First, the aesthetic standards of calligraphy
Wang Sengqian, a calligrapher in the Southern Dynasties, said in "Praise of Writing":? The wonderful way of books is that the spirit is paramount, followed by the form and quality. Can you see the ancients? . Here, it is emphasized to write the spirit in form, with both form and spirit.
Generally speaking,? Shape? Including stippling lines and the resulting calligraphy spatial structure; ? God? Mainly refers to the spirit of calligraphy.
(A) calligraphy stippling lines
The stippling lines of calligraphy have infinite expressive force, which is abstract in itself. The calligraphy image they form has no definite meaning, but it should contain all the characteristics of beauty. This puts forward special requirements for the stippling lines of calligraphy. Require a strong sense of quantity, rhythm and three-dimensional sense.
1, sense of strength
The power of stippling lines is one of the elements of line beauty. It is a metaphor, pointing out the sense of power aroused by drawing lines in people's hearts. As early as the Han Dynasty, Cai Yong made a special study on stippling lines in Nine Potential, pointing out? Hiding the head and protecting the tail, power is between the lines? ,? Do a pen heart and often do some painting? ,? After the stippling is finished, you still have to collect it forcibly? . It is required that the stippling should be hidden deep in the laurel corner, and what is done will be collected and its power will be obvious. It should be noted that we emphasize the importance of hiding the head and protecting the tail, which does not mean that we can ignore the midline pen. The center line pen must take the convergence center, so as to make the stippling lines round and smooth, warm but not soft, and contain strength. But the starting point and ending point of the dotted line are not all hidden in the corner (both large print and small print must hide the front). Calligraphy is often combined with hiding and revealing as needed, especially cursive script. When appreciating it, we should pay attention to the acceptance and echo of the beginning and the end, and whether the middle part is flashy and frivolous.
2. sense of rhythm
Rhythm originally refers to the regular changes in the height, strength and length of notes in music. Because of the different strength and speed of calligraphy in the process of creation, different forms such as thickness, length and size change regularly alternately, which makes the stippling lines of calligraphy have a sense of rhythm. The strokes of Chinese characters are different in length and size, which further strengthens the rhythm of stippling lines in calligraphy. Generally speaking, regular script (such as seal script, official script and regular script) has a weak sense of rhythm, while running script (running script and cursive script) has a strong sense of rhythm and rich changes.
3, three-dimensional sense
The stereoscopic impression is the result of using the pen in the center. The strokes written in the center, looking at the sun, have a wisp of thick ink in the center of the painting, which is in it. As for the folding, it is not biased in it. ? In this way, the stippling lines can be full, round and three-dimensional. Therefore, the pens used in the center have always been highly valued. However, we can't find the profile that can be seen everywhere in calligraphy creation. Except for Xiao Zhuan, all other calligraphy styles are inseparable from the side edge. Especially cursive script, as a supplement and foil to the center, wingers can be seen everywhere.
(B) the spiritual meaning of calligraphy
Spirit refers to the air and brilliance on a person's face. The expression in calligraphy refers to the spirit, style, temperament, interest and interest revealed in lines and their structural combinations. ? Appearance first, shape second, both of which can be seen in the ancients? . That means the spirit is higher than? Shape and quality? (stippling the shape and appearance of lines and their structural layout), shape and quality are the premise and foundation of spiritual existence; Therefore, the essence of calligraphy artistic expression is the overall harmony of stippling lines and their spatial combination. Pursuing the spirit and expressing the spirit of nature will always be the highest realm that calligraphers strive to pursue.
On the one hand, the acquisition of calligraphy spirit depends on skillful creative skills, which is the premise and foundation; On the other hand, only when the creative mind is calm and comfortable, the creative center is fluent in both hands, and I forget myself, can I write my true feelings and integrate my knowledge and aesthetic taste.
(C) the spatial structure of calligraphy
On the premise of following the principles of Chinese font and stroke order, the stippling lines of calligraphy cross-combine and divide the space to form the spatial structure of calligraphy. The spatial structure includes three parts: single word structure, whole line circulation and overall layout.
1, single word structure
The structure of a single word requires neatness, fluency, balance of length and density. In this way, on the basis of caring for the truth, we can pay attention to the decay, intricate changes, natural image, danger in peace and interest in danger.
2, the whole line of qi
Are the characters in calligraphy works connected up and down (or before and after)? Link? It is required to proceed from top to bottom and respond coherently. Although the static characters such as regular script, official script and seal script are independent, the strokes are broken and connected. Running script, cursive script and other dynamic characters can be word for word, with hairspring traction. In addition, we should also pay attention to the change of size, positive response, contrast between reality and reality, and the resulting sense of rhythm. In this way, the circulation of qi can be natural and coherent, and blood vessels can be unblocked.
3. Overall layout
In calligraphy works, the combination of dots into characters, hyphens into rows and lines into chapters constitutes the cutting of space by dots, thus adding salt to the overall layout of calligraphy works. It is required that the density between words and between lines is appropriate, and the white is black; Flat and balanced, positive to each other; Rugged and full of changes. Among them, the static characters such as regular script, official script and seal script are mainly fair and balanced; The dynamic characters such as running script and cursive script are complicated and ups and downs.
Second, the method of calligraphy appreciation
Calligraphy appreciation is consistent with other art appreciation and needs to follow the general laws of human cognitive activities. Because of the particularity of calligraphy art, calligraphy appreciation shows uniqueness in methods.
Appreciation of calligraphy must be based on calligraphy.
What is good calligraphy? How to appreciate calligraphy is as unique as music. It is not easy to understand the calligrapher's thoughts, emotions, skills, character and cultivation from lines and spaces. Only with a certain foundation of calligraphy can we really understand calligraphy works. ? Appreciators should have a certain understanding and practical ability of calligraphy art, and should know about famous calligraphers, schools and their masterpieces in past dynasties; If you want to know a little pen and ink skills and historical knowledge, you have to read more and write more, otherwise it is difficult to gain insight into the inner secrets of calligraphy art.
Generally speaking, we can start from the following aspects.
1, from whole to part, and then from part to whole.
To appreciate calligraphy, we must first look at the overall situation and have a general impression of its expression and artistic style. Then pay attention to whether the pen, knot, composition, Mo Yun and other parts are lively and lively. After partial appreciation, stand back from a distance to see the overall situation and correct what you got from the first viewing. About impressions? We should grasp it from a rational height. Pay attention to whether artistic expression and artistic style are coordinated, where the works are wonderful and where there are shortcomings, and fully appreciate them from both macro and micro perspectives.
2. Restore the static image to the process of motion and expand the association.
Calligraphy works are relatively static as the result of creation. Appreciation should follow the author's creative process and adopt? Move your eyes? Methods: According to the sequence of works (language and time), imagine the rhythm, intensity and different changes of the author's feelings in the process of creation, and restore the static image to the process of movement. That is to imitate the author's creative process and correctly grasp the author's creative intention and emotional changes.
3. From the image of calligraphy to the specific image, expand the association and correctly understand the artistic conception of the work.
In the process of calligraphy appreciation, we should fully develop the association, compare the calligraphy image with similar things in real life, and make the calligraphy image concrete. Then, starting from the aesthetic characteristics of things similar to calligraphy images, we further associate the aesthetic value of the works, so as to understand the artistic conception of the works. If you appreciate Yan Zhenqing's regular script, you can compare its calligraphy image with? Jing Qing pressed the sword, Fan Kuai held the shield, King Kong dazzled, and Lux punched? Through analogy and association, it can be concluded that Yan Zhenqing's regular script is dignified and majestic in artistic style.
4. Understand the creative background of the work and correctly grasp the emotional appeal of the work.
Any calligraphy work is the accumulation of a certain cultural history and the product of a specific historical and cultural background. Therefore, it is of great benefit to know the creative background (including the creative environment), the unique cultural atmosphere contained in the work, the author's personality cultivation, aesthetic taste, creative mood and creative purpose. In order to correctly understand the author's creative intention and correctly grasp the emotional appeal of the work. Shu's "Virtual Boat Inscription"? Tang Yan tells Uncle Haozhou the truth about the draft:? Ji Ming Manuscript is cracked and unbearable, so its book is frustrated and uncontrollable. This "Gao" is calm, easy to make a guest appearance, and there is no strange promotion like "offering sacrifices to nephews". The so-called music-related party laugh has been sighed. The situation is different, calligraphy is different, and the feeling is reasonable. ? It can be seen that both the author's personality cultivation, creative mood and creative environment have a considerable impact on the mood of the work. To. In addition, calligraphy works are influenced by the book style and aesthetic fashion of a specific era, which makes calligraphy works reflect a diverse cultural atmosphere. This undoubtedly increases the difficulty of calligraphy appreciation, but also makes calligraphy appreciation interesting.
In a word, the appreciation of calligraphy is influenced by individual psychology, and there is no fixed appreciation mode. The above is just one method of calligraphy appreciation, and several methods can be used alternately in the process of appreciation. In addition, in the process of appreciation, we should comprehensively use all kinds of calligraphy skills, techniques and calligraphy theory knowledge, give full play to our own aesthetic evaluation ability, and try our best to appreciate the artistic conception of the works according to the author's creative intention. We should try our best to have comments in appreciation and rewards in evaluation, put the works in a specific historical environment, and make a correct appreciation and fair and objective evaluation of the works. Of course, mastering the correct appreciation method is an important way to improve appreciation ability. Can see a thousand swords, and then can sword; Can read Wan Fu, and then can Fu? That's what I'm saying.