Xia Dynasty (about 2050 BC-about 65438 BC+0600 BC)
The first dynasty recorded in China's history books. According to historical records, the Xia Dynasty was the first country in China's history where Qi, the son of Yu, abolished the system of abdication of traditional tribes and killed foreigners to become king. Yu Xia changed from him to the hereditary system of the throne through his son, not the previous abdication system. Biography of Xia Dynasty 13 generation, 16 king. The center of Xia Dynasty is in the west of Henan and the south of Shanxi. It is said that after the death of Qi, Taikang ascended the throne and there was a temporary regime change, which was called "mourning the country". After the revival of Shao Kang, the Xia Dynasty was rebuilt. During the reign of Confucius, the Xia Dynasty declined. After that, the three spread to Valerian and the Xia Dynasty perished. About 400 years later, it was destroyed by the Shang Dynasty.
Because there are no written words handed down directly in the Xia Dynasty, the understanding of the Xia Dynasty has long relied mainly on the records of ancient documents, including the kings, officials, troops and prisons of the Xia Dynasty. Since modern times, the excavation of large palaces, tombs and numerous bronzes in Erlitou Village site in Yanshi County, Henan Province has revealed the politics, economy, society, culture and life of Xia Dynasty as slavery.
Changes of the Capital of Xia Dynasty
The capital of Xia Dynasty was changed several times.
Zhong Kang, Kong Jia, Di Gao and Xia Jie were in Erlitou, Yanshi, Luoyang, from 2070 BC to 65438 BC+0600 BC.
Xia family
In ancient books, the monarch of Xia was called Hou, Zhou, Zhou, and some were called emperors. From Kai to, there was a biography of 13 generations 16, which lasted 472 years (say 432 years). For example, from the beginning of the Xia Dynasty, from Yu to Jie, fourteen generations and seventeen kings, it took more than 400 years.
1, Kai -2, Taikang -3, Zhongkang -4, Xiang -5, Shaokang -6, Yu -7, Sophora japonica (powder) -8, Mang (yellow) -9, Xie (stone)-10.
The establishment of Xia dynasty
It marks that the long primitive society has been replaced by the private ownership society, which is a historic progress. However, the establishment of the new system is bound to be opposed by conservative forces. After Xia Qi acceded to the throne, he hosted a banquet in Juntai to confirm his position. Youhu's family was very dissatisfied with the practice of breaking the abdication system and refused to join Juntai. Xia Qi sent his army to attack the Youhu family. The war hit Gansu, and the Youhu family was defeated and destroyed. The victory of this war initially consolidated the new regime.
The establishment of the new system has a process of gradual improvement; The emergence of the new regime also faces the problem of insufficient ruling experience. The regime based on private ownership, even in the rising stage, cannot change the nature of exploitation, plunder and enjoyment of rulers, and the struggle for power and interests within the ruling group becomes inevitable. Therefore, after Xia Qi's death, there was a power struggle between the five sons. After Taikang acceded to the throne, he was not solid in political affairs and indulged in debauchery. The leader of the poor family seized power. Until Hou Yi was killed by his minister Han Zhuo, Xiang's son Shao Kang fled to You's family, and with the help of You's family, he organized Xia's aides to accumulate strength. Taking advantage of the internal chaos of Han Biao, he sent troops to defeat the forces of Han Biao and his son and regained power, thus restoring the rule of Xia Dynasty. These are the events in the history of Xia Dynasty, such as "Taikang lost his country", "Houyi replaced Xia" and "Shao Kang revived".
At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the internal affairs of the Xia royal family were not repaired, foreign invasion continued, and class contradictions became increasingly acute. After Xia Jie acceded to the throne, he didn't consider reform. He is arrogant and extravagant, building palaces and decorating Yao Tai. He likes drinking and having fun with his sister day and night, regardless of people's sufferings. They point to the sun and curse Xia Jie. The minister was loyal to the proposal, but he was imprisoned and killed. The governors of the four sides also betrayed each other, and Xia Jie fell into an isolated situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion. Seeing that the time is ripe to attack valerian, Shang Tang wrote "Destiny", saying that "Xia Duo's crimes are determined by Destiny", asking everyone to attack with all their strength and carry out God's will. In the Battle of Mingtiao, Shang Tang's army defeated the other army, and Jie escaped and died in the South Nest, and the Xia Dynasty perished. A powerful country has experienced more than 400 years of history, but it was destroyed by a small country, which caused people's shock and thinking. Therefore, there is a warning that "Yin Jian is not far away, but in the world of Xia Hou".
Due to the lack of historical materials of the Xia Dynasty, many people doubt whether there was a Xia Dynasty in history. However, the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is as clear as that of Shang Dynasty recorded in this book Yin Benji, and the Oracle bones unearthed in Anyang Yin Ruins also confirm the lineage of Shang Dynasty. Therefore, most scholars believe that the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is credible. In this way, on the basis of archaeologists' further understanding of the material and cultural remains of Shang Dynasty, such as Yin Ruins in Anyang and Zhengzhou Shopping Mall, etc. Put forward the research topic of Xia culture exploration, hoping to find the material and cultural remains of Xia dynasty through archaeological means, and then restore the history of Xia dynasty.
According to documents, ancient historians suggest that Xia people may have lived in two areas: one is Dengfeng, Yuxian and Luoyang Plain near Songshan Mountain in western Henan; One is the lower reaches of Fenshui River in the south of Shanxi. Because the legendary capital of Xia Dynasty and some important historical events are mostly related to these two regions. From 65438 to 0959, the investigation of "Xia ruins" began, which opened the prelude to the exploration of Xia culture. In recent 40 years, a series of archaeological investigations and excavations have been carried out in western Henan and southern Shanxi, which gradually narrowed the goal of exploring Xia culture. At present, most scholars believe that Erlitou culture named after Erlitou site in Yanshi (including Erlitou type and Dongxia peak type) and Longshan culture in western Henan are the main exploration objects of Xia culture, and have expressed various views on Xia culture. However, due to the lack of direct evidence such as words, the academic community has not yet formed a * * * understanding of which remains are Xia culture. However, both "Longshan Culture" and "Erlitou Culture" in western Henan have accumulated quite rich materials, which have created good conditions for finally solving this problem.
The territory of Xia dynasty
The territory of Xia Dynasty started from the west of Henan Province and the south of Shanxi Province. East to the junction of Henan, Shandong and Hebei provinces; From Hubei province in the south to Hebei province in the north. At that time, Xia's influence extended to the north and south of the Yellow River and even to the Yangtze River basin. The Xia Dynasty established Yangcheng (now Dengfeng East of Henan Province), Zhuo Zhi (now Dengfeng Northwest of Henan Province) and Anyi (northwest of Xiaxian County of Shanxi Province).
Science and technology in Xia dynasty
In the Xia Dynasty, agricultural civilization reached a high level. According to legend, Yi Di, the minister of Yu Dynasty, began to make wine, and Shao Kang invented the method of making wine. In order to meet the needs of agricultural production and explore the laws of agricultural time, the lunar calendar, sometimes called the summer calendar, was invented at that time and is still popular in modern times.
Animal husbandry has developed. There are a large number of slaves engaged in animal husbandry, and some clan tribes specializing in animal husbandry. The breeding of horses has received great attention. In addition, the pottery industry may have become an independent and extremely important industry in the Xia Dynasty. As for bronzes, China has discovered bronze knives of Erlitou culture. If Erlitou culture is regarded as Xia Dynasty culture, then this bronze ware belongs to Xia Dynasty. The bronze wares of Xia Dynasty are very similar in shape to pottery, and the history of casting bronze wares is not long, so they don't have a good specification, so they look a bit like pottery, just like the pottery unearthed in Xia Dynasty, very primitive, without many patterns, small dots and simple lines.
In the late Xia dynasty, square cymbals with cross stripes were set.
The tools used by Xia people are mainly stone tools. There are cars in the capital of Xia Dynasty, but it is impossible to confirm whether it is a rickshaw or a carriage, because the rut is only 1 meter wide, which is different from the rut of Shang Dynasty, which is 2 meters wide. Shang Dynasty has confirmed the use of carriages.
The earliest slave country-Xia Dynasty
1, the establishment of Xia Dynasty
According to legend, when Yao, Shun and Yu were in power, the tribal alliance adopted the method of "abdication" to "choose the best and appoint the best" and elected the master of the world. Yao was old and gave the throne to Saint Shun. Shun was old and gave the throne to Yu, who was old and passed it on to his son Qi. Since then, abdication system has been replaced by hereditary system. Yu is the leader of the Xia tribe alliance in the Central Plains. After he became the "Lord of * * *" in the world, he established an army, conquered the three southern Miao people, built a city, and formulated a criminal law, thus establishing the first slave country in China's history-the Xia Dynasty.
2. Consolidation of Xia Dynasty
Shortly after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, Taikang lost his country and was captured by foreigners. I trusted Han Zhuo, and he killed me. For more than forty years, the political situation has been turbulent. Xiangzi Shao Kang went through all kinds of hardships. With the help of Yu Yu and other ministries, he attacked and killed Han Zhuo and revived the Xia Dynasty. Since then, through the efforts of several generations, the Xia Dynasty has become increasingly powerful, with the Central Plains as the center, and its territory extends to the sea in the east, Xihe in the west, Yanshan in the north and Changhuai in the south.
3. The demise of the Xia Dynasty
There was chaos in the Confucius family, and the Xia Dynasty went from bad to worse. Jie Shi's ruling class was decadent, built palaces and palaces, pampered young girls, listened to advice without asking about political affairs, squandered money, and people complained everywhere. Shang Tang crusaded, and Jie fled to the South Nest and died. Valerian in the summer solstice was once inhabited by kings of 14 and 17 generations, and existed for nearly 500 years.
Dayu, the founder of Xia Dynasty, was a historical hero who managed water and helped the people. The territory of summer has expanded from the original Central Plains to the Yellow River basin and the north and south of the Yangtze River. Under the command of Dayu, tribes of all ethnic groups existed in the form of alliances. After Dayu's son succeeded to the throne, he destroyed the Hu family through the battle of intervention and won the battle of Xihe to kill Wuguan, thus consolidating his position and becoming the emperor of the country.
In myths and legends, Hou Yi is a figure in Xia Dynasty. He expelled Tai Kang, the son of Qi State, as regent, but Hou Yi was addicted to hunting, ignored the state affairs and was finally killed.
The last king of Xia Dynasty was Jie, a famous tyrant in history. There were seventeen kings from Dayu to Jie. Although valerian has wisdom and courage, he is cruel, bloodthirsty, addicted to alcohol and lewd, wasting people's money and harming the people. The Shang Dynasty in the East used cavalry to destroy the summer.
Giant flood of shad
Xia Dynasty was the first slavery dynasty in the history of China. The establishment of the Xia Dynasty began in Yu. Yu's father Chongbogun is the leader of Songshan tribe on the south bank of Xiongda River. Shi Chong and Gong Shi, both tribes with rich experience in water control, are located at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain on the Hebei coast. In the period of Yao and Shun, in order to compete for the royal power, the gun workers fought fiercely with Yao and Shun successively, all of which ended in failure.
Later, Yu continued to unite with many tribes, such as the Gong clan, and gradually carried out water control work in Iraq, Luoyang, Henan, Hebei and other regions. They corrected the wrong practice of focusing on blocking in the past and changed it to focusing on thinning, that is, according to the height of the terrain, dredging the accumulated water in the highlands and reducing the flood disaster in the fertile plains.
After treatment, most of the residents in the high-lying areas along the Great Plains moved to the relatively low-lying Yuan Ye to cultivate those fertile land. Those lush vegetation and animal breeding areas have become places where people are willing to settle down. The remarkable improvement of social productive forces provided the necessary economic foundation for the establishment of a slave country.
Tu Shan Club
In the process of establishing kingship, Yu continued to conquer the three temples. He commanded many vassals and claimed to follow the destiny, which showed that he had mastered the supreme kingship and achieved the status of "Xia Hou". After fierce fighting, Sanmiao was defeated. This was a large-scale military conquest. Through these expeditions, Yu Xia's kingship was continuously strengthened.
After Yu established the kingship, Yangcheng (Gaocheng Town, Dengfeng County, Henan Province) was established as the capital in Yangshan, where the Youchong tribe was located. Later, he moved to Yangzhai (Yuxian County, Henan Province).
In order to consolidate the kingship, he went south along the river and met with the leaders of Xia, Yi and other countries or tribes in Tushan (Huaiyuan County, the western suburb of Bengbu, Anhui Province), that is, the "Meeting of Tushan". At this time, most of the original tribal leaders have been transformed into hereditary nobles, and they have become princes of various countries respectively. This congress is an important symbol of the formal establishment of the Xia Dynasty.
The State System of Xia Dynasty
The slave country in summer was built on the ruins of the primitive commune system. In the process of the disintegration of the primitive commune system, the patriarchal family became a confrontational force. Hereditary kingship and hereditary nobility in slave countries developed gradually on the basis of patriarchal clan system.
Because the slave state organization is constantly developed on the basis of patriarchal clan system, after the formation of the state, aristocratic organizations at all levels still have to maintain the old blood relationship and strictly distinguish surnames. The royal family enfeoffed princes, in addition to maintaining their surnames, but also established new surnames with the feudal countries, and doctors took the city as their surnames. Among the nobles at all levels, according to the different surnames, their respective clan relations were established.
Although this clan relationship follows the legacy of the old clan organization, it is actually based on the patriarchal clan system, and the hierarchical status of nobles at all levels is determined according to their class rank and family affiliation.
Xia dynasty army
The army of Xia Dynasty was an important means to maintain violent rule. JUNG WOO Sanmiao said that the army he commanded was "numerous"; Recruit a powerful man and severely warn his troops to strictly obey his orders. It serves to show that there was a powerful army at that time.
Criminal law of slavery
After the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, in order to further suppress the people's resistance struggle, Yu Punishment was formulated on the basis of the past, which was the first slavery code in the history of China.
Taikang lost his country.
After the Xia Dynasty's rule was basically stable, the aristocratic rulers headed by Qi enslaved and exploited ordinary people at will and indulged in the life of "debauchery, debauchery, dog and horse". After the death of Qi, Zi Taikang succeeded to the throne, and civil strife occurred in the Xia Dynasty.
First, the five sons (the fifth brother of Taikang) fought for the position, and then there was the Wu Guan rebellion, and the broad masses of people launched a strong resistance struggle. This gave Hou Yi a chance to be poor. He once seized the ruling power of the Xia royal family because Xia people replaced Xia politics.
Yi, as poor as a church mouse, is famous for his good shooting, and is one of the more powerful leaders in the ministries of Dongyi. When there was civil strife in the Xia royal family and its ruling power was greatly weakened, he invaded the Xia capital and drove Taikang away. However, Hou Yi was also a cruel ruler. Relying on his powerful force, he "does not repair civil affairs", only cares about hunting and pleasure, and leaves political affairs to Han Zhuo. Later, Han Zhuo colluded with Hou Yi's "family", killed Hou Yi and his family and usurped the throne.
Development in mid-summer
Ji Xun completely wiped out the remnants of Han Zhuo, and vigorously conquered the ministries of Dongyi until Dongyi reached the East China Sea. Later it was also between Elo. During the reign of Ji Yi, it reached its peak in the middle of Xia Dynasty.
After Yi and before Kong Jia, there were five dynasties and six emperors in this period. The rule of Xia Dynasty was always relatively stable and basically maintained an upward trend.
The Xia Dynasty was centered on Henan and Luoyang, bordering the East China Sea in the east, Xihe River in the west, Yanshan Mountain in the north and Changhuai River in the south. Most countries in Xia and Yi are under its rule.
Erlitou culture
There are few and vague records about the social development of Xia Dynasty in ancient literature. The underground archaeological work in Xia Dynasty is still being explored. After years of investigation and excavation, a cultural relic between Longshan culture in Henan and early Shang culture in Erligang, Zhengzhou was found in western Henan and southern Shanxi, which has the typical connotation of Erlitou site in Yanshi, Henan Province and is called "Erlitou culture".
According to the determination, the time of this cultural relic is about 1900 BC, belonging to the Xia Dynasty. At present, although there is not enough direct evidence to prove that it is Xia culture, the rich archaeological materials provided have strongly promoted the work of exploring Xia culture.
Cadre and branch chronology law
The traditional chronology of branches and branches in China originated very early. At the end of the summer, emperors Kong Jia, Yin Jia, (Jie) and so on all named Tiangan, indicating that Tiangan was more common at that time.
The calendar of Xia Dynasty is the earliest calendar in China. At that time, the month could be determined according to the direction indicated by bucket handle's rotation in the Big Dipper, and the summer calendar started from the so-called "Yin Jian" month in which bucket handle pointed to the northeast. Dai Xia Zheng Xiao is an important existing document. It records the astrology, meteorology, celestial bodies, agriculture and politics of each month in the order of twelve months in the summer calendar. To some extent, it reflects the development level of agricultural production in Xia Dynasty and preserves the oldest and most precious scientific knowledge in China.
original text
From Yangshao culture to Dawenkou culture, it has appeared and is gradually developing. Oracle inscriptions on Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Oracle bones found in Yin Ruins and other places are early and basically mature characters found in China. Yin ruins can be traced back to the early summer, but 1980 was recorded in writing and literature in the Xia Dynasty, which is beyond doubt.
The prince's defection
The Xia Dynasty arrived at Emperor Kong's home and began to turn into the later period. "Historical Records Xia Benji" said: "Emperor Kong Jiali is a good god and promiscuous. Xia Houshi's morality is declining, and the princes are on the side. " His promiscuity and tyranny aroused the resistance of the masses. Since then, the ruling system of Xia Dynasty has been destroyed, which led to many vassal states' defection. Starting from the Confucius family, the Xia Dynasty gradually embarked on the road of decline and chaos.
Kong Jia III spread to Jie, a famous tyrant in the history of China. After valerian succeeded to the throne, in order to subdue the rebellious princes, he immediately threatened many eastern countries with force and held a court meeting. As a result, you Kun (northeast of Jinxiang, Shandong Province) and other governors rebelled. Xia Jie sent troops to conquer. Although defeated, it was weakened by the Xia Dynasty, which accelerated its demise.