1. Example of homonym: Play chess and bring the dagger that the owner wants (Du Fu's Tomb of the Prime Minister).
2. Examples of homonyms passing false words: On the day of death, fleas must come to thank Wang Xiang (Historical Records) for his "flea" passing "early".
3. Pronunciation is close to words. For example, those who don't stand up despite the storm, let nature take its course (if the situation is "encouraging learning") and have "communication" and "harmony".
4. It looks like a word. For example, the king of Qin must say "see the minister" ("Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin"), and "say" means "yue".
5. Sounds are similar to words. If the soul is heavy, ghosts and gods gather in clouds (Li Hua's Hanging the Ancient Battlefield).
6. Easy Gold Pass Example: The peasants who returned from beating the people today were all beaten in this book (Jia Yi's On Accumulation and Storage); Drive, drive. This can be regarded as "fighting" and "rushing".
7. Meaning-related words pass through the void: the scenery passes through the shadows, and the loneliness lingers (Tao Qian's Gui Xi Ci).
8. False example of polysyllabic words 1: Why did the witch stay for a long time? Disciples' interests (Warring States Policy, Wei Ce) "Interest" leads to "promotion".
Example (2): Xie Xuan sent Liu Laozhi, a handsome and excellent soldier from Guangling, to Luo Jian to enjoy the water (Sima Guang's The Battle of Fat and Water).
The above general holidays can also be divided into different general holidays. The use of interchangeable words caused difficulties in reading comprehension of ancient Chinese, which increased the learning pressure of future generations, especially students. So how did this happen? The main reasons are:
First of all, there are not enough words. At the beginning, there were very few words. When people want to express themselves without corresponding words, they borrow words instead, thus completing the purpose of taking notes. For example, in ancient times, there were no words such as "Yue", "Jin", "Zhi" and "Gui", but such new concepts appeared, so there appeared "Say", "Look", "Know" and "Oppose".
Second, new words are not conventional. Some words have been produced, but they have not been widely recognized. In a certain period, new words and old words are still used alternately. The most typical ones are Yu and Yu. Until the Han Dynasty, both of them used the meaning of "understand". Another example is the word "Zun", which has been clearly used in the sentence "I wish the corpse not to cross the shackles and take its place" in Zhuangzi. But in the Tang and Song Dynasties, many people changed "Zun" to "Zun", which is the poem of Du Fu, that is, "Don't think about endless things outside. They show that when the functions of the old and new words are gradually recognized and distinguished, a considerable number of interchangeable words are produced.
Third, the transfer of meaning Some words originally expressed a clear meaning, and later created another word with the same meaning, which was replaced by words with new meanings, such as "Mo", "Qi" and "Ran", all because they were replaced by "Twilight", "Yan" and "Burning" respectively.
Fourth, the author's slip of the pen is golden, and even celebrities will inevitably hear "typos" occasionally. In ancient times when science, technology and culture were relatively backward, it was normal and possible to use typos in articles. For example, we usually think that the word "Yi" in "Empress Dowager" is a clerical error of "Xu".
Five, some people mistakenly believe that ancient books in the process of circulation, collation, or writing errors, or deliberately change the word, which may lead to interchangeable words, such as "Empress Dowager" ("Touching the Dragon and Telling the Queen Zhao"), according to the Records of Historical Records and Zhao's records, it should be recognized as "Xu".
The use of variant forms of intransitive verbs Variant forms and regular forms are produced at the same time, and they are synonyms of homophones. However, compared with ordinary Chinese characters, they have many strokes and strange structures, so it is difficult to remember and write. For example, "Xian" and "Diao" are another way of writing "Xian" and "Diao" respectively, so they almost always existed as folk characters in ancient times, and their scope and frequency of use were far less than those of regular characters.
Seven, the evolution of languages spoken by different schools for thousands of years has led to "different opinions in ancient and modern times", and its research has reached a peak. Take the sentence "It looks far away, but it looks lucky" in Epanggong Fu as an example. There are at least three explanations for the word "person": ① "person"
Loanwords make sentences difficult to read and understand. They are the discordant sounds in the beautiful music of China's ancient prose, and the annoying gravel on the exquisite cultural feast. It is mysterious, consumes a lot of reading time and energy, and seriously affects the pleasant understanding and expression of the meaning of the text. Moreover, such as steel needles and sutures used in surgery, interchangeable words are also "implanted" into the article as temporary functions, and will eventually be taken out or removed. The compilation of middle school Chinese textbooks adheres to the principle of "making the past serve the present" and takes "improving students' Chinese quality in an all-round way ... cultivating language sense" as the guiding ideology. The selection of Ancient Chinese is meticulous, scientific and pragmatic, which basically realizes the educational purpose and requirements of criticizing and inheriting cultural heritage, and is innovative and developmental.
But even this would not be enough As an important practitioner of national cultural communication and writing reform, education should be at the forefront, with a broader vision, greater steps, more enthusiasm and courage in the cause of writing standardization. We added punctuation marks to ancient Chinese, we reformed its vertical writing, we revised the words, sentences and even paragraphs of some poems including Zhuangzi, and we abolished traditional Chinese characters. Then, why not make a big "revolution" in removing the common words in ancient Chinese? As we know, interchangeable characters are by no means landscapes, but scars on the faces of beautiful ancient Chinese prose and ugly moles. Correcting vulgar words will not damage the meaning or theme of the sentence, nor will it weaken the meaning and value of ancient Chinese. On the contrary, it will make the ancient prose trees blossom and glow again. In my opinion, the specific operation steps or methods can be:
1。 Do a good job in the propaganda and mobilization of abolishing interchangeable words. It is necessary to establish and explain the purpose, significance, principles and guidelines of this work.
2。 Starting from all kinds of teaching materials at all levels, all words are used except the generic words. We have taken the first step to abolish variant forms, and we will certainly take the second step to abolish the use of foreign words and ancient and modern characters, and the third step ... experts, scholars and teachers should contact and communicate, brainstorm, put aside differences and seek common ground while reserving differences, so that our views or conclusions will have inevitable authority.
3。 Compile China Dictionary of Common Words in Ancient Chinese, systematically record and explain this unique historical phenomenon in the development of China characters, and provide retrieval help for all kinds of ancient Chinese learners. On this basis, we will begin to abolish all interchangeable words as far as possible.
4。 Documents or ancient books with special significance or value can respect the original appearance and keep the interchangeable words.
Mr. Lu Xun said: "If we want to adopt the old form, we must delete it. If you delete it, you will gain something. This result is the emergence of new forms, that is, changes. " It tells us that when inheriting cultural heritage, we should not copy it completely, but abandon it and transform it; Respecting history is not a mud story, but a timely and appropriate change to eliminate the false and retain the true. The abolition of interchangeable words is to restore historical truth and to inherit and carry forward the essence and true meaning of ancient culture. The task of abolishing interchangeable words is arduous and the project is vast and complicated. But as long as we have a clear goal, firm belief and unremitting efforts, we will be able to finish this work in an orderly manner, which is harmless to the past, beneficial to the present and far-reaching to the future.