Jiang Baifan, soil agricultural chemist. Long-term engaged in soil-plant phosphorus nutrition research. The transformation mechanism of crystalline ferric phosphate activity in acidic soil in southern China under the condition of waterlogging reduction is revealed, which has an important guiding role for the rational application of phosphate fertilizer in paddy-upland rotation region in southern China. A new classification system of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soil was put forward, which promoted the study of phosphorus in calcareous soil at home and abroad. In-depth study on the crystalline properties of apatite minerals fills the gap in China and provides a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of phosphate rock in industry and agriculture in China.
Chinese name: Jiang Baifan.
Nationality: China.
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Place of birth: Suzhou, Jiangsu
Date of birth: 1928 February 15.
Occupation: agricultural chemist
Graduate school: Zhejiang University
Masterpiece: Overview of Soil Phosphorus Literacy Potential in China.
Personal profile
Jiang Baifan, 1928 February 15 was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. My father works as a clerk in a wood shop. 1937 When War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, the wooden shop closed and life was quite difficult. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the wood industry recovered and the family economy improved slightly. 1947, admitted to Suzhou Middle School in Jiangsu Province. Entering the school gate, I feel hard-won, and I study hard to gain a skill. When he graduated from high school, he was very happy to see most parts of the country liberated. Like other young students, Jiang Baifan is full of energy and determined to continue his studies and build a new China. 1950 was admitted to the Chemistry Department of Zhejiang University. Later, due to the adjustment of domestic colleges and departments, he was transferred to Fudan University in Shanghai. 1953, due to the urgent need of talents for national economic construction, he graduated one year ahead of schedule and was assigned to work in the Institute of Soil Studies, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Jiang Baifan has been mainly engaged in chemical analysis of soil, rock and phosphate rock for about three years since he entered the Institute, which has laid a certain foundation for his future scientific research. Since 1955, he has undertaken the research on agricultural utilization of phosphate rock in China, and is one of the project leaders. This project lasted from 1955 to 1990 intermittently for more than 30 years, and he conducted in-depth research on three factors affecting the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate rock powder directly. 1958 participated in the research of the subject "Soil Environment for High Yield of Rice".
From 65438 to 0960, he began to study the problem of phosphorus in acid soil in southern China. Although he was interrupted during the Cultural Revolution, he made a breakthrough in the content, speciation transformation and rational application of phosphate fertilizer in acidic soil in recent years. After the Cultural Revolution, I continued to study phosphorus and phosphate rock powder in acidic soil, and also participated in many scientific research projects. For example, the first national map of soil phosphorus nutrition potential and the national map of suitable phosphate fertilizer types and crop response were compiled, and the investigation of guano phosphate rock in Xisha Islands, the study of humic acid decomposition of phosphate rock powder, and the national unified identification of phosphate rock powder and its fertilizer efficiency assisted by the Ministry of Chemical Industry were compiled.
1983, the national key research project "Comprehensive Management of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain" was launched, and Jiang Baifan's research focus shifted to the problem of phosphorus in calcareous soil in the northern part of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, focusing on the forms of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soil, which solved the long-standing international problem of inorganic phosphorus classification in calcareous soil. The research results in the above aspects are in a leading position not only at home, but also internationally. While doing a good job in scientific research, Jiang Baifan also paid attention to participating in scientific and technological exchanges and academic activities, and trained a number of key scientific research talents, including two master students. He was invited by agricultural colleges and research institutes in more than ten provinces and cities to give lectures on phosphorus in agriculture. In terms of international exchange, I have visited Japan, Southeast Asia and other countries, and participated in international conferences on phosphorus and potassium, red soil and dry land, and the papers I read or published have been well received by the participating scholars. More than 60 papers have been published in the research, including 7 papers published by international journals and more than 0 monographs/kloc-0.
Technical achievements
In 1957, Zhang Shoujing and M.L.Jackson published a classification method of soil inorganic phosphorus forms, which divided soil inorganic phosphorus into aluminum phosphate, iron phosphate, calcium phosphate and closed storage phosphate. This method has greatly promoted the international research on soil-plant phosphorus nutrition. Since the 1960s, Jiang Baifan's research group has studied the forms of inorganic phosphorus and the rational application of phosphate fertilizer in the main acidic soils in China by using the above methods, and found that iron phosphate accounts for a large proportion in acidic soils, which is closely related to the degree of soil weathering. The contents of ferric phosphate and blocked phosphate in acidic soil in southern China usually account for more than 60% ~ 70% of the total inorganic phosphorus, and the content in strongly acidic soil can reach more than 90%. This result makes Jiang Baifan attach great importance to the availability and effective conditions of iron phosphate in acidic soil. At the same time, he also considered that although Zhang Shoujing's classification method separated inorganic phosphorus from soil in chemical form, its composition in soil was very complicated. The crystalline state of iron phosphate with the same morphology is not necessarily the same. It can exist in amorphous state or crystalline state, and their chemical activities are obviously different, and their effectiveness on crops will not be the same. So he did a lot of research on the effectiveness of iron phosphate compounds with different crystals. The results show that the activity of crystalline iron phosphate is obviously lower than that of amorphous iron phosphate under dry farming conditions, but the chemical activity of the two is basically the same under waterlogging reduction conditions. In the biological experiment of planting rice in waterlogging, the phosphorus supply capacity of these two kinds of iron phosphate is almost the same as that of water-soluble phosphate fertilizer. He proved that the mechanism of this phenomenon is due to the reduction of redox potential in soil, which reduces high-priced iron to low-priced iron, thus improving the activity of phosphorus and obtaining the same fertilizer efficiency.
In the paper published in 1963, he wrote: "Under the condition of waterlogged rice planting, iron phosphate compounds in acidic soil, whether in crystalline or amorphous state, are important sources of phosphorus nutrition for rice." In order to apply this theory to production, he designed a field experiment based on this transformation mechanism in the paddy-upland rotation area of acidic soil in the south, which proved that the principle of economical and reasonable application of phosphate fertilizer in the paddy-upland rotation area is "dry field after paddy field", or "dry field is more important than paddy field", that is, phosphate fertilizer is applied in dry farming first, so that the remaining phosphorus can be continuously utilized when planting rice in the next season, which greatly improves the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer. This achievement not only contributes in theory, but also has international influence and has been widely used in production. In 1950s, the internationally accepted concept was that after phosphate fertilizer was applied to acidic soil, except for a small part (10% ~ 20%) absorbed by crops in the current season, the remaining phosphorus was always converted into ferric phosphate, that is, the ability to supply phosphorus to crops became weaker and weaker, which was called "phosphorus fixation". Jiang Baifan's research results prove that phosphorus is not only "fixed" in the soil, but also may be activated under certain conditions, which was not clearly stated at that time. It was not until 1978 that a similar report on the activation of iron phosphate was published abroad, which was more than ten years later than his paper.
Calcareous soil is the main soil in northern China, and its inorganic phosphorus forms are quite different from those in acidic soil in southern China. The latter is mainly iron phosphate, while the former is calcium phosphate, which usually accounts for 60% ~ 85% of the total inorganic phosphorus. There are few reports at home and abroad about the different forms and availability of calcium and phosphorus in calcareous soil. One of the important reasons is the lack of classification technology of calcium phosphate in calcareous soil. Some scholars also adopt Zhang Shoujing's method, but their method only divides all calcium phosphates into one grade, and the result is difficult to explain. Therefore, it is very important to establish a classification method of inorganic phosphorus suitable for calcareous soil and further classify different chemical forms of calcium phosphate according to their availability for the study of phosphorus forms, transformation, availability and rational application of phosphorus in calcareous soil.
Jiang Baifan's research group has been paying attention to the classification of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soil since 1970s. 65438-0983 participated in the key task of comprehensive management of "Huanghuaihai" plain, and was responsible for the work of soil phosphorus. He knows that the study of inorganic phosphorus classification system in calcareous soil is the real key to this discipline. Under his leadership, after hundreds of repeated experiments and improvements, the research team finally established a classification system of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soil. In this system, calcium phosphate in calcareous soil can be divided into three types: quick-acting, slow-acting and difficult-acting, namely dicalcium phosphate, octacalcium phosphate and decacalcium phosphate. It is also proved that the activity of these three substances has a very significant correlation with the biological test reaction. At the same time, the leaching agent of iron phosphate in the original classification method of Zhang Shoujing and M.L.Jackson was also improved, which eliminated the original interference and significantly improved the leaching amount of iron phosphate. The establishment of this grading system will provide an important way for future generations to study the relationship between phosphorus in calcareous soil and phosphorus nutrition in crops, and finally provide a basis for the rational application of phosphorus fertilizer in calcareous soil. After this research achievement was published in Chinese and English, it attracted great attention of relevant scholars at home and abroad. The Agricultural Chemistry Committee of China Soil Society specially arranged a professional meeting for this purpose, and the Institute of Soil and Fertilizer of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences specially held a two-week national training course in Beijing. Jiang Baifan was invited to personally teach the theory of studying soil phosphorus, systematically introduce the classification system of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soil, and arrange students to learn practical operation techniques. Subsequently, agricultural units in many northern provinces and regions have adopted this method to carry out the research on phosphorus in calcareous soil.
After the paper was published abroad, it received more than 20 letters from scholars from all over the world asking for the original text. The follow-up work shows that the contents of dicalcium phosphate, octacalcium phosphate and decacalcium phosphate measured by this classification system are positively correlated with the peak intensity data of three kinds of calcium phosphates measured by X-ray diffraction method, which fully shows the scientific nature of this classification system. This work has been rated as one of the top ten important achievements in the comprehensive management of the Huanghuaihai Plain in the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" and is in the leading position in the world.
There are two ways of agricultural utilization of phosphate rock, one is to process it into chemical phosphate fertilizer, and the other is to grind it into phosphate fertilizer powder and apply it directly as phosphate fertilizer. The latter is an economical and cheap phosphorus source, but its fertilizer efficiency is restricted by three factors: soil properties, crop absorption characteristics and phosphate rock powder properties. Since 1950s, Jiang Baifan has carried out the fertilizer efficiency test of directly applying phosphate rock powder. Until the 1980s, the soil properties and plant absorption characteristics affecting the direct utilization of phosphate rock powder were comprehensively and systematically studied, but the research on the properties of phosphate rock was relatively few.
Although he measured the aspect ratio of the main peak of apatite crystal with X-ray diffractometer in the 1960s and 1970s, and observed the apparent crystal form of apatite with electron microscope in the late 1970s, these data can also explain some problems about the crystalline properties of apatite minerals, but they still belong to the qualitative category. At that time, the International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) of TVA in the United States had conducted in-depth research on the unit cell parameters of apatite minerals. They published the data of more than 500 representative types of phosphate rocks in the world, and found out the relationship between cell parameters and available phosphorus, but none of them were China phosphate rocks.
In the early 1980s, Jiang Baifan was determined to study the unit cell parameters of apatite in China phosphate rock. By measuring the unit cell parameters of 65,438+0,065,438+0 ore samples and carrying out crop pot experiments on 265,438+0 ore samples, it is shown that the substitution amount of apatite minerals is one of the important indexes to measure the direct application effect of phosphate rock powder. Apatite minerals formed by igneous rocks or sedimentary metamorphic rocks, where the replacement amount is very low, have a CO2 content of only about 0.04%, and the direct fertilization effect is poor, while the CO2 content of sedimentary phosphate rocks is very high, above 3%, and the direct fertilization effect is very good, and there is a very significant positive correlation between them. The unit cell parameter data of apatite minerals proved by stepwise regression statistics that the size of transverse and longitudinal crystal axes (Dao and Dco) of apatite minerals, that is, the specific surface area of apatite minerals, is the dominant factor affecting fertilizer efficiency, that is, the larger the specific surface area, the easier it is to be absorbed by crops. This explains theoretically and quantitatively that the crystallization property of apatite is the first important internal factor of the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate rock powder. In terms of breadth and depth, the research results not only fill the gap in this research field in China, but also are at the advanced level in the world. 1988 On the basis of long-term research on phosphate rock, Jiang Baifan participated in writing the monograph "Agricultural Utilization of Phosphate Rock in China" and won the special prize of Jiangsu Science and Technology Works Foundation.
Jiang Baifan worked in Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1953 until 1992 retired. In nearly 40 years of on-the-job work, he has become a soil plant nutritionist from a graduate of chemistry department in a university. In addition to the cultivation of the party and the country, the guidance of the tutor is inseparable from his continuous hard study and tireless work. He is rigorous in his studies, practical in his style and meticulous in his work. He is in poor health, but he is not afraid of hardship and fatigue at work, and often exercises himself in a difficult environment. He once lived, ate and worked with army reclamation soldiers in the Gobi Desert in Hexi Corridor for half a year. Although his work bases are mainly laboratories, greenhouses and fields, his lectures and work have traveled all over the country, from Xisha Islands in the South China Sea to Zhenbao Island on the Sino-Russian border in the north, and then to Xinjiang in the west. His footprints are found in more than 20 provinces, cities and districts outside five remote provinces, including Taiwan Province Province and Tibet. He devoted his life to the cause of soil science, especially the development of soil-plant phosphorus nutrition science in China.
Life course
1928 February 15 was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu.
1950- 1952 studied at Zhejiang university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province.
1952- 1953 studied at Fudan university in Shanghai.
1953- 1963 served as a research intern at the Institute of Soil Research, China Academy of Sciences.
1963- 1978 is an assistant researcher at Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1978- 1986 Associate Research Fellow, Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1986- Now he is a researcher at Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1992 retired.
Main thesis
1 Jiang Baifan, Lu Rukun, Guyi Primary School. Significance of iron phosphate in paddy soil of South China on phosphorus nutrition of rice. Acta Sinica. 1963,11(4): 361~ 369.
Jiang Baifan, Lu Rukun and Li Qingkui. Potential map of soil phosphorus literacy in China and its explanation. Acta soil. 1979,16 (1):17 ~ 21.
4 Jiang Baifan, Lu Rukun, Li Qingkui. Forms transformation of soil phosphorus and effective application of phosphorus fertilizer in red soil area. See: Red earth in China. Beijing: Science Press,1983:145 ~158.
Jiang Baifan, Duan Pingmei, Wang Zhenrong. Study on the correlation between the crystalline properties of apatite and the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate rock powder. Acta Sinica.1988,25 (4): 387 ~ 396.
6 Jiang Baifan, Gu Yichu. Study on classification system of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soil. China agricultural sciences.1989,22 (3): 58 ~ 66.
7 Jiang Baifan. Chemical behavior of phosphorus in paddy soil. See: Paddy soil in China. Beijing: Science Press, 1992: 35 1 ~ 364.
Li Qingkui, Jiang Baifan and Lu Rukun. Agricultural utilization of phosphate rock in China. Nanjing: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press, 1992.
9 Jiang Baifan, Gu Yichu, Chen Guoan, et al. Study on fertilizer development strategy in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. See: Essays on Soil Fertilizer Research in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press,1993:124 ~138.
10 Jiang Baifan. Phosphate fertilizer. See: Fertilizer in China. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1994: 234 ~ 264.