What is the culture of ancient wine glasses?

The development history of Chinese wine vessels. Due to the continuous development of social economy, the production technology, materials and appearance of wine vessels in different historical periods will naturally change. As a result, a variety of dazzling wine vessels have been produced. According to the material of wine vessels, it can be divided into: natural wine vessels (wood, bamboo products, horns, conch, mushrooms). Pottery, bronzes, lacquerware, porcelain, jade, crystal, gold, silver, tin, cloisonne, glass, aluminum cans, stainless steel, plastic flexible packaging and paper packaging containers. Second, bronze wine vessels in Shang and Zhou Dynasties In Shang Dynasty, due to the development of wine-making industry and the improvement of bronze production technology, China wine vessels reached unprecedented prosperity. At that time, there were also clans who specialized in making wine utensils for a living, such as "Long spoon clan" and "Wei spoon clan". Although the drinking atmosphere in the Zhou Dynasty was not as good as that in the Shang Dynasty, the wine vessels basically followed the style of the Shang Dynasty. In the Zhou Dynasty, there were also "sons" who specialized in making wine sets. The history of bronzes can be traced back to the Xia dynasty, and the earliest bronze wine vessel found at present is Jue in the Xia Erlitou culture period. Bronze reached its peak in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but declined in Spring and Autumn Period. The use of wine vessels in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was basically exclusive. According to >; Bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are divided into four parts: food containers, wine containers, water containers and musical instruments. There are 50 kinds of * * *, among which wine containers account for 24 kinds. According to the purpose, it can be divided into wine boiler, wine container, wine drinking device and wine storage device. And ritual vessels. Rich and varied shapes. But there are also basic combinations, the basic combination is mainly Jue and Qian, with the same shape, and their appearance and style are also branded in different historical periods. A wine container is a container for holding wine for drinking. There are many kinds of wine vessels, mainly as follows: Zun, Hu, Qu, Yi, Dish, Jane, Hu, Yi, Urn, Bu and Yi. Each wine container has many styles, some are ordinary and some are animal-shaped. Take Zun as an example, there are Xiang Zun, Xi Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun and Hu Zun. The main types of drinking utensils are: water bottles, water bottles, horns, cups, boats. People of different identities use different drinking utensils. For example, "Book of Rites" clearly stipulates that "when offering sacrifices to ancestral temples, the honorable person raises the bow and the humble person raises the horn". The wine warmer is used to heat the drink after drinking, and it is equipped with a spoon to take the wine easily. Some wine warmers are called bottles, which were popular in Han Dynasty. The bronze sword in the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou, Hubei Province, can hold wine with ice cubes, so it is also called ice sword. Third, lacquered wine vessels in Han Dynasty began to decline from Shang and Zhou Dynasties, while bronze wine vessels gradually declined. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine vessels became popular in southern China. Lacquerware became the main type in Han and Wei Dynasties. Lacquered wine vessels basically inherited the shape of bronze wine vessels. There are wine containers and drinking utensils. Lacquer ear cups are common in drinking utensils. 1 1 4 lacquer ear cups were unearthed in Qin tomb in Yunmeng Shuihudi, Hubei Province, and 90 lacquer ear cups were also unearthed in Mawangdui No.1 tomb in Changsha. In the Han Dynasty, people usually sit on the floor when drinking, with wine bottles in the middle of the floor and drinking spoons and drinking utensils on the floor, so they are short and fat. Sitting on the bed became popular in Wei and Jin dynasties, and the wine set became more slender. Fourth, porcelain winemaking utensils Porcelain generally appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, porcelain has better performance than pottery, whether it is used for making wine or holding wine or drinking vessels. The wine glasses in the Tang Dynasty were much smaller than in the past, so some people think that distilled liquor appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Tables appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and some wine utensils suitable for table use, such as paper notes, were called "parallel twips" in the Tang Dynasty. It is shaped like a hip flask today, with a beak and a handle. It can not only hold wine, but also pour wine into a glass. Thus replacing the previous ladle. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, with many exquisite wine vessels. Song people like to drink yellow wine warm. So the combination of paper money and paper money bowl was invented. When in use, the paper money containing wine is put into the paper money bowl, and hot water is injected into the paper money bowl to heat the wine. Porcelain wine makers have been used to this day. Blue-and-white porcelain wine vessels in the Ming Dynasty are the most distinctive, while those in the Qing Dynasty have the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty, such as French cuisine, Su Sancai, blue-and-white exquisite porcelain and various antique porcelain. V. Other wine vessels In the history of our country, some wine vessels have unique materials or shapes. Although it is not very popular, it has high appreciation value, such as wine vessels made of gold, silver, ivory, jade and cloisonne. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, even after liberation, tin wine warmers were widely used. Mainly a wine warmer. Luminous Cup: A famous poem by Wang Han, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "Luminous Cup of Grape Wine". The luminous cup is made of jade and has been copied successfully in modern times. Reflux pot: Shaanxi Provincial Museum has a reflow porcelain pot produced by Yaozhou Kiln in Northern Song Dynasty. The height of the pot is 19 cm and the diameter is 14.3 cm. Its lid is fake and can't be opened. There is a small hole in the center of the bottom of the pot, and the bottom of the pot faces upwards, and the wine is injected from the small hole. The small hole is communicated with the central lifter, and the upper hole of the central lifter is higher than the highest wine level. When the hip flask is placed directly, there is no wine leakage in the lower hole. There is also a lifter under the spout to keep the wine from overflowing when entering the wine. This design is ingenious. Yuanyang incense pot: a pot used in the imperial palace in Song Dynasty. It can pour out two kinds of wine in a pot. Kowloon Fair Cup: Produced in the Song Dynasty, the cup is carved with dragons holding its head high and painted with eight dragons, so it is called kowloon cup. Below is a disc and a hollow base. When pouring wine, if it is moderate, it will not leak. If it exceeds a certain limit, the wine will be sucked into the base through the siphon effect of the "dragon body", so it is called a fair cup. Dushan jade Sea: A jade urn specially used to hold wine, carved with a mottled jet, with a circumference of 5 meters, is surrounded by sea dragons and sea animals infested with waves. It is lifelike and magnificent, weighing 3500 kilograms, and can store 30 stones of wine. It is said that this big jade urn was shipped from other places by Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu in the second year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1256), and it was placed on Qionghua Island to hold wine and hold a banquet for the heroes. Now it is preserved in the former Tuancheng of Beijing Beihai Park. Sixth, contemporary wine vessels (after the Qing Dynasty) Modern wine-making technology and lifestyle have had a great impact on wine vessels. After entering the 20th century, due to the rapid development of the brewing industry, the way of self-brewing which has been inherited for thousands of years is gradually being eliminated. In modern breweries, the packaging methods of white wine and yellow wine are mainly bottled and jar-packed, and beer is bottled, barreled and canned. Before the 1970s and 1980s, when the living standard was low, the vast rural areas and some urban areas generally had to bring their own containers if they sold wine in jars. However, bottled wine has been popularized in a relatively short period of time, so the wine vessels and containers commonly used in people's families have disappeared, and drinking utensils are eternal. Of course, in some areas, the way of self-brewing still exists, but it is no longer the mainstream of society. In recent decades, the types of people's drinking have changed greatly. More than a decade ago, no matter in rural or urban areas, high-alcohol liquor was always consumed the most, and yellow wine was also very common in southeast China. Before the 1980s, the output of beer was very small. But after the 1980s, the output of beer rose by leaps and bounds, becoming the largest variety of alcohol. The consumption of wine, brandy and whisky is generally small. The consumption characteristics of wine determine that the wine in this period has the following characteristics: small wine glasses are more popular. This kind of wine glass is mainly used for drinking white wine. Wine glasses are mainly made of glass, porcelain, etc. In recent years, they are also made of jade, stainless steel and other materials. Medium-sized wine glasses can be used as both tea sets and drinking utensils, such as beer and wine. The material is mainly transparent glass. In order to promote the sales of wine, some factories design wine containers into wine glasses, which are loved by consumers. After drinking, it can also be used as a cup. With the improvement of living standards, canned beer is becoming more and more popular, which is also a typical example of the combination of packaging containers and drinking devices. From the end of Qing Dynasty, foreign wine was introduced to China, and drinking methods and drinking utensils were also introduced to China. Westerners drink different kinds of wine on different occasions, so they should choose the right glass and not use it casually. Foreign wine sets have been used in some high-end restaurants. Dining places are divided into high, medium and low grades. Because most of the wines sold in high-end restaurants are foreign wines, drinking fountains have the characteristics of westernization. With the improvement of people's living standards, drinking utensils used in these high-end places are gradually recognized by the people, but they are not popular. Star-rated hotels or restaurants have more standard drinking utensils for dining places. There must be a bar in a place above two stars. The higher the star rating, the bigger the bar, the more complete and luxurious the facilities, and the higher the price of wine. Of course, its wine set is more complete and standardized. At present, most of the wines sold in bars are foreign wines, and the main varieties are brandy, whisky, rum, gin, Odek, champagne, liqueur and so on. Cocktails are also common. Different wine, different glasses, this is the basic common sense of bar staff. There are many kinds of wine glasses with different shapes, which have historical and regional reasons, but also reflect certain scientific and artistic characteristics. It is very important to use wine glasses correctly in foreign communication. Drink different wines and choose different glasses. The capacity of the glasses is the most important. Historically, ounces (ounce in English, abbreviated as oz) have been used as the liquid unit of wine. Both English and American units have this unit, slightly different. For example, English 1 oz is 28.41ml; ; The American 1 oz is 29.57 ml. 16 oz is equivalent to 1 pint (USA).