Appreciation of the historical mind map of the first volume of the ninth grade The first volume of the ninth grade history review outline 1 1 opened up a new era? Manifesto?
1, Charter Movement: 1837, UK? This is the largest and longest-lasting early labor movement in Europe.
2. What are the theories studied by Marx and Engels (two superstars)? Scientific socialism? .
3.* * * Manifesto of the Productive Party: Marx and Engels jointly published it in February 1848, marking the birth of Marxism.
Lesson 65438? Intena sonnel？ It must be realized.
1, Paris commune:
① Time:18765438+March 28th, 0.
② Nature: the regime representing the interests of the working class (the proletarian regime).
③ Failure:? May bloody week? .
④ Significance: It is the first great attempt of the proletariat to overthrow bourgeois rule and establish proletarian dictatorship, which embodies the pioneering spirit of the proletarian revolution; The heroic and unyielding revolutionary spirit embodied by commune soldiers will go down in history forever.
2. The Internationale: A lyricist? Pottier composer? Degeyter, the proletarian revolutionary battle song of the world.
3、? Intena sonnel？ Must be realized means: * * capitalism will be realized.
Reform to avoid revolution
1, root: feudal serfdom seriously hindered the development of Russian capitalism.
2. Time: 186 1 year.
3. Promulgator: Alexander II
4. Main contents: ① The serfs gained freedom of life. Farmers can get a piece of land (land) through redemption. (3) Do farmers still belong to the local area after liberation? Country club? Management.
5. Nature: Top-down bourgeois reform.
6. Essence: The dual extortion and plunder of farmers by the czar government and landlords.
7. Impact:
(1) progressiveness: the abolition of serfdom eased domestic social contradictions, avoided the revolution and embarked on the road of capitalist development.
(2) Limitations: the reform was not thorough, and a large number of feudal remnants were retained.
8. Enlightenment: Reform is the driving force of social development. Reform conforms to the trend of historical development, and it is necessary to earnestly safeguard the interests of farmers, reduce their burdens and maintain social stability.
The civil war that decided America's fate
1, the root cause: the economic systems of the north and the south are different.
Focus: the preservation or abolition of black slavery
2. fuse: 1860, Lincoln was elected president.
3. Process:
① The outbreak of civil war: 186 1 year.
② Turn the tide: Lincoln promulgated the Homestead Act.
Emancipate black slaves.
③ End: 1865.4 The South surrendered and the North won.
4. Nature: the second bourgeois revolution in American history.
5. Significance: After the war, the United States abolished slavery, safeguarded the unity of the American country and nation, and laid a solid foundation for becoming the most developed capitalism in the world.
6. Limitations: The racial problem has not been fundamentally solved.
7. Lincoln's contribution: Abolish slavery and maintain American unity.
The first volume of Grade 9: The coming of the electrical age (P89) Knocking on the door of modern civilization (P94)
The second industrial revolution (65438+ sixties and seventies? Early 20th century)
1. Conditions: ① The political system tends to be perfect and the capitalist rule is consolidated; (2) economic prosperity; ③ New breakthroughs in natural science.
2. Time: 65438+ sixties and seventies? Early 20th century
3. Signs: the wide application of electric power and the invention of internal combustion engine.
4. Main achievements:
(1) The emergence and utilization of new energy; (electricity, oil)
(2) the creation of new machines and products; (internal combustion engine) (generator, motor, household appliances)
(3) the emergence of new means of transportation; (cars, planes)
(4) Inventing new technologies and new equipment (telegraph and telephone) for long-distance information transmission.
5. Features:
① Take electricity as the core;
(2) Invention transcends the scope of a country and is carried out almost simultaneously in several advanced capitalist countries (such as the United States and Germany);
(3) The inventors are all scientists or technicians,
④ Close combination of natural science and industrial production;
6. Impact:
Economically, age of steam has entered the electrical age, with the emergence of monopolies and monopoly organizations, and the industrial structure has changed from light industry to heavy industry.
Politically, major capitalist countries entered the era of imperialism (monopoly capitalism), and the capitalist world market was finally formed.
Culture: Western countries have gradually embarked on the road of industrialization, urbanization and modernization.
7. Edison: American,
Known as? Inventor? ; Release? Electricity? An angel who spreads the gospel to the world. Inventions: electric lamp, phonograph, mimeograph, wax paper, storage battery.
8. In the field of transportation:
(1) Ben Ci: (the father of the car) German, the first car using gasoline internal combustion engine.
② Ford: American, 19 13 used assembly line technology for automobile production for the first time.
Cars began to enter ordinary families, and the United States was called? The country on wheels? . )
(3) Wright brothers: Americans, 1903 successfully built the first plane in human history, named? Navigator 1? .
Known as? Pioneer of aviation aircraft? .
The first industrial revolution in the steam train era (British light industry)
The second industrial revolution, electric vehicle era, steel era (multinational heavy industry)
9. Is there still an electrical age? The steel age? The arrival of China marks the rise of modern industry.
10, conclusion: science and technology are the primary productive forces. Enlightenment to China: China should implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, actively develop high technology and turn science and technology into the primary productive force.
The fanaticism of forming alliances? Allies and the Formation of Allies (P99)
1, one country? Tripartite alliance? ：
1882, the tripartite alliance between Germany and Italy (with Germany as the core), said? Allies? .
2. platter? Three-nation agreement ：
(1). 1892, Russian-French agreement, which one is it? Three-nation agreement The prototype of. It marks the beginning of the confrontation between the two major military blocs in Europe.
2. Britain gave up? Glorious isolation? Policy, signed military agreements with France and Russia, formed? Three-nation agreement Also known as? Allies? . It marks the final formation of the two major military blocs in Europe.
3. The fundamental reason for the formation of the two groups: the imbalance of political and economic development in imperialist countries.
4. The purpose of the alliance: in order to compete for world hegemony and colonies, we will strengthen our own strength and defeat our opponents in the competition of expanding forces.
5. The nature of the two military blocs: the hegemonic imperialist military blocs.
6. Consequence: A serious threat to world peace has made the world situation increasingly tense, and a world war is imminent.
7. Europeans? Powder keg? : Balkan Peninsula
8. 19 At the end of the 20th century, the most competitive countries in continental Europe were Germany, France and Russia.