitor and the people have not betrayed the heart of the country, the traitor can't hide his treachery, and the plot of riots can be stopped.
II did not practice this method, which destroyed the ancestral temple and harmed the people. It is more cruel and heartless than the first emperor. Epang Palace was rebuilt, with more punishments and more severe killings. Officials are harsh and vicious, improper rewards and punishments, unlimited taxes, and too many state affairs for officials to control. The people were extremely poor, but the monarch did not receive relief. Therefore, there have been many incidents of adultery and fraud, and many people have been deceived from top to bottom, and many people have been punished. People who were tortured on the road confronted each other, and people all over the world fell into pain. Everyone from Jun Qing down to ordinary people is in danger, living in poverty, and there is no peace everywhere, so unrest is easy to happen. Therefore, Chen She did not rely on the talents of Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang, nor did he borrow the dignity of governors. The reason is that people are in danger.
So the ancient holy king can see the changes from beginning to end and know the key to life and death. Therefore, the way to rule the people is to concentrate on stabilizing them. In this way, even if there are rebellious courtiers in the world, there will be no response and no help. The so-called "people in a stable state can be righteous with others, and people in distress are easy to do bad things together", that is to say, this situation. Noble enough to be the son of heaven, rich enough to own the world, but unable to avoid being killed, that is because the way to save the overthrown situation is wrong. This is II's fault.
The Qin Dynasty annexed the princes, and there were more than 30 counties in Shandong, which built ferries, occupied dangerous terrain, repaired weapons and guarded these places. However, Chen She shouted with hundreds of scattered soldiers, without weapons such as bows and arrows, spears and halberds, relying only on hoes and sticks. Although there is no provision, he can eat as long as he sees a house where people live, and he is invincible. The danger of the Qin dynasty could not be prevented, the bridge at the checkpoint could not be blocked, the halberd could not be stabbed, and the strong crossbow could not be shot. Chu Jun soon went deep into the territory, while Hong Men did not even touch the fence-like barrier in World War I.. So there was chaos in Shandong, governors rebelled in succession, and heroes made kings in succession. The King of Qin sent Zhang Han to lead an army to the East, and Zhang Han took this opportunity to make a deal with foreign governors and plot his master with the strength of the three armed forces. Qin Jun distrust liegeman, they are suspicious of each other, which can be seen from this incident. Zi Ying acceded to the throne, but it didn't come true in the end. If Zi Ying had the talent of a general and only got a gentle assistant minister, the territory of the State of Qin could be preserved despite the chaos in Shandong, and the sacrifices in the ancestral temple would not be cut off.
The terrain of Qin is blocked by mountains and surrounded by rivers, forming a solid defense. This is a country under siege. From Mu Gong to Qin Shihuang, more than 20 monarchs often ruled princes. Is it wise from generation to generation? This is caused by the status situation! Besides, all countries in the world once joined forces to attack Qin. At this time, sages and wise men gather together, good generals command armies of various countries, and wise men exchange strategies with each other. But when they were trapped by obstacles and could not move forward, Qin lured the princes to fight for them in Qin. As a result, Shandong's million-strong army fled and was in flight. Is it because courage, strength and wisdom are not enough? This is bad terrain. Inconvenient. Qin merged small cities into big cities and stationed troops in dangerous places to defend them. The camp was built so high that it was not easy to fight with the enemy. The gate is closed, the dangerous place is guarded, and the spear and halberd are on the shoulder. Vassals were born in Shu Ren and United for profit, but they didn't have the virtue of being respected and ascended the throne. Their communication is not intimate, and their subordinates are not attached. Nominally, it means to destroy Qin, but actually it is for personal gain. When they saw that it was difficult for Qin to invade, they had to retreat. If they can settle their homeland, let the people recuperate, wait for the decline of Qin, take in the weak, and help the poor, then with a monarch who can give orders to big countries, they don't have to worry about not realizing their wishes in the world. However, they were honored as the sons of heaven, rich in the world, but captured. This is because their strategy to save the defeat is wrong.
The king of Qin was content with his merits, and Dont Ask For Help taught him. In the end, he never made a mistake. The second inherited his father's mistake, but he didn't change, so he was cruel and abused, which aggravated the disaster. Ziying is helpless and in danger, but he is weak and useless. Sanjun was lost all his life and didn't realize it. Isn't it right that the Qin Dynasty perished? At this time, no one had the foresight to understand the changes in the situation. However, they dare not try their best to correct the Lord's mistakes. It was because of the taboo rules in the atmosphere of the Qin Dynasty that their suggestions were killed before they were finished. So people in the world can only listen with their ears sideways, stand with their feet crossed, and dare not speak with their mouths closed. Therefore, the three kings lost their way, and the loyal ministers dared not remonstrate, and the wise men dared not remonstrate. The world is in chaos, and the emperor doesn't know it. Aren't you sad?
The late king knew that congestion would harm the country, so he set officials, doctors and scholars to rectify the law and set penalties, so the world was governed. If it is strong, it is forbidden to brutally punish rebellion, and the world is obedient; When weak, the five tyrants conquered the emperor and the princes obeyed; Cutting land can be kept inside and attached outside, and the country can be preserved. So when the Qin Dynasty was strong, many laws and severe punishments shocked the world. When it is weak, people hate it and the world betrays it. The titles of Duke, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong in the Zhou Dynasty were in line with the fundamental road, so they were circulated in China for more than 1000 years. The Qin dynasty lost everything, so it can't last long. From this perspective, the difference between stable and dangerous subjects is too far! As the saying goes, "If you don't forget the past, you will be a teacher of the future" (if you don't forget the past, you will be a teacher of the future). Therefore, gentlemen govern the country, study ancient history, research the contemporary situation, and test it through personnel, so as to understand the law of ups and downs, know in detail whether the strategy and situation are appropriate, and make choices in an orderly and timely manner, so the country is stable for a long time.
Article analysis:
The main purpose of On Guo Qin is to analyze Guo Qin's fault. Old books are divided into three parts, namely, upper, middle and lower. In fact, it is an article, and the most widely circulated book "On Guo Qin" is the first third of this article. By reviewing the prosperous history of Qin State, it is pointed out that the reform plan of Qin State is strong and won the world, and it cannot defend the world because of "benevolence and righteousness". In the second part, the mistakes after the unification of Qin dynasty are discussed in detail. This novella points out that Qin unified the world and ended years of war. Originally, the situation was good, but Qin Shihuang did not formulate correct policies, but burned books to bury Confucianism and ruled the world with tyranny. In the second year, the original mistakes could not be corrected and the country was finally overturned. In the second part of On Qin, the author points out that if Zi Ying can change its original wrong policy, and "close the door to Eritrea" and "defend with halberds", it will be able to hold the land of Sanqin, and then "help the people", and Xu Tu will develop and even restore national unity. Unfortunately, the Qin Dynasty.