1) Open period: primitive society-Han Dynasty; Features: China's wood structure construction technology has been gradually improved. People have mastered the technology of tamping soil, burning bricks and building stone buildings.
2) Development period: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Features: The output, quality and wood framing technology of bricks and tiles are improved. A large number of Buddhist buildings have been built.
3) Maturity: Sui and Tang Dynasties; Features: The application of bricks is more extensive, the firing of glass is more advanced, and the proportion of building components is gradually finalized.
4) Great transformation period: Song Dynasty; Features: The specifications of buildings in Song Dynasty are generally smaller than those in Tang Dynasty, but they are more beautiful, gorgeous and varied, and various complex halls, attics, platforms and other forms have appeared.
5) Development period: Yuan Dynasty; Features: A large number of Tibetan Buddhist temples and Islamic temples have been built. The architectural art of Tibetan Buddhism and Islam has influenced the whole country.
6) Peak period: Ming and Qing Dynasties; Features: The output of bricks has greatly increased, and the quantity and quality of glazed tiles have surpassed that of any previous dynasty. Official buildings have been highly standardized and modeled.
2. Representatives and characteristics of existing ancient wooden structures.
1) Some buildings of nanzenji and Beijuji Temple in Wutai Mountain: built in the Tang Dynasty; Features: The roof slope of the single building is gentle, the eaves are far-reaching, the proportion of bucket arches is large, the columns are thick, and the style is solemn and simple.
2) Notre Dame de Jinci in Taiyuan, Shanxi, Jing Qing Temple in Quanzhou, Fujian, longxing temple in Zhengding, Hebei, and Guobao Temple in Ningbo, Zhejiang: built in the Song Dynasty; Features: the roof slope is increased, the eaves are not as far-reaching as the previous generation, and the doors and windows of important buildings mostly use diamond partition fans, and the architectural style tends to be soft.
3) Dule Temple in Jixian County, Tianjin, Shanhua Temple in Datong, Shanxi and Huayan Temple: built in Liao; Features: Close to the style of Tang Dynasty, original "column dropping method".
4) Yongle Palace in Ruicheng and Guangsheng Temple in Hong Tong: built in Yuan Dynasty; Features: "column lowering method" is widely used, and the beam frame structure is newly created. Many parts are made of natural bending materials and slightly cut.
5) Beijing Forbidden City and Shenyang Forbidden City: built in Ming and Qing Dynasties; Features: the cornice is shallow, and the proportion of bucket arch is reduced. Except for small buildings, important buildings do not use the "column drop method".
3. Three building documents;
Architectural French Style in Song Dynasty, Garden Metallurgy in Ming Dynasty, Industrial and Commercial Engineering Practice.
4. Modelling and basic components of ancient buildings in China;
Platform: common platform, higher platform, higher platform and highest platform; Function: Supporting the building, preventing moisture and corrosion, and making up for the shortage of small single buildings in ancient China.
Roof: wooden column, bay, cross beam and bucket arch;
Roof: hall, inclined, suspended, hard, pyramid-shaped roof and roof.
5. Classification, characteristics and grades of colorful paintings;
Printing color painting: the middle picture is composed of various dragon and phoenix patterns, supplemented by flower patterns. Drain powder and paste gold. The highest level.
Rotating color painting: the picture rotates like a scroll with petals, and sometimes dragons and phoenixes can be painted. The level is second only to that of the seal.
Su-style color painting: it is about landscapes, people's stories, flowers, birds, insects and fish. The grade is lower than the first two.
6. The characteristics of ancient architecture in China.
1) Building materials: wood.
2) Structural mode: frame structure: lifting beam type, bucket type and well type;
3) Spatial layout: flexible. The load-bearing and retaining structures have a clear division of labor.
4) Single building components: standardization. Modular system.
5) Plane layout: introverted, multi-level, balanced and symmetrical.
6) Create a bucket arch structure
7) Use color decoration means.
7. Types of ancient color tone planning in China:
Urban system: Take Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties as an example, with neat zoning and rectangular plane. Miyagi is located in the middle of North Guo Cheng, with Forbidden Park in the north and Imperial City in the south. Outside Miyagi Imperial City is Li Fang District. Established two cities, East and West.
Street system: After the Northern Song Dynasty, the city wall of the square was demolished, and the residential area developed from the small streets in the original square into rows of alleys (hutongs), with businesses arranged along the city streets.
8. The characteristics of ancient urban planning in China:
1) was designed according to a certain system, which had a great influence on the planning and layout of the capital after Sui and Tang Dynasties.
2) Pay attention to the location of the city: close to mountains and waters.
3) Grid street system is given priority to, with neat division. From the Warring States to the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the city system was implemented. After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the street system was adopted.
4) The plane layout with symmetrical central axis is adopted, and important buildings such as palaces, altars and temples are all located on the central axis.
5) Pay attention to the utilization of water resources and the greening of the city, divert water into the city and plant flowers and trees.
9, the ancient Great Wall building:
Qin Changcheng: Location: Lintao-Liaodong;
Han Great Wall: Origin and destination: Puchanghai (now Lop Nur)-Liaodong;
Ming Great Wall: origin and destination: Jiayuguan-Yalu River;
Structure: city wall, enemy platform, beacon tower and battery;
Important paragraphs: Badaling Great Wall in Beijing and Jinshanling Great Wall in Sabei;
Important passes: Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan and Jiayuguan;
10, the origin and evolution of palace architecture:
Pre-Qin Dynasty: Features: a closed courtyard with doorways, anterooms and back rooms as the central axis and wing rooms on the east and west;
Famous palaces: Erlitou Palace in Yanshi, Henan, and Feng Chu Palace site in Qishan, Shaanxi;
Qin and Han Dynasties: Features: There are small palaces in the big palace, which are divided into one area in the big palace. The front hall of Weiyang Palace is long and narrow, and there are east and west wings on both sides of the main hall to handle government affairs.
Famous palaces: Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace and Zhangjian Palace;
The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties: Features: There are east and west halls around the Taiji Hall in the Great Dynasty to handle daily affairs;
Sui and Tang Dynasties: Features: Based on the planning principle of symmetrical axis, and attached to the Zhou Li three dynasties system;
Famous palaces: Taiji Palace and Daming Palace;
Song: Features: There is an Imperial Street in front of Fengdanmen in the center of the south of the city, and there are Imperial Street corridors on both sides of the street;
Famous Palace: Tokyo Palace in Northern Song Dynasty;
Yuan: Features: Inheriting the palace traditions of Tang and Song Dynasties, maintaining the nomadic customs and the architectural styles of Lamaism and West Asia;
Famous Palace: Yuan Dadu Palace;
1 1. Layout and furnishings of palaces in Ming and Qing Dynasties;
1) layout:
A. Symmetry of the central axis: the buildings on the central axis are tall and gorgeous, and the buildings on both sides of the axis are low and quaint.
B. Zuo Zu You She: A. Zuo Zu: In the left front of the palace, an ancestral temple was set up for the emperor to worship his ancestors.
B. Youshe: There is a national altar in front of the right side of the palace for the emperor to worship the land god and the god of food.
C. Bedrooms of the former and later dynasties: A. The former dynasty: the place where the emperor ruled the political affairs and held ceremonies.
B, the back bedroom: the place where the emperor and queen live and live.
2) furnishings outside the palace:
A, huabiao: a special symbol of royal architecture.
B, Shishi: The lion's paw is a ball, and the female teacher's paw is a young lion. The former symbolizes the unity of the world, while the latter symbolizes the continuation of future generations.
C sundial: used to measure time in ancient times.
D. Jia Liang: an ancient standard measuring instrument. It symbolizes the unity and prosperity of the country.
E. auspicious tank: a water tank filled with clear water in front of the palace for fire prevention.
F, tripod incense burner: used to burn sandalwood and pine branches.
Copper turtle and crane: a symbol of longevity.
12, a famous ancient altar temple building;
This ancestral hall is located on the left side of Tiananmen Square, where the emperor offered sacrifices to his ancestors.
Shejitan is located on the right side of Tiananmen Square, where the emperor offered sacrifices to the land and the god of food.
Located in the southeast suburb of Beijing, the Temple of Heaven is a place where emperors worship heaven every winter to the Japanese.
Ditan, located in the northern suburb of Beijing, is the place where the emperor worships the sun every summer.
Ritan, located in the eastern suburb of Beijing, is a place where emperors are offered sacrifices to the sun.
Located in the western suburbs of Beijing, the Moon Altar is dedicated to the emperor's sacrifice to the moon.
Confucius Temple: The Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province is the largest and earliest Confucius Temple in China.
Wu Temple: The largest and best-preserved temple in China is Guandi Temple in Jiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi.
Ancestral Temple: Hu's Ancestral Temple in Longchuan, Jixi County, Anhui Province, and Chen's Ancestral Temple in Guangzhou.
13, China ancient famous mausoleum building:
Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang: Located in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province; Features: The largest imperial mausoleum in ancient China.
Han Tomb: Located in Xingping County, Shaanxi Province; Features: The largest mausoleum in the Western Han Dynasty.
Tangganling: located in Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province; Features: The best preserved of the eighteen tombs in the Tang Dynasty.
Ming Tombs: Located in Changping District, Beijing; Features: Changling is famous for its magnificent ground buildings, and Dingling excavated the underground palace;
Northern Song Mausoleum: Located in gongyi city, Henan; Features: the structure is complete, which provides a very favorable condition for studying the stone carving art of the mausoleum system in Song Dynasty.
Qing Dongling: located in Zunhua, Hebei; Features: Its plane layout follows the old system of the Ming Tombs, but a crescent city is added to the upper part of the tomb.
Qing Xiling: Located in Yixian County, Hebei Province; Features: Qing Xiling is the same as Qing Dongling.
14, evolution of sealing soil:
1) Square: Features: It is formed by tamping loess layers above the underground palace;
Famous mausoleums: Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Han Maoling Mausoleum;
2) Taking the mountain as the mausoleum: Features: Using natural mountains;
Famous Mausoleum: Gan Tang Mausoleum;
3) Baocheng Baoding: Features: A tall brick city was built on the underground palace and filled with earth. Brick city is a treasure city, and the soil in the city is higher than the city wall to form a dome, which is called Baoding;
Famous tombs: Ming Tombs, Qing Dongling, Qing Xiling;
15, cemetery building:
1) Sacrificial building area: use: for sacrifice;
Buildings: Lingen Hall, Attached Hall, Entrance, Altar, etc.
2) Shinto: use: the guiding avenue leading to the altar and the treasure city;
Architecture: stone beast, stone man;
3) Mausoleum guard: Purpose: Special protection and management of the cemetery;
Buildings: government offices, municipal offices, residences, etc.
16, tomb structure:
Soil cave tomb: The form of the tomb is simple.
Wooden Tomb: Built of wood, it looks like a big wooden box. The coffin is placed in the middle of the coffin, surrounded by several squares on both sides and up and down, which is called the compartment for placing funerary objects.
Yellow sausage puzzle: a frame structure made of cypress square. The yellow intestine refers to the yellow heart of cypress, and the title means that all the wood is inward. Tomb No.1 of Han Tomb in Dabaotai, Beijing is a mature form of the mystery of Huangchang.
Masonry tomb: It is made of masonry. From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, masonry tombs developed continuously.
17, funerary objects;
1) primitive society:
Early period: pottery, stone tools, bones.
B. Late stage: polarization between the rich and the poor. Some graves are buried with exquisite jade and ivory products.
2) Class society:
First, the disparity between the rich and the poor.
B, Shang and Zhou dynasties: bronzes, jade articles, etc. Human sacrifice.
C. Warring States period: figurines.
Han dynasty: pottery, including models of warehouses, stoves, wells, mills and pavilions, as well as models of pigs, dogs and chickens.
E, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: ceramic utensils, ceramic models, pottery figurines and tomb animals.
F, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties: pottery figurines.
G. Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties: Practical articles and treasures, including ceramics, gold and silver wares and jade articles.