Previous articles on distinguishing millet were limited to historical conditions and did not talk about morphological classification. They blindly quote classics or toss and turn, which is tedious and daunting to repeat. Since there are conditions, we should change the way. First of all, it can be made clear that "millet" belongs to the genus Gramineae, and the scientific name of cultivated millet is millet. In plant classification, "Millet" belongs to Setaria italica, a Gramineae genus. They are two different genera. However, their requirements for culture conditions are very similar and their geographical distribution is also very consistent. There are many names (words) about millet and millet in ancient books. In order to avoid repeated references, we draw a simplified list of them as follows (table 1).
Table 1 Plant Morphology and Related Vocabulary of Millet and Millet
-| millet millet | millet millet
Plant Morphology | Oracle Bone Inscriptions | Oracle Bone Inscriptions | |
Related words | millet, millet, millet, * [original word is millet], millet, millet (black millet), millet (one meter) | grain, millet, millet, millet, millet, millet, millet.
The above table and the attached drawings are the preface of this paper, rather than tedious text quotations, aiming to show that (1) millet and millet have been clearly distinguished from each other since Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the two sides in the debate are completely consistent on this point. (2) The problem lies in Xiaomi. Those who advocate Xiaomi belong to Xiaomi, and those who regard Xiaomi as Xiaomi belong to Xiaomi. (3) There are other synonyms, nicknames and type names. Between Xiaomi and Xiaomi, and there is basically no difference between the two sides. Let's review the history of Xiaomi first.
Second, the understanding of Xiaomi before the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the modern understanding of Xiaomi.
In order to reduce the quotation as much as possible, the notes on millet in ancient books before Qi Yao Min Shu in the Northern Wei Dynasty are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2 Explanations of Millet and Millet before Northern Wei Dynasty
Dynasty | Author | Works | Main Interpretation
The Warring States Period | Mencius' Master | Mencius Teng Wengong | Li Yue; The governors helped to cultivate for the sake of prosperity. Zhao Qi in the Eastern Han Dynasty noted: "Hey, Xiaomi."
Warring States Period | | Mu Chuan | "Thirty Moggi Chariots" Eastern Jin Guo Pu Note: "Millet, developed. Membrane, unheard of. "
Western Han Dynasty | Edited by Dai Sheng | Book of Rites | "The Moon of Meng Chun, ... in the middle of winter, ... the first kind is not allowed." Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty noted: "The first kind is called millet."
Western Han dynasty (? |-| "Er Ya Cao Shi" | "Hey, Xiaomi." In the Western Han Dynasty, Qian Wei left a note for others: "Well, a millet. Millet, millet also. Today, Jiangdong is called Susu. " Guo Pu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Eastern Han Dynasty | Xu Shen | Shuowen | Ji Ye Yan "Hehe."
"Well, * [the original word adds millet and hemp] is also." "Hey, hey."
Northern Wei Dynasty | Jia Sixie | Qi Yaomin Shu | For details, see Three Rules of Planting Valley: "Valley, millet is also called millet." "Xiaomi IV" describes Xiaomi and Xiaomi respectively.
As can be seen from Table 2, before the Northern Wei Dynasty, critics in Han and Jin Dynasties all interpreted millet as millet, and there was no objection. But if you look at the modern dictionary, the explanation of Xiaomi is very different, and it becomes Xiaomi (Table 3).
Xiaomi's problems are not limited to China. In recent years, there are many similar controversies about Xiaomi in papers published abroad (see below for details).
Comparing Table 3 and Table 2, we can see that millet, recognized in Han Dynasty, has become the same crop in modern tool dictionaries. 1~8 in Table 3 represents different dictionaries and reference books at home and abroad. Their explanations of Xiaomi are the same, and the basis is the same, mainly from Compendium of Materia Medica (directly or indirectly). 9~ 1 1 The three dictionaries adopt a compromise way, that is, they explain without judgment, but they all tend to millet first and then millet.
Table 3 Examples of definitions of millet and millet in modern dictionaries
Introduction | Dictionary Name | Explanation and Main Basis of Xiaomi
1| Atlas of Higher Plants in China (Vol.5, 1976, Science) | Panicum belongs to Panicum, Panicum, Panicum, Panicum, Sorghum, Panicum (according to 2).
2| Economic Botany (Hu Xiansu, 1953, China) | Taking millet as millet, it is called scattered ear millet type; The millet with lateral panicle type is millet type, and the millet with dense panicle type is millet type. According to Compendium of Materia Medica
| English and Chinese Latin plant names (196 1 year, science) | Millet is millet, millet, and its scientific name is P. miliaceum.
4| Collection of Plant Names (Japanese) | Taking millet as millet, according to Compendium of Materia Medica by P. miliaceum.
5| Illustrated Plants (Japanese) | Taking millet as millet, according to Compendium of Materia Medica, millet grass.
6| Laocihai (China, 1939)| Taking millet as millet, according to the Compendium of Materia Medica, millet grass.
7| Contemporary Chinese-English Dictionary | Translated as Xiaomi, equivalent to Xiaomi.
8| English-Chinese Dictionary of Agricultural Science and Technology (Agricultural Press, 1976)| Broom corn millet is translated into millet and millet, and its scientific name is P. miliaceum.
9| New Ci Hai (China, 1979)| The explanation of millet is: all kinds of (1) millet, according to Compendium of Materia Medica;
(2) Sue's nickname, according to note in "erya";
(3) when it comes to sorghum, according to the "Nine Valley Test"
10| China Dictionary | Ji's explanation is: (1) Mi, which means Mi;
(2) millet, according to "erya" Qianwei scheeren note.
1 1| Xinhua Dictionary | Xiaomi: "In ancient times, some books said it was Xiaomi, and some books said it was Xiaomi."
Third, the literature review of millet
Li Shizhen is a great botanist in history, and Compendium of Materia Medica is an authoritative work. Later generations quoted and thought that the explanation of Xiaomi in Compendium of Materia Medica was easy to understand. However, it is not Li Shizhen's initiative to regard millet as millet, but also has its origin and basis. Therefore, it is necessary to review various school views that regard millet as millet in history. In order to avoid lengthy references, the following list (Table 4) is still adopted.
Table 4: Millet was regarded as millet in history.
The main basis of the works of writers in dynasties
Liang Tao Hongjing's Record of Famous Doctors (original book) "I don't know millet, but Siyin millet is similar to millet."
Tang Sugong's Notes on Tang Materia Medica (the original book has been lost) "The talent of millet is the same. Today, dreamers call it millet, and Guan Zhong calls it mi. " "Tao quoted a poem saying: I am afraid that millet is similar to millet, so I can benefit from it."
"A millet is a millet, and a millet is also called * [the original word is the same as two horizontal grains]" in Xu Kai's Shuowen Biography in the Southern Tang Dynasty ...
Song's "Illustration of Materia Medica" (original book) "Xiaomi Mi, now called glutinous rice."
Shen Songkuo's "Meng Qian's Bi Tan" "Ji is the present, and the people of Qi Jin say it is a sacrifice, which is its local accent and has no other meaning."
Song Cai Bian's "Shi Mao Shi" "Sacrifice it, sacrifice it, so sacrifice it, so it is called" Yi ".
Song Kouzong's "Materia Medica Yan Yi" "Millet, now called glutinous rice."
Joe's "Tongzhi" "Millet, ears like reeds ... Today people call it" Mo ". The second mistake is to treat it as millet. "
Song Luoyuan's "Er Ya Yi" "However, it is also awkward and awkward, especially Zhong Er."
Yinglin's "First Aid" is annotated with "Ji, also known as Mo" according to Xu Kai's "Literary Biography"
Chen Jiamo's "Herbal Mengquan" "Small rice is also very fragrant and beautiful. Vivi is the same as Xiaomi ... the south is famous."
Li Mingzhizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica "Millet and Millet are two kinds of one kind". The sticky person is Xiaomi, and the non-sticky person is Xiaomi. Millet can be used to cook and millet can be used to make wine. "In addition, there is a special paragraph describing the morphological differences between Xiaomi and Xiaomi.
Zhao Mingxing's Medicinal Materia Medica is "Ji surname, also known as Ji surname"
Qi's "Three People's Meeting", "Xiaomi Mi, which is now called glutinous rice ... Kansai is called rice, and Jizhou is called * [original word Ma Su], all of which are the same thing."
Wang Ming's genealogy "Ji, one person, one person"
In Fang Yizhi's Tong Ya in Qing Dynasty, "What you can do is millet", according to Meng Xi's written talk.
Wang Qinghao's "Guang Qun Fang Pu" "Ji, one is awkward and the other is awkward."
On the object of tea: "Ji, people are also, yes, it is also a matter of fact."
Zheng Zi Tong by Zhang Bolie in Qing Dynasty. When Xiaomi was nicknamed Qi Jin, people read it, and it accumulated into nothing, which was called nothing. Although the languages are different, they are all true. "
Gao Qing Cheng Bing's Compendium of Materia Medica "Xiaomi is famous because it is called ... sugar cane."
Textual research on the name and reality of Wu plants in Qing Dynasty: "Millet is called Mi, also known as ... and Tang Herbal Symbol."
In Ding's interpretation of Xiaomi in the Republic of China, "the sticky person is Xiaomi, and the non-sticky person is Xiaomi. Millet is not sticky, so it is also called glutinous rice. There is a millet, because it is sticky, so it is divided into two. "
Judging from the materials in Table 4, it was Tao Hongjing in the Southern Dynasties who first suspected that Xiaomi was not Xiaomi, but he just suspected and did not put forward any arguments. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that Su Gong first proposed that "millet is just millet" and quoted Tao Hongjing's words to affirm his argument, while Tao Hongjing did not affirm that millet is millet. After the CPSU quoted, Tao Hongjing was also said to be Xiaomi. Since then, such as Xu Kai, Su Song, Shen Kuo, Cai Bian and so on. In the table, they just repeated the statement that millet is the only crop, without adding new demonstration materials. Zheng Qiao further said that Er Ya was "wrong" to regard crops as millet, but he didn't tell the wrong truth. Until the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen, with his extensive knowledge of botany, expanded and supplemented the argument that millet was only a crop. First of all, Li Shizhen put forward the difference between sticky millet and non-sticky millet, which became the basis for later generations to cite. In fact, the difference between sticky grains (that is, waxy or waxy) and non-waxy grains of cereal crops has long been mentioned in the Book of Songs. Of course, millet is sticky and non-sticky. It is clear in the Book of Songs and Oracle Bone Inscriptions that millet belongs to sticky (brewing). The question is not whether it is sticky, but whether it is glutinous or millet. Li Shizhen only said that all the non-sticky products are millet, not to mention millet. At first glance, compared with the previous literature, it gives people a reasonable distinction and a refreshing impression. Therefore, this view has become a "powerful" basis for future generations to quote. Similarly, Li Shizhen described the difference between millet (including millet and millet) and millet in detail (not quoted in the paper), [1] because the millet (millet and millet) he described was equivalent to millet and millet was equivalent to Italian millet (see table 65438). Hu Xiansu's Economic Botany was extended on the basis of Li Shizhen's argument (see below for details). I don't know, because I put on my hat and stood on Xiaomi's side, it is meaningless to distinguish Xiaomi from Xiaomi. Because if you put Xiaomi on Xiaomi's side, the difference between Xiaomi (millet) and Xiaomi is equally unambiguous. The question is not the difference between millet and millet, but whether millet is millet or millet. Later generations ignored this point when quoting Compendium of Materia Medica, and actually became preconceived, taking Xiaomi as millet to demonstrate the difference from Xiaomi, thinking that the argument was correct. Table 4 puts forward the argument that millet was the only crop from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. Generally, Shen Kuo, Su Gong, Li Shizhen and others said that there was no new development.
4. Literature review of reaffirming millet as millet after Song Dynasty.
From Su Gong's first suggestion that millet is only a crop, there are many echoes from Ming and Qing Dynasties to modern times, such as Table 4. But the situation is not one-sided. There are many documents reaffirming that Xiaomi should be Xiaomi. Here are some examples (Table 5).
In Table 5, Xu Guangqi, Lu, Shao, Shen Weizhong and others demonstrated that millet is millet, which is quite clear and powerful. But comparing the characters in Table 4, we can see that the characters in Table 5 are far worse than those in Table 4 in academic status, except Xu Guangqi. Tao Hongjing, Su Gong and Li Shizhen in Table 4 are all experts in herbal medicine and have great social influence. Luo Yuan, Wang, Wu. These things, although the argument that Xiaomi is Xiaomi is very strong, have a weak influence, and the mainstream is Xiaomi with different names. This is why most modern dictionaries in Table 3 take Xiaomi as the historical root of Xiaomi.
Hu Xiansu is a modern botanist. In his book Economic Botany, Hu translated three scientific names of western millet into Chinese as follows:
Millet variety millet type
(The branches of the cone ear spread out in all directions)
(2) Millet contracture type.
(Panicle bends slightly to one side)
(3) Dense branch millet type.
(Cone ears are dense and thick)
These three types (or varieties) are called (1) loose panicle type (2) lateral panicle type (3) dense panicle type in the books of crop cultivation in China, which is more clear than the above translation.
Hu's translation is obviously influenced by Li Shizhen and Wu. Because Li Shizhen advocated millet as millet, his morphological description of millet and millet is completely consistent with the taxonomic names of modern millet and millet; However, Wu painted a picture of millet in Textual Research on Plant Names, which was used as scattered-ear millet and lateral-ear millet. [2] Therefore, Hu takes "millet type" as "millet type" and "contracture type" as "millet type". Why do modern botanical dictionaries or monographs use millet as millet? The translation of millet is obviously based on Hu Xiansu's point of view.
Table 5 Examples of documents reaffirming millet as millet after Song Dynasty
Dynasty | Author | Works | Main Basis
Song | Xing Bing | "Er Ya" is sparse | "What grows is millet. ..... but it's all the same thing, Xiaomi and Xiaomi. "
Yuan | Chang | Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry | Taking millet as millet to attract Qi and Shu.
Yuan | Lumingshan | Summary of Agriculture, Mulberry, Food and Clothing | Draw Qi and Shu to take millet as millet.
Ming | Hu Shi | "Pearl Boat" | "There is no doubt that millet is millet, and the herbal medicine is wrong." (quoting Guo Puwen)
Ming | Xu Guangqi | Agricultural Administration Book | "The so-called millet in ancient times is also called millet today, or yellow rice. Only millet is another kind. People nowadays call Xiaomi by voice. In ancient times, the so-called millet, commonly known as millet, or millet. ..... The seedlings, leaves and ears are the same as millet, but the classics are not as good as the first millet. However, all the agricultural books in the world are called Xiaomi, so Xiaomi is different. "
Discrimination of Millet and Millet in Qing Dynasty
(1) | Calm the government records: "The so-called millet of today's customs; The so-called yellow rice is also awkward. "
(2) Focus on vitality "was not built in a day".
Qing | Cui Shu | "The Discrimination of Millet"
(1) | Quote "Mandarin Lu Yu" Zhao Wei's Note: "Weeds are like millet but not real." "Weeds are like valleys today, not like millet."
(2) There are four books but no crops.
(3) Xiaomi's voice is almost wrong.
4 citation.
Qing | Chen Menglei | Vegetation Code of Ancient and Modern Map Integration
| Xiaomi and Xiaomi draw a picture of Xiaomi and Xiaomi, which is equivalent to S. italica. Xiaomi draws a picture of Xiaomi, which is the same as this year's P. miliaceum (but confused in the literature excerpt).
Qing | Gui Fu | Shuo Wen Jie Zi | Quotations. Yan Shigu's Note: "There is one kind of millet, but it has two ears."
Qing | Shao | Er Ya Zheng Yi
| "The predecessors have explained many different views about Xiaomi. Let's test it today, which is the so-called millet in the north. " When training in Huainan, "one crop does not advance", he said with a high lure: "One hundred grains only grow millet, so it is called one crop ... Xiaomi is the length of five grains, so it is also a sacrifice. "
Qing Niu Shuyu criticized the mistakes in Jiu Gu Kao and agreed with the notes of Cao and Yan Shi Gu in Er Ya and Ji Jie Pian.
Qing | Xu Chengqing | "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Kuang Mu" | "In the north today, millet is called millet, and its rice is millet. The ancient Jews used millet as millet. " Quote Shao's views on
Qing | Zou | Nan Gaoping's Notes | "As many scholars have said, there are only two kinds of millet, and ... Materia Medica is not correct."
Qing | Shen Weizhong | "Xia Huikao" | "Because the Tang people mistakenly think that only millet is millet, it is not sticky. I don't know if Xiaomi is today's Xiaomi. What is not sticky is called millet, and what is sticky is called glutinous rice. Their ears are plump and drooping, while millet is like wheat, and their ears are loose and loose. "
Textual research on the name of Er 'ya Valley in the Republic of China | Gao Runsheng | "Millet, named millet ... is also today's millet. Either wheat, millet, or * [millet and hemp], or sorghum. " This book has correct and detailed arguments.
The development trend of millet problem since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, agricultural historians hope to clarify the difference between millet and millet left over from history, and people have written articles to discuss this issue. Just like the differences in history, some people argue that Xiaomi is just Xiaomi, while others reiterate that Xiaomi is Xiaomi. There are still some scholars who don't discuss the problem of Xiaomi, but they have their own opinions when it comes to the article. The arguments put forward by both sides of the debate are more developed than in history, and some are very detailed. Now these trends are listed as examples in Table 6.
Table 6 Development trend of millet problem since the founding of the People's Republic of China [3]
Author | book | main arguments
Textual Research on Qi Sihe | Mao Shi's Ancient Famous Articles (China Historical Exploration 198 1)
(1) | Taking millet as a crop, it began in Tang Sugong; (2) Xiaomi's mistake is just a mistake, because the sound is close; (3) Ji may be the totem of Zhou people; (4) There are millet in archaeological excavations; (5) Ten cases of Cheng misusing millet as sorghum.
Discrimination between Zou | Millet and Millet in The Book of Songs (Collection of Studies on Agricultural History, Volume II, 1960)
(1) | Before the Jin Dynasty, Xiaomi was not mistaken; (2) Tao Hongjing first mentioned the similar mistakes between Xiaomi and Xiaomi; (3) Tang herbal medicine caused the mistakes at the beginning of Xiaomi; (4) Pointing out some mistakes of Li Shizhen.
Duan Xizhong | "According to the Three Rites, Su Fei Su" (Collection of Agricultural History Studies, Volume 2, 1960)
(1) | Zhou Li nobles eat millet and bitches eat millet, which proves that millet is not a thing; (2) The different display positions of Xiaomi in the ceremony can prove that Xiaomi is not the same thing; (3) The Book of Rites can also prove that millet is different.
Wan | Shen is Xiaomi (China Agricultural News 1962, No.7)
(1) | The archaeological excavation is mainly millet; (2) During the Spring and Autumn Period, the staple food in Henan and Shandong was millet; (3) The shapes of millet and millet in Oracle bone inscriptions are different; (4) Xiaomi's voice is close in some places; (5) Li Shizhen's mistakes in herbal medicine along the Tang Dynasty.
Xia | Interpretation of Zhou Li's Agricultural Provisions
(1) | Never in the Tang Dynasty, millet was regarded as the only crop; (2) After the Tang Dynasty, Xiaomi was mistaken for Xiaomi.
Praise William | Face up to the ancient grains in China | This paper points out twelve reasons why millet is different from millet, so don't confuse them. See agricultural archaeology 1982, No.2 for details.
Discrimination between Millet and Millet in Liu Yutang | The Book of Songs (Collection of Studies on Agricultural History, Volume II, 1960)
(1) | During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the staple food in the Spring and Autumn Period was millet; The warring States period is Xiaomi; Qin and Han dynasties were millet and wheat; (2) Millet and millet are not the same crop, and millet and millet are both good crops.
Hu| "Discussion on millet as millet" (China Agricultural News 1962, No.7)
|( 1) Wei Su was the confusion caused by the exegetists in Wei and Jin Dynasties; (2) Clarification after Tang Dynasty; (3) Li Shizhen is different from Ji Jie in plant characteristics; (4) Millet (millet) was only developed during the Warring States Period; (5) In the Book of Songs, "millet is heavy, and millet is husked wheat" shows that millet is not food.
Wang Yuhu | "Important Crops in China Since Ancient Times" (Agricultural Archaeology, 198 1,1) Yuan ago, there were millet and millet in agricultural books, but no millet; (2) Taking millet as millet is the textual research of exegetics, and taking millet as millet is more reliable in herbal medicine. (3) The Zhou family started from millet in Shaanxi, and initially called millet.
The main arguments of both sides extracted in Table 6 are relatively short, and some of them may be incomplete. Please refer to the full text for details. Although there are few papers about millet in the table, the popular view is still that millet is dominant (see Table 3). It should be pointed out that the arguments of Qi Sihe, Zou and others in the table reiterate in detail that Xiaomi is Xiaomi, but their papers are published in academic journals with small circulation, which ordinary people can't see, so the influence of Xiaomi left over from history is still dominant.
There are also two opinions on Xiaomi in foreign research works. For example, Xu Zhuoyun and Li Huiling [4] regard millet as millet, while He Bingdi, W Watson and C.W. Bishop tend to regard millet as millet. [5] Its roots are all from domestic literature.