This chapter is short, profound and uncomplicated. However, because the two key words "attack" and "heresy" are understood as differences, this chapter has different opinions and lawsuits emerge one after another.
"Attack" has two meanings, its original meaning is to treat things, and the sound of work is also meaningful. Ancient books mainly refer to craftsmen's tools, such as tapping gold, wood, jade and leather, which means to concentrate on one industry and learn a skill. It means "attacking and criticizing", "attacking the evil of others is not the evil of others", "beating the boy with drums" and "attacking" all mean this. The meaning of "attack" in this chapter depends on the annotation of "heresy".
"Heresy", the old annotation or explanation, is Yang Mo's old heresy, or a theory with Confucianism, or two ends of the story. ("attack" is interpreted as "attack criticism") all interpret "heresy" as a theory other than Confucius and Confucianism. In fact, in the era of Confucius, there was no non-Confucian concept of "heresy". Heresy is relative to orthodoxy. At the end of the spring and autumn period, Confucius traveled all over the world, but he couldn't do it. How can there be Confucian orthodoxy? How can there be "heresy" without orthodoxy?
"Five Classics" is orthodoxy, and "heresy" is a heresy that deviates from the classics, starting from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "expressed the Six Classics and abolished a hundred schools of thought", taking the Five Classics of Yi, History, Shu, Li and Spring and Autumn as the "classic Dafa". (The Analects of Confucius and Mencius have not yet entered the classics, but the way of Confucius and Mencius is unorthodox and seems to be "heresy". Han Yu praised Mencius for "rejecting heresy and spurning Buddhism and Taoism", so Song Ru confused heresy with Buddhism and Taoism. The Chinese Dictionary explains this chapter as follows: "Ancient Confucianism called other schools heresy." He also quoted Zhu's Notes: "Heresy is not a sage's way, but an end, such as Yang Mo's way." The Preface to the Filial Piety of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was also levied: "If the master doesn't say anything, heresy will start, and righteousness will be good." Confucius didn't know that there would be a philosopher of Yang Mo later. How could he avoid it first? In the preface, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty refers to people who deviate from the classical meaning. It is pointed out that the Spring and Autumn Annals has five credits, and the poems are divided into four schools, each of which violates Confucianism. Heresy is a school of Confucianism and has nothing to do with non-Confucianism. But Confucius did not know the seriousness of the division of Confucianism in later generations, so it has nothing to do with this chapter.
Heresy is not a word, but a word. "Different people are different from usual." In the Analects of Confucius, "different from what I heard" and "different from what I heard" have different meanings. "End, straight." "Heresy", which is different from normal straightness, is an abnormal thing. To "attack heresy" is to attack the strange way. Curious and curious, there are many people who are willing to treat abnormal paths at all times and in all countries; Even if it is desirable, it will not benefit the body and mind, and it will not reach the world. Xia Zi said: "Although there are paths, there must be considerable people; Stay away from the mud and be a gentleman. " Confucius said, "Su Zangqi, there are many stories in the future, and I will do them. Gentlemen follow the way. " (The Doctrine of the Mean) It is beneficial to say repeatedly that a gentleman governs the world and does not attack the strange ways. This chapter is written for this purpose, and it also means that "women are gentlemen, and Confucianism is a traitor for inaction". "I did harm" means that I did harm, and "I did harm" is repeatedly used in the affirmative tone of aggravating harm. Under the special historical conditions in the early Han Dynasty, the idea of "Huang Lao" with the theme of "inaction" in Laozi was highly praised by the rulers. However, times have changed, and after Confucianism was the only one, Taoism became an opposing knowledge. The change of the social role of Taoism led to the rise of Zhuangzi's political heresy, which combined with Laozi's view of nature and cosmology to form the thought of "Laozi and Zhuangzi". Since then, Taoism, with Laozi and Zhuangzi as the mainstream thought, has challenged Confucian classics from the aspects of heaven, life and politics, which has had a far-reaching impact on the politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the ideological circles of Wei and Jin Dynasties.
The critical spirit of Taoism exists in the thoughts, words and deeds of heretical scholars in the past dynasties and has become their weapon to criticize unreasonable reality. For example, Bao Jing of the Jin Dynasty said that there is no gentleman; Li Zhi's theory of childlike innocence in Ming Dynasty: He's theory of fertility and Tang Xianzu's theory of emotion; In Qing Dynasty, Tang Zhen's theory of breaking worship and Yuan Mei's theory of spiritual nature all benefited from the spirit of Laozi and Zhuangzi. In Buddhism, heresy refers to a foreign teacher as opposed to Buddhism. In Buddhism, other religions or theories are called heretics, foreign teachers, foreign laws, foreign studies and foreign studies.
For example, Buddhism refers to non-Buddhist schools of thought and religions such as Brahmanism, Jainism, Shunzhi, Taoism, Christianity and Islam, all of which are called heresy or heresy. King Ashoka once slaughtered thousands of idolaters in that country and even burned the whole pagan family alive in his house. He also slaughtered Buddhist monks in the capital because they didn't talk about precepts with pagans. According to records, Ashoka's teacher was also slaughtered as a heretic because of this incident, so Ashoka regretted it. Later, he did not have any specific record of persecuting other sects. On the contrary, he also made generous contributions to Brahmanism and Jainism. Therefore, people later thought that King Ashoka emphasized tolerance and non-violence, saying that he ruled for 4 1 year with the cheers of the people.
In BC 1 century, Bandaro people who have been living in the Godavari River and Krishna River in the southeast established Bandaro Dynasty (also known as Bandaro Dynasty). It wiped out the declining Western Canadian dynasty, and pushed its ruling area northward to Malva and southward to Canala, facing the sea from east to west, where the economy was developed and the culture was prosperous. Kadobohana dynasty still believed in Brahmanism, but allowed Buddhism to spread freely. This policy is also widely practiced in countries south of it. This situation revived Buddhism in the Ganges valley, while in South India, it had the opportunity to exchange ideas and cultures with overseas countries, especially with Sri Lanka. Because Buddhism as a whole has not received official support, it has to further seek believers in the middle and lower classes. Among them, wealthy businessmen related to maritime trade and people who are constantly losing power in politics due to social unrest may become the backbone of new believers. At the beginning of 1 century BC, King Dutogamoni (reigned before 10 1-77) led the residents to drive away the invaders and won the support of Buddhists. Jura people believe in Brahmanism, and they were originally opposed to Buddhists in their beliefs. Coupled with the war between ethnic groups, religious opposition has been pushed to an extremely sharp level. According to legend, after Dutogamoni Wang Shengli, he deeply regretted that the number of deaths in the war violated Buddhist teachings. However, a monk who got Siraitia Grosvenorii advised him not to do this, because he actually killed one and a half people, that is, a Buddhist who converted to the Three Treasures, half of them were people who held the Five Commandments, and the rest were "Jaken people", just like animals, so they were innocent. Later, as a doctrine, it was also shown in some Mahayana classics. The Great Nirvana Sutra translated in the Jin and Song Dynasties reflects the situation of some countries in southern Tianzhu, and also plays a similar view. Which openly advocates the innocence of killing heretics. During the Abbasid Dynasty, Buddhists from Central Asia and India made many expeditions to the West in the name of jihad. In India, Buddhists also fight against Muslims. There was a war between Buddhists in Japan. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, wars were frequent. Until the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was a monk named Liang Wudi in the south. Even Tao Hongjing, a famous Taoist figure known as the "Prime Minister in the Mountain", once hid in the mountains to practice. On both sides of the Taoist temple, there are green altars and stupas to show the dual cultivation of the two religions. After his death, he had to be buried and buried with a Buddhist robe. In the north, Wen Qi, Xuan Di and Levin believe in Buddhism. In the sixth year of Tianbao (555), Levin, Xuan Di, Wen Qi destroyed Taoism and promoted Buddhism, forcing Taoist priests to cut their hair and become monks. According to Zi Tongzhi Jian, Gao Yang ordered Taoist priests in yellow clothes to return to the common customs or shave their heads and become monks, and even killed four resisters. Since then, there has been no trace of Taoist priests in Beiqi. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhists also clashed with Bonism. During the Five Dynasties, Taoism and Buddhism had great influence, with a large number of believers, and some devout health-preserving families often used excessive behavior to safeguard their beliefs. For example, Yin Jun in Xuanshizhi is a long-lived immortal who lives in seclusion in Jinshan, does not eat millet, and often uses cypress leaves as bait. He engaged in Feng Ling Gong Yan's Welcome to the Northern Government Palace and served it wholeheartedly, "sitting at the same table all day". His daughter-in-law is a Buddhist and once said, "Buddhism and Huang Lao are very special." She angered her brother by walking with a Taoist priest, so she secretly poured a bottle of wine into the soup as a gift for Yin Jun.. Yin Jun pretended to be dead on purpose, but the actual body was removed. The year after next, he appeared in Jinshan and announced his victory. After the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, among the Mongols who accepted Buddhism, Junggar, one of Simon's ancients, also fought many wars with Muslim Kazak, Christian Tsar Russia and Buddhist Tibet, and destroyed Tibet in the Yuan Dynasty. For details, please refer to books at home and abroad such as Buddha War, Red Line and Zen. The similarity between Christianity and heresy is that it is not completely opposed to orthodox Christianity, but Christianity regards reading, expanding or distorting the Bible out of context as a betrayal of truth, reading or inferring the Bible, and even treating the teachings it advocates as heresy.
To judge heresy, the four major beliefs shall prevail. Even the apostles' creed, Athanasius creed, nicene creed and Giakdun creed.
Christians are sometimes used to address Christians of different sects or with different sectarian views. Because of the exclusiveness and uncompromising theology of semitic monotheism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam call each other heretics, while semitic monotheism calls all those who do not believe in semitic monotheism heretics on a larger scale. The discrimination and persecution suffered by pagans is a phenomenon in western history.