1. Ionization equation:
2. Common names and main components of substances:
Quicklime CaO；; Ca (OH) 2 is the main component of slaked lime, hydrated lime and limewater. Limestone and marble CaCO3；; NaCl, the main component of salt; Soda ash and soda ash Na2CO3；; Caustic soda, caustic soda and sodium hydroxide; ; CuSO4 5H2O is vitriol and blue vitriol; Sodium carbonate crystal Na2CO310H2O; ; Ammonia NH3 H2O.
Second, the metal activity
1. metal activity sequence:
K & GTCA & GTNA & GTMG & GTAL & GTZn & GTFE & GTSN & gt Lead (Hydrogen) Copper & gtHg & gtAg & gtPt & gt Egypt
2. The significance of metal activity sequence:
In the sequence of metal activity, the higher the position of metal, the easier it is for metal to lose electrons in aqueous solution (acid solution or salt solution) and become ions, and the stronger its activity is.
3. The application of metal activity sequence:
Metals before (1) hydrogen can replace hydrogen (elements) in acid.
(2) Only the front metal can displace the back metal from their salt solution (except K, Ca and Na).
Three. Solubility of acids, bases and salts
1. Solubility of common salts and bases:
Potassium (salt), sodium (salt) and ammonium salt are all dissolved, and no nitrate can be found in Shui Ying.
Sulfate insoluble barium sulfate, chloride insoluble silver chloride.
Carbonate only dissolves potassium (salt), sodium (salt) and ammonium (salt).
Solubility of alkaline substances: Only potassium (hydroxide), sodium (hydroxide), calcium (hydroxide) and barium (hydroxide) are soluble.
2. Eight common sediments:
Silver chloride, barium sulfate, silver carbonate, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, copper hydroxide, iron hydroxide
3. Four slightly soluble substances:
Ca(OH)2 (lime water indicates the reason for "clarification")
CaSO4 (the reason why dilute sulfuric acid is not used in carbon dioxide production in the laboratory)
Ag2SO4 (the reason why silver nitrate is not used when identifying SO42- and Cl-)
MgCO3 (the reason why carbonate ions cannot be used to remove magnesium ions from solution)
4. Three non-existent substances:
Silver hydroxide, aluminum carbonate, iron carbonate
4. Conditional reaction of translocation reaction
Produce gas, water or precipitate (that is, there are substances that do not exist in solution or are not easily ionized in aqueous solution).
1. Insoluble alkali can only be neutralized by acidity;
2. Insoluble salt, only carbonate can react with acid;
3.KNO3, NaNO3, AgNO3 and BaSO4 can't be the reactants of metathesis reaction.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Determination of acidity and alkalinity of solution
1. indicator-litmus test solution with purple pH turns red when it meets acidic solution; It turns blue in alkaline solution.
Colorless phenolphthalein test solution will turn red only when it meets alkaline solution. Note: Insoluble alkali has no effect on indicator; An alkaline solution is not necessarily an alkaline solution (special case: sodium carbonate aqueous solution is alkaline).
2.pH value-pH value of the solution: pH7 solution is alkaline (the greater the alkalinity, the stronger the alkalinity).
Six, ion test
Cl- (in solution)-Add silver nitrate solution to the test solution. If a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid is generated, the original test solution contains chloride ions.
SO42- (in solution)-Add barium chloride (or barium nitrate or barium hydroxide) solution to the test solution. If a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid (or hydrochloric acid) is generated, the original test solution contains sulfate ions.
Carbon dioxide-
1. (solid or solution)-Add dilute acid solution to the tested substance, and if gas that can make the clarified lime water turbid is generated, the original tested substance contains carbonate ions.
2. (In solution)-When barium chloride or silver nitrate solution is added to the solution to be tested, if white precipitate soluble in nitric acid is produced and gas that can make clear lime water turbid is produced, the original solution to be tested contains carbonate ions.
be filled/suffused/brimming with
1. When identifying Cl- and SO42-, barium chloride solution is used instead of silver nitrate solution, because silver sulfate is a slightly soluble substance, so the identification phenomenon is not obvious;
2. When barium chloride solution is added to the unknown solution, if white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid is produced, the original solution may contain silver ions or sulfate ions.
Seven, the color of the material
1. Solid (mostly white)
Keywords black copper oxide, carbon powder, manganese oxide, 2Fe3O4,
Violet black-potassium permanganate
Red-copper, iron oxide
Reddish brown-iron hydroxide
Blue-copper hydroxide, copper sulfate 5H2O
Green -Cu2 (OH) 2co3
2. Solution (mostly colorless)
Light green solution-(ferrous salt solution) FeCl2 solution, FeSO 4；;
Yellow solution-(ferric salt solution) FeCl3 solution, Fe2(SO4)3 solution and Fe (NO3) 3;
Solution blue solution-(copper salt solution) CuCl2 solution, CuSO4 solution, Cu (NO3) 2;
Solution blue-green solution-CuCl2 solution (concentrated).
Eight, the characteristics of acid, alkali and salt
1. concentrated hydrochloric acid is volatile and irritating, and can form acid mist in the air.
2. Concentrated nitric acid-volatile, irritating, capable of forming acid mist in the air, with strong oxidation.
3. Concentrated sulfuric acid-non-volatile. A viscous oily liquid. It has strong water absorption and dehydration, and can release a lot of heat when it is dissolved in water. Strong oxidation.
4. Calcium hydroxide-white powder, slightly soluble in water.
5. Sodium hydroxide-white solid, easily deliquescent, releases a lot of heat when dissolved in water. It can react with carbon dioxide in the air and deteriorate.
6. Copper sulfate-white powder, which is dissolved in water to obtain a blue solution (the blue crystal precipitated from this solution is CuSO4 5H2O).
7. Sodium carbonate-white powder, the aqueous solution is alkaline (the white crystal precipitated in the solution is sodium carbonate crystal Na2CO3 10H2O).
8. Ammonia (NH3 H2O)-an alkaline solution.
Nine. The commonness of acid and alkali and the properties of salt
1. universality of acid
(1) acidic solution can make purple litmus test solution turn red, but it can't make colorless phenolphthalein test solution change color;
(2) Acid can react with active metal to generate salt and hydrogen;
(3) Acid can react with basic oxides to produce salt and water;
(4) Acid can react with alkali to produce salt and water;
(5) Acids can react with some salts to generate new salts and new acids.
2. The universality of alkali
(1) alkali solution can make purple litmus test solution blue and colorless phenolphthalein test solution red;
(2) Alkali can react with acid oxides to produce salt and water;
(3) Alkali can react with acid to produce salt and water;
(4) Some bases can react with some salts to generate new salts and new bases.
3. The nature of salt
(1) Some salts can react with more active metals to form new salts and metals;
(2) Some salts can react with acids to generate new salts and new acids;
(3) Some salts can react with some bases to generate new salts and new bases.