Sun Tzu's Art of War, written at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, is the earliest, most complete and famous military work in ancient China, and occupies an important position in China's military history. His military thoughts had a far-reaching influence on China's military strategists, politicians and thinkers. It has been translated into more than ten languages such as Japan, Britain, France, Germany and Russia, and has been widely circulated all over the world, enjoying the reputation of "sacred book of military science".
abstract
Sun Wu was originally from Qi, and later moved to Wu. At that time, it coincided with the coup of childe. He had been dormant for 20 years before he was hired as a general by Wu. After Ji Guang acceded to the throne, Wu Zixu heard about his talent and recommended it to the prince. At that time, Sun Wu took this 13 article to see the king of Wu and was reused. Later, the king of Wu attacked Chu, and the general was Sun Wu.
"History of Art and Literature" records: "Military strategist Sun Tzu, eighty-two articles, nine volumes". Thirteen of the eighty-two articles were written before meeting the king of Wu; See Empress Wu and write many questions and answers. As late as the Tang Dynasty, Sun Tzu's Art of War had three volumes, of which the first volume was thirteen, and the second volume was two. Du Mu, an annotator of Sun Tzu's Art of War, thinks that Cao Cao abridged eighty-two articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War into thirteen articles; However, some commentators believe that thirteen articles are from Sun Tzu himself, not the result of Cao Cao's abridgement.
Sun Tzu's Art of War is now considered to be created by Sun Wu, and later compiled into a book by his disciples.
Sun Tzu has thirteen books on the art of war. "Ji" is about temple calculation, that is, before sending troops, we compare the situation of the enemy and ourselves in the temple, estimate the possibility of winning or losing the war, and make a battle plan. This is the procedure of the whole book. "War" is mainly the war mobilization after the calculation of the temple. "To attack by stratagem" means to attack the city by stratagem, that is, to make the defending enemy surrender by various means without using special forces. "Shape" and "potential" are two basic factors that determine the outcome of a war: "Shape" refers to factors that are objective, stable and easy to see, such as the strength of combat effectiveness and the material preparation for a war; "Potential" refers to subjective, changeable and accidental factors, such as the distribution of troops, morale and courage. "Virtual Reality" is about how to disperse and assemble, surround and detour, so as to create our strong enemy and weak enemy at the scheduled battle site, and finally win more with fewer. The battle of the army is about how to "take detour as a straight line" and "take suffering as an advantage" to seize the combat advantage. The "Nine Changes" is about the general adopting different strategies and tactics according to different situations. Marching is about how to camp and observe the enemy during marching. Terrain is about six different operational terrains and their corresponding tactical requirements. "Nine Places" is about formulating nine operational environments and corresponding tactical requirements according to the situation of "subject and object" and the degree of penetration into the enemy. Fire attack is auxiliary fire. Housing is about the cooperative use of five kinds of spies. The language in the book is concise and the content is very philosophical. Many generals were later influenced by this book.
The mystery of the author
Sun Tzu's Art of War is a popular military work since the Warring States Period. Military strategists at all times and all over the world use the military theory discussed in it to guide the war. Moreover, the basic theories and ideas discussed in it have also been applied to modern business decision-making and social management. However, who is the author of this book? There is a lot of discussion in academic circles. One thought it was written by Sun Wu of the State of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, another thought it was written by Sun Bin, another thought it was written by Chu Shi in the early Warring States Period, and another thought it was written by Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms Period. It was not until April 1972 that Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War in bamboo slips were discovered in two Han tombs excavated in Yinxingshan, Linyi, Shandong. In this way, hundreds of years of debate came to an end, and the author of Sun Tzu's Art of War was confirmed as Sun Wu, the general of the State of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period.
version
Bamboo slips-1972 unearthed in the early Han Dynasty are the earliest versions so far.
Sun Tzu's Art of War written by Xixia is in Ningxia Archives.
Photocopy of Liu Yin's Direct Interpretation of the Five Classics and Seven Books in Shi Ding's 8,000-volume Building.
1935, the Chinese Academy of Art screened and engraved seven books of Jason Wu in the Song Dynasty.
translate
1782, the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot translated The Art of War into French for the first time, which influenced Napoleon. Sun Tzu's Art of War now has an English translation of 17.
Sun Tzu's Art of War Notes of Past Dynasties
Cao Cao's A Brief Explanation of Sun Tzu's Art of War is the earliest annotated edition of Sun Tzu's Art of War.
Ouyang Xiu said: "The thirteen pieces of Sun Tzu's Art of War handed down from generation to generation were mostly annotated by Cao Gong, Du Mu and Chen Bi."
Song Jitianbao's Ten Suns Meeting, in which Cao Cao, Li Quan, Du Mu,,, Montessori, Mei,, He and Zhang Yu are mentioned ten times.
Sun Xingyan's Collection of Ping Jin Ting in Qing Dynasty reflects Wei Wudi's comments on Sun Zi in Sima Fa of Sun Wu.
In modern China, Jiang Baili, Liu Bocheng, Tao, Niu, Shuo of Taiwan Province, Qianchun of Japan, etc. all of them have made in-depth research and made special works.
affect
The Art of War is one of the earliest art books in the world. It is regarded as a classic of China's military strategists, and most military books in later generations are influenced by it, which has a far-reaching impact on the development of China's military science. It has also been translated into many languages and plays an important role in the world military.
Sun Tzu's Art of War is a brilliant treasure in China's classical military cultural heritage and an important part of China's excellent cultural tradition. It is the greatest military theory work of China in ancient times, and it is also one of the most influential and extensive ancient books of China in the world. Its strategic thinking and philosophical thinking are widely used in military, political, economic and other fields. Its content is profound, its thoughts are profound and rich, and its logic is rigorous. The author is Sun Wu, a great strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period. His writing was at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period about 2,500 years ago. It is the earliest work on military theory in the world, 2300 years earlier than On War written by clausewitz in Europe.
Sun Tzu's Art of War contains rich dialectical thoughts. The book discusses the opposition and transformation of a series of war-related contradictions, such as enemy, subject, being outnumbered, strength, attack and defense, victory and defeat, advantages and disadvantages. It is on the basis of studying these contradictions and their transformation conditions that Sun Tzu's Art of War puts forward its war strategy and tactics. The dialectical thought embodied in it occupies an important position in the development history of China's dialectical thinking. Sun Tzu's Art of War is a masterpiece of strategy and cunning, which has been widely used by military strategists in past dynasties. Many names and allusions in the book are well known to women and children in China. The Art of War, with its meticulous military philosophy, far-reaching philosophy and ever-changing strategies and tactics, has a wide influence in the field of world military thought and enjoys a high reputation.
The book has been translated into 29 languages including English, Russian, German and Japanese, and there are thousands of printed editions of The Art of War around the world. Military schools in many countries have listed it as a teaching material. It is reported that in the Gulf War of 199 1, both warring parties studied Sun Tzu's art of war and used his military thoughts for reference to guide the war.
content
The book is divided into thirteen chapters, which mainly discusses the main problems of military science, summarizes the war experience at that time, puts forward some famous military propositions and reveals some military laws with universal significance.
Start first.
Fight second
Seek the third place
Military shape fourth
Fifth in military potential
Virtual reality is the sixth one.
Fight for the seventh place in the army
Change from nine to eight
March 9th
One tenth of topography
Nine places, eleventh
Twelfth fire attack
The thirteenth room
There are also some lost articles, such as the king of Wu.
The original thought of Sun Tzu's Art of War
Start first.
Sun Tzu said:
Soldiers, state affairs, places of life and death, and ways of survival must be observed.
Therefore, we should learn five things, learn their methods and seek their feelings: one is Tao, the other is heaven, the third is earth, the fourth is will, and the fifth is law. Tao, which makes people identify with the world, can die with it, can live with it, but not be dangerous; Heaven, yin and yang, cold and heat, time system; Those who live on the ground are far and near, easy, wide and narrow, dead and alive; General, wisdom, faith, benevolence, courage and strictness; Legalism, music system, official way, main use. We should listen to these five things. Those who know will win, and those who don't know will be invincible. Therefore, the school took the plan and asked his feelings, saying: Who is the master? Who can? What is heaven and earth? What is the law? Who is stronger?
Who practices foot soldiers? Who is the reward and punishment? I know the result from this. Will listen to my plan, use it to win and keep it; You won't listen to my plan. If you use it, you will fail. Let's go
Listen to what you earn, so that you can help others. This is the trend. Those in power control power for profit. Soldiers are cunning. Therefore, you can show what you can't do, use it without showing it, show it far and near, and show it near and far. Lure it, take it at random, prepare it, avoid it, scratch it angrily, be humble, do it, let it go, attack it unprepared and surprise it. The victory of this military commander should not be announced first.
If the husband does not fight, the temple will win; If the temple didn't win before the war, it would be too few. More is better than less, but better than nothing! From this perspective, we can see the results.
Fight second
Sun Tzu said:
Where the method of fighting is used, a thousand cars gallop, a thousand cars ride, a hundred thousand armor belts, and a thousand miles feed. Then the internal and external expenses, the use of guests, the material of glue paint, the gift of car armor, thousands of dollars a day, and then hundreds of thousands of teachers to carry.
Its use of troops is also blunt and sharp if it wins for a long time, but it will be forced to bend if it attacks the city, and it will be insufficient for the country if it is violently attacked for a long time. If the husband is blunt, he will bend his strength to get his goods, and the princes will take advantage of his disadvantages, although there are wise men who can't be good. Therefore, the soldiers are alert and discerning, and they have not seen wisdom for a long time. Those who have fought for a long time and benefited the country and the people have never done so. Therefore, people who are not fully aware of the dangers of fighting cannot fully realize the benefits of fighting.
Those who are good at fighting will not recruit again, and their food will not last for three years. They will be used by the country, and because food is used by the enemy, the army can have enough food. If the country is poor, it will be far away, and if the people are poor, it will be far away; Those who are close to teachers are expensive to sell. If you sell them, the people will have no money. If they have no money, they will be eager to serve in the mountains. When the force is defeated by the central plains, the internal deficiency is at home, and the cost of the people is nine times out of ten; At public expense, Pojun's horse, armor, bow and arrow and halberd.
Shields, spears and sculls, ox carts, six out of ten. Therefore, wisdom will serve the enemy, eat the enemy for one minute and be me for twenty minutes; -(1) a stone on the pole, when I am twenty stones. Therefore, those who kill the enemy are angry; Those who take advantage of the enemy get the goods. If you win more than ten cars in a car race, you will be rewarded with the first car and the standard will be changed. The purpose of using miscellaneous vehicles and raising them when it is good is to win over the enemy and gain strength.
Therefore, winning for a long time is not expensive.
So we know that a soldier's general is the life of the people. King of national security.
Note 1: Add the word "terror" to the word "taboo".
Seek the third place
Sun Tzu said:
The art of war is the best in the country, followed by breaking the country; The whole army is the best, followed by Pojun; The whole brigade is the best, followed by the broken brigade; The whole army is the best, followed by broken soldiers; All Wu is the best, followed by breaking Wu. Therefore, it is invincible, neither good nor good; Defeat the enemy's soldiers without fighting, and the good ones are also good. So, soldiers attack the city, the enemy follows, the soldiers follow, and then attack the city. The method of siege is the last resort. Repair, equip, and then become March; It has been three months since I left. It will be overwhelmed by its anger and the ants attached to it, killing one-third of the foot soldiers, and the city will not pull out. This attack is also a disaster. Therefore, those who make good use of soldiers, defeat other people's soldiers without fighting, pull out other people's cities without attacking, destroy other people's countries without fighting soon, strive for the world, so soldiers can be obtained without delay, and this method of seeking and attacking is also available.
Therefore, the method of using troops is to encircle ten, attack five and divide into two. The enemy can fight, and if there are few, they will flee and cannot be avoided. Therefore, the strength of a small enemy is also a prisoner of a big enemy. Kuninosuke is also a master. Auxiliary weeks make the country strong, and auxiliary gaps make the country weak. Therefore, there are three reasons why you are in the army: you don't know that the army can't enter or retreat, which is called the army; The sergeant doesn't understand the affairs of the three armed forces, and it is confused to go into politics with the three armed forces; If a sergeant doesn't know the rights of the three armed forces and works with them, it is very suspicious. If the three armed forces are suspicious, it will be difficult for the princes to be safe. It means that the rebels will win.
Therefore, there are five ways to win: those who can fight win, those who can't fight win, those who use fewer people win, those who want the same thing from top to bottom win, and those who are worried about not knowing win. These five know the way to win. Therefore: know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible; Know yourself and yourself, one wins and one loses; If you don't know who you are, you will lose every battle.
Military shape fourth
Sun Tzu said:
In the past, those who were good at fighting were invincible first and waited for the enemy to win. You can't beat yourself, but you can beat the enemy. Therefore, a good soldier can be invincible, but the enemy cannot be defeated. Therefore, it is not feasible to win. Can't win, keep it; But the winner, attack also. Insufficient rules, more attacks. A good defender hides in nine places and a good attacker moves for more than nine days, so he can protect himself and win the game. Seeing victory is not known to everyone, and bad people are also good; If you win, the world will be fine, and the good of bad people will be good. Therefore, it is not enough to look at the sun and the moon for eyesight, nor to listen to thunder for hearing. In ancient times, a good fighter was better than an easy winner. Therefore, the victory of a good fighter is also without wisdom and fame, so its victory is not special. Failure is victory, and victory is failure. Therefore, a good soldier is in an invincible position without losing to the enemy's failure. Therefore, the victorious soldiers win first and then fight, and the defeated soldiers win first and then fight. Those who make good use of soldiers can cultivate the law and protect it, so it can be a winning or losing strategy.
Sun Tzu's Art of War: once you say degree, twice you say quantity, three times you say number, four times you say weight, and five times you say victory. The degree of birth, the degree of birth, the number of births, the number of births, and the number of births are all said to be victories. Therefore, if the victorious soldier is called Thai baht, if the defeated soldier is called Thai baht. It is also the battle of the winner, and it is also the same to be trapped in a thousand miles.
Fifth in military potential
Sun Tzu said:
Those who govern the public as widows will get a score; Fighting many people is like fighting few people, and the name is also; Strangely, the masses of the three armies can keep those who will be attacked by the enemy from being defeated; What soldiers added, such as throwing eggs on the table, was also true or false. Those who fight, with the right combination, with strange victories. Therefore, the good and the strange are infinite like heaven and earth, and infinite like rivers and seas. In the end, the sun and the moon are also. Dead and alive. It's four o'clock. There are only five tones, and the five tones are invincible. There are only five colors, and the five-color change is invincible; There are only five flavors, and the change of five flavors cannot be won. The war situation is just odd and positive, and odd and positive changes cannot overcome poverty. Odd and positive, such as endless cycle, can be poor! As for the disease that excites water, as for those who drift stones, they also dive; As for the disease of birds, as for those who are destroyed, it is also a festival. Therefore, a good soldier is dangerous and short. It's like a crossbow and a starter. One after another, fighting chaos without chaos; Chaos is chaos, and circle is unbeaten. Chaos is born of governance, timidity is born of courage, and weakness is born of strength. Cure chaos, plan also; Brave, potential also; Force, shape also.
Therefore, those who are good at moving the enemy must follow it; Give it and the enemy will take it away. Use it and wait for it. Therefore, a good fighter, seeking potential, does not complain about others, so he can choose people and follow the trend. If you are in power, you will fight with others, such as turning over trees and stones. The nature of wood and stone, harmony is static, danger is moving, square is stopping, and circle is fine.
Therefore, it is also a potential to be good at fighting against people, such as turning a boulder on a mountain thousands of miles away.
Virtual reality is the sixth one.
Sun Tzu said:
Go to the battlefield first to be afraid of the enemy, and then go to the battlefield to be tired. Therefore, a competent commander can bypass the enemy instead of being moved. Those who can make the enemy self-sufficient will benefit; What can keep the enemy from coming will also cause harm. Therefore, the enemy can work hard, be hungry and be active. Do what you want, do what you don't expect.
Those who walk Wan Li Road without toil walk in a land where no one lives; If you attack what you take, you will attack what you don't keep. He who defends and consolidates will defend and attack. Therefore, those who are good at attacking, the enemy does not know what they are defending; A defensive man, the enemy doesn't know what he is attacking. Very few, as for intangible; As for silence, you can obey the orders of the enemy. Then you can't prevent it, just rush; Retreat, can't catch up, too fast to reach. Therefore, I want to fight, although the enemy is higher than me, I have to fight with me and save it; I don't want to fight, although I draw the ground as a prison, the enemy can't fight with me. Be good. Therefore, I am invisible, so I am an expert and an enemy. I specialize in one, the enemy is divided into ten, and we attack one with ten. Then we are outnumbered. If we can outnumber them, then we will make an appointment with combatants. The place where we fight is unknown. If we don't know, the enemy will be more prepared. If the enemy is more prepared, we will have fewer soldiers. Therefore, if you are prepared, you will be widowed; if you are prepared, you will be widowed; if you are prepared, you will be widowed. Widowed, prepared also; People, make yourself ready. Knowing the place of war, knowing the day of war, can fight thousands of miles; If you don't know the place and date of the war, then the left can't save the right, the right can't save the left, the front can't save the back, and the back can't save the front, and the situation is dozens of miles away, and the nearest one is also a few miles away! In my opinion, the more soldiers, the better for victory!
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