The shogunate (ばくふ) originally refers to the general's military account, but under the special situation of Japan, it has evolved into a political system with unique national conditions. Bakufu, a word originated from ancient Chinese, refers to the official position of a general when he was recruiting. "Curtain" refers to military tents and tents; "House" refers to the royal family and other places where treasures and archives are kept. Its use began with the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate in 1 192.
However, some people think that "Kamakura shogunate" and "Muromachi shogunate" are actually contemporary words; At that time, people did not call the * * * institutions in Kamakura and Muromachi "shogunate".
In Japan, the shogunate period is equivalent to China's Southern Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty.
Chinese name: Japanese shogunate mbth: Hiragana: ばくふ Time: 1 192- 1867 History: Kamakura shogunate? The birthplace of the Muromachi shogunate, the Edo shogunate: the organizational form and development history of the Western Han Dynasty, the Kamakura shogunate, the Muromachi shogunate, the sagacious shogunate and the Tokugawa shogunate. The organizational form of Japanese shogunate (ばくふ) originally refers to the military account of generals, but under the special circumstances of Japan, it has evolved into a political system with unique national conditions. Military intervention had a long history in ancient Japan. Shogunate politics (or shogunate politics) is the political rule implemented by Japanese feudal warriors through shogunate, also known as military politics. The shogunate was the central organization of ancient Japan, and its power was once above the emperor. Its highest authority is the general who conquered foreigners, also known as the shogun. Most shogunate generals, under the official authorization of the emperor, actually implemented feudal fiefs under military rule, surpassing the formal centralized literati institutions. It can also be said that the country is ruled by the way of "holding the emperor to make the princes". The history of development began with Kamakura shogunate, and Japanese history experienced three historical periods: Kamakura shogunate, Muromachi shogunate and Tokugawa shogunate. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, who started at 1 185 and ended at 1867, regained power as emperor under Tokugawa tokugawa era, and shogunate politics ended in 682. The Kamakura shogunate established the Kamakura shogunate (1 192- 1333), which was the beginning of the Japanese shogunate regime. Its founder is the military commander Yuan Laichao, and the shogunate is located in Kamakura. At the end of the Heian Dynasty in Japan, he defeated Hei Qingsheng, a powerful faction of the aristocratic class, and drove away his elder brother who had made great contributions to himself in the Battle of Yuan Ping. The Battle of Xuanping is a household name in Japan, and the writer Shinbo wrote the historical novel The Story of the Heijia Family. The time of the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate is generally considered as 1 192, but there are different opinions. 1 180 said: Lai Chao fought Pingjia, occupied Kamakura, set out to run Kanto and set up a service office. 1 183 said: Lai Dynasty obtained the recognized administrative power of the East from Goshirakawa Huangfa. 1 184, it is said that the county government and the official document hall were established, and the basic institutions of the kamakura shogunate took shape. 1 185 said: Lai Chao began to set up guards and fields as promised. 1 190 said: The imperial court recognized Lai Chao's position and appointed him as the general pursuer of Japan. 1 192 said: Lai Chao became a general to conquer foreign nations. During the Kamakura shogunate era, the political source was the dictatorship of Lai Dynasty. The shogunate has an administrative office in charge of administration and finance, a waiting room for the royal family (samurai) who has a master-slave relationship with Genji, and an information office for hearing royal lawsuits. The general appointed the royal family as the guardian of the local administrative unit "state" and the property of various manors in the country, and held the local police, taxation and land management rights. Kamakura shogunate is a samurai regime headed by generals and with the royal family as the backbone. It coexisted with the imperial court headed by the emperor, but it held real power. Development and End11After the demise of Genlai Dynasty in 1999, the power of the shogunate was gradually controlled by Genji's Kitajima wife. 1203, Kitajima served as the head of the Government Council, 12 13, Kitajima also served as the Government Council and the Service Department, and was in charge of the shogunate, which was called the executive power. Therefore, the shogunate made a transition from general dictatorship to North Island executive power politics. 122 1 year (three years of succession), the emperor Yu, who was dissatisfied with the shogunate, launched a controversial battle (succession chaos) and declared defeat. After the war, the shogunate exiled three emperors, including Goto Kako, abolished the imperial palace and set up another emperor Hou Hege. Six Baltic spy on that royal family were set up, and more than 3,000 estates of the royal family and nobles who participated in the rebellion were confiscated. The power of the shogunate surpassed the imperial court and even interfered with the succession of the emperor. In order to ease the contradictions among the samurai and win the support of the royal family, Taishi Kitajima set up an evaluation team composed of powerful members of the royal family in 1225 to participate in shogunate politics with the Kitajima family. 1232, 1 The samurai regime's written law "Ten Eyes of True Courage" was published, and the article ***5 1, as the basis of the Wu law, gradually became a national law, marking the maturity and consolidation of the Kamakura shogunate. In the later period of Kamakura shogunate, social contradictions became increasingly apparent due to peasant resistance and the poverty of the "royal family", especially after the two anti-Yuan wars of 1274 and 128 1, the dissatisfaction of small and medium-sized warriors with the shogunate became increasingly serious because they were not rewarded. In order to consolidate the rule, Tiaofeng only appointed his own children as guardians and monopolized the power of the shogunate. 1324, Daigo, the chess player, was captured. 1333, the nobles echoed each other at a distance. In May, Yoshinobu Shinoda invaded Kamakura, and the Kamakura shogunate perished. Go Daigo was in charge, and in the second year, the name of Wu Guo was rebuilt, which was the period of Jianwu Renaissance. The establishment of the Kamakura shogunate marked the end of the era when Japan was actually ruled by the central aristocracy, and the samurai with low status in the aristocratic era stepped onto the historical stage. They despised the lazy life of the aristocrats in the Heian dynasty, advocated the idea of "loyalty to the monarch, chastity, integrity, courage and perseverance", and integrated Confucianism, Buddhism, Zen and Shinto, forming the spiritual pillar of Japanese militarism "Bushido". 13 Ji Yuanjun invaded Japan, which objectively strengthened the shogunate's rule over Japan. The establishment of the Kamakura shogunate marked that the Japanese emperor became a puppet and the shogunate became the actual political center. The first generation of generals in Kamakura era: Yuan Lai Chao (みなもとのよりとも), son of Tomoto Yoshitomo, and the second generation: Yuan Lai Jia (みなも) 1 1 in June, 2006, the Jianwu style was established by imitating the real brave system of Kamakura shogunate, with the text *** 17. Open a shogunate in Kyoto. Politics in Muromachi Shogunate Period 1336 12, Weiqi Daigo fled to Yoshino, south of Kyoto, claiming to be orthodox, and formed the opposition between the two imperial courts (see Northern and Southern Dynasties). By the time of the third generation general ashikaga yoshimitsu, the shogunate reached its heyday, and its new site was built in Kyoto Room 1378. The northern and southern dynasties merged in 1392, realizing the rule of total harmony, and the court existed in name only. The shogunate organization was further improved: the general set up a management collar, was in charge of shogunate administration and assisted the general. Three guardians, Zu Limin, Spo, Hosokawa Morihiro and Qishan, took turns to be the "three leaders". It consists of the person to be served, the finance department of the administrative department, the filing department, the evaluation department and the litigation department. Among them, the most important person in charge of the hospital is called the department, which is held by Yamamoto, Ichigo, Akamatsu and Kyoji in turn, and is called the "four pillars". It can be seen that the Muromachi shogunate is actually a powerful Coalition regime centered on generals. The general's territory is narrow, his direct military strength is small, and his power is not as good as that of the generals in the early days of Kamakura shogunate. Defenders who rule various "countries" have territories, warriors and retainer groups, which have a strong local separatist nature. Development and ending are self-sufficient and fierce, and rebellions to protect Daming occur from time to time. With the shogunate and the guardian's name stepping up exploitation, the "history" events of local government and people's joint uprising occurred constantly in various places, which also shook the Tokugawa era. Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth generation general, broke out, and a large-scale civil strife broke out in the ruling class (see Ren Ying's Rebellion), from then on, it entered the late Muromachi shogunate-the Warring States period. Since then, the shogunate and guardian forces have been devastated, and local lords and samurai have taken the opportunity to develop their forces and scuffle with each other. Peasant resistance is also fierce, such as the peasant uprising in Shancheng (1485 ~ 1493) and the riots that have been committed. By the middle of16th century, some local lords and warriors had developed into famous warring states players who controlled one side, such as Jia Fei's, Sanhe's, Yebaochang's and China's Maori Yuan. They organized local lords into their own vassal groups in neighboring countries, actively developed industry and commerce, accumulated economic strength, issued decrees, directly ruled farmers, and formed separatist forces, while the control scope of the shogunate was limited to Feng Jingen. In the competition, the strength of Oda Shintai gradually surpassed that of other Warring States. 1568, Xintai entered Kyoto, 1573, the Muromachi shogunate fell, and Japan embarked on the road of reunification. After the death of Nonaga Oda, Toyotomi Hideyoshi will inherit his career and complete the great cause of reunifying Japan in 1590. However, Toyotomi Hideyoshi did not establish a shogunate. 1585, he was appointed by the emperor (see Guan Zheng), and became a minister the following year, using the authority of the court to consolidate his rights. 1598 Toyotomi Hideyoshi died of illness, and Tokugawa Ieyasu overthrew the Toyotomi regime and reopened shogunate politics. Chronology of Muromachi shogunate:1338-157301. Ashikaga respects teachers (1338.8.11-kloc-0/358.4.30) 02. Ashikaga Yoshiakira 03. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1368.12.30-1394.12.17) 04. Ashikaga Yoshimochi (1394.12.17-65438. 05. Ashikaga (1423.3.18-1425.2.27) 06. Ashikaga (1429.3.15-14465454 Ashikaga Yoshikatsu (1442.1.7-1443 .. Ashikaga Yoshimasa (65438+ Ashikaga Yoshihisa (1473.12.19-1489.3.26)10. Ashikaga (1490.7.5-65438+. 1 1. Ashikaga Yicheng (1494.12.27-1508.4.16)12. Zuli Yiqing (15265438) 13. Yi Hui (1546.12.20-1565.5.19)14. Yi Rong (1568.2.8-6558) 15. Ashikaga Yoshiaki (1568. 10.18-1573.7.19)1year, the first year of wise tokugawa era. Guangxiu issued an order to the soldiers that "the enemy is in Benye Temple" and walked towards Benye Temple. The defenders of Benye Temple are less than 100. Knowing that he was surrounded, Nobu Oda said, "It must have failed.". After the battle, Akechi Mitsuhide immediately marched into Kyoto, and Oda Nobutada, the eldest son of the Kyoto garrison minister, led troops to Nijo Palace in Kyoto to fight Akechi Mitsuhide. Soon, nobuyuki knew that he was defeated and died of abdominal incision. Akechi Mitsuhide, who entered Kyoto, was immediately awarded the title of "General of Foreign Enemy Invasion" by the Emperor and became the central figure of the times. Later, he sent a movement to the whole world, calling on local governors to echo himself. However, Guangxiu hasn't established a shogunate yet. At this moment, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who came back from the west, led 30,000 troops to crusade against Guangxiu, and Akechi Mitsuhide led more than 16,000 people to attack Yamazaki, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The enemy and I are outnumbered. Finally, Akechi Mitsuhide was defeated. Guangxiu was killed by local farmers when he fled to the mountain road near Sakamoto. There is a saying that Guangxiu has since become a monk and lived in seclusion, under the pseudonym of Tianhai. Its short-lived regime is known as the "three-day boundary". After Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death, the Tokugawa shogunate was established. Tokugawa Ieyasu (とくがわぃぇやす) won the battle of the official garden and overthrew the Toyotomi regime. 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed as the general to conquer foreigners and established the shogunate in edo. Establish Tokugawa shogunate, also known as Edo shogunate. During the Tokugawa shogunate period, from the political Edo shogunate to the third generation general Tokugawa Guang Jia (とくがわぃぇみつ), the shogunate institutions were generally complete. The territory of the shogunate accounts for about a quarter of the national land, and the rest is owned by Daming (a vassal state), which is called a vassal state. The general is the supreme ruler of the country. Under him, he decides policies, manages government affairs, and is responsible for controlling the court, name and diplomacy. In addition, if the year is assigned to take charge of the territory of the shogunate and the ministers directly under it, there are also temple fairs, Edo-machi and Kenting III, which are responsible for the temple fairs, finance, Edo municipal government and litigation of the territory directly under the shogunate respectively. The shogunate set up county representatives or officials in the direct jurisdiction, and directly controlled farmers through land survey, village year tribute inheritance system and five-person system. General Tokugawa is more powerful than Kamakura and Muromachi. Daming is the ruler of various vassal States, with family members and seniority. , directly rule the people, and have the administrative, judicial and annual tribute collection rights of the territory. The shogunate set up visiting ambassadors and inspectors named Yan Fu to supervise the vassal States, and took measures such as visiting names and changing names to control them, but the vassal States still had relative independence. As a result, a political system was formed under the control of General Tokugawa. Development and End/KLOC-At the end of July, due to the development of commodity economy, the wooden model system was in crisis, which was characterized by financial difficulties and frequent peasant uprisings. In order to cope with the crisis, the shogunate successively carried out reforms such as enjoying insurance, leniency policy and natural insurance from1mid-8th century to11940s, but they all ended in failure. 1854 after the founding of Japan, the national crisis intensified the crisis of feudalism. Driven by the reformist warriors at the lower level, the powerful princes in the southwest, such as Shama and Changzhou, gradually adopted different policies from the shogunate, colonized and prospered, and resisted foreign enemies. Under the pressure of the peasant uprising at the end of the curtain and the anti-curtain movement centered on the powerful princes in southwest China, such as Sachang, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the general of15th generation, was forced to announce his "return to major policies" at the end of 1867. 1867 65438+On February 9th, the clique launched a coup of "restoring the past to the ancients" and announced the abolition of the shogunate system. The newly established Meiji Emperor completely overthrew the shogunate forces through the Chen Wu War of 1868 ~ 1869. At this point, Japan's feudal shogunate politics ended. Chronology of Tokugawa shogunate1603-186701. Tokugawa Ieyasu 02. Tokugawa Hideyoshi (. 03. Tokugawa Guang Jia 04. Tokugawa Jiagang (1651.8.18-65438) 05. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1680.8.23-1709.1.10) 06. Tokugawa Ienobu (1709.5.1-1717. Tokugawa Kaji (1713.4.2-1716.4.30) 08. Tokugawa Yoshinori (1716.8.13-. 09. Tokugawa Kazuo (1745.1.2-1760.5.13)10. Tokugawa Takeshi (1760.9.2-6544. 1 1. Tokugawa Kazuo (1787.4.15-1837.4.2)12. Tokugawa IeYoshi (1837.9.2-6544. 13. Tokugawa Yoshinori (1853.10.23-1858.7.4)14. Tokugawa Jiamao (1858. 12.5438+0. 15. Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1866.12.5-1867.12.9) The post system of Tokugawa shogunate is related to the post directly under the general, and it is appointed in the name of spectrum generation. Compared with the collateral governors, the shogunate did not give them high salaries, but gave them the right to participate in the shogunate planning. The temporary top post of the old shogunate. Although it covers government affairs, it only participates in basic and important policy decisions. The quota is one, which is monopolized by Doi, Sakai, Horita and Seiichi. The highest permanent posts in Laos and China include screen administration. The number of places is four to five, and the first person to take office in the middle or someone with special family background such as royal family is the middle chief. Kyoto Hall acts as a guard for Kyoto, monitoring the imperial court and Nami in Kansai, and covering all municipalities around the capital. It is an important post in the work establishment, second only to the old middle school. Hire (1) the highest rank of generals. Convey the general's orders to Lao Zhong, and convey Lao Zhong's report to the general. (1) often holds the power. Osaka Castle is the guardian of Osaka Castle and the monitor of Nami in Kansai. Its task is to cover the shogunate (2) on duty in Osaka. Temple fairs practice the management of temples, temples and shrines all over the country and are in charge of religious control. Plus the three highest realms that Kanding and Maji pursue. Performers are responsible for the etiquette used in temples. At the beginning of the year, famous people met the general and were responsible for conveying it. If the year is the main gift, the flag and book will be integrated. The number of places is three to five. The middle position is appointed from the senior and intermediate flag books. Gaos thought dominated in old China and was in charge of the ceremonies and ceremonies of the shogunate. Responsible for receiving imperial envoys, courtiers, envoys who passed the palace, etc. Salary 1500 stone, but rank tied with Daming. Dazuifu is mainly an old clock. As the eyes and ears of the old clock, it supervises Daming, Confession and Gaos. And all the supervision of the curtain swing by. The town chase (3) ruled the edge of Edo (4) and was in charge of administration, fire control and justice. Give priority to the old, higher than the position that can be determined. Kandin was engaged in the civil affairs and tax collection in charge of the imperial land, the operation of the shogunate finance, and the litigation of the imperial land. There are many subordinate positions, and they also serve as county representatives and officials. Old China prevailed. In response to the vigilance of Edo City and Edo City, Daihatou commanded Daihatou to be a pioneer in wartime. There are four team leaders, with 46 people under the head of Dafan, and there are also people with the same strength below. Old China prevailed. After the left-behind generals left the city, they were responsible for the security of Edo City. In the early days of the shogunate, this was an important position with great authority. Since the general did not leave Edo, it has become an idle position. Old China prevailed. The pursuit of distant countries is a general term for the pursuit placed under the direct jurisdiction of the whole country. In charge of civil affairs and justice. Kyoto, Osaka, Junfu, Nagasaki, Horiba, Nara, Yamada, Nikko, Sato, etc. Old China prevailed. Xiao Puqing (7) Group is dominated by unemployed people headed by Qi Ben and the Royal Family (Xiao Puqing Group). Old China prevailed. Please engage in civil engineering services in edo city. Also responsible for the management of Sheung Shui in Kanda and Yuchuan. Giving priority to the old and the middle, plus doing things and doing small things, is called the pursuit of the next three. The head of the academy is responsible for the vigilance of the doors in Edo City and the vigilance of the generals before and after their trip. There is a ball under the fan head, and there is a ball under it. If you send it in 2008. The leader of the small surname group leads the small surname group. The task is roughly the same as that of the academy. Below Fan's head is the head of the group, and below is the subsidiary of the group. If you send it in 2008. Xiao Pu asked to be responsible for the construction and repair of the harem, Dongsou Mountain and Noble House. If you send it in 2008. Watchmen, as the eyes and ears sent by Ruonian, carry out flag books and royal supervision. In order to hold these positions, there must be family standards. This is called high service. In other words, the position is determined according to the family fortune. Therefore, no matter how excellent people are, they can't hold important positions, which brings the rigidity of the organization. In order to get rid of this drawback, Ji Zongbao, the eighth generation general, institutionalized the foot height system. Even if the family background of the talent you want to use does not reach the service level, you can fill that job and open up ways to appoint talents. This system continued until the end, which is conducive to the use of outstanding talents. However, in a huge organization, there is also a hidden crisis. Translator's Note: (1), the general's side servant is responsible for conveying the general's orders to the old clock, and Daming and Qiben's side servants are responsible for housework and accounting. (2), namely civil servants and staff. (3) Town policy: The edo shogunate is located in Edo, Kyoto and Osaka, and Fujun is in charge of the administration, justice and fire control of the city. (4) Town side: low-ranking officials and detectives (under the Edo-era town government chief). (5) Heli: This is to assist the first mate in his work. The positions of arresting officers and police chiefs in the Edo era (under "chasing" and above "concentricity"). Similar to a teacher in China. (6), concentric: (Edo era) junior police officers. (7) General invitation: architecture. Architecture. Repair.