Problem description:
I need all the information about the Warring States Policy.
Analysis:
Conspiracy in the warring States period
Conspiracy in the warring States period
Compilation of military strategists' speeches and contingency stories from Warring States to Qin and Han Dynasties. Not for a while, not for a hand. Dure that warring state period, there were scholars specializing in diplomatic strategy. They discussed how to figure out people's psychology, made a covenant with the country by using the skills of vertical and horizontal cooperation, isolated and attacked the enemy country, and were called strategists in history (see vertical and horizontal). They attach great importance to the art of speaking. In order to learn from each other and talk about the skills that move you, they should constantly collect materials, store them for later use, and sometimes draw them up for practice themselves. Thus came the Warring States Policy.
The contingency stories in the Warring States Policy can be roughly divided into two categories. One kind is early works, written not far from the time of the incident. Rhetoric is generally in line with historical facts, and historical materials are of high value. Many short stories in the Warring States Policy belong to this category. However, due to different rumors, it is inevitable that the same thing will sometimes differ. The other kind is the later draft, the author is quite at a loss about historical events, many of which are metaphorical and fictional. It is difficult to talk about the situation, and it is difficult to distinguish things when talking about geography. Most of the long speeches in the Warring States Policy belong to this category. Sima Qian said: "There are many different things in Su and Qin Dynasties, and people with different current affairs are all attached to Su Qin." Other people's deeds have a similar situation.
Han Art Literature and History recorded 207 articles by 12 military strategists. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiangfeng, a doctor of Guanglu, asked for a collating book, and saw six kinds of manuscripts in the Royal Library, which recorded the heroic words of military strategists, with complicated contents, chaotic arrangement and incomplete words. They have several different names, such as national policy (not the current version of the Warring States policy), state affairs, length, story, long book and revised book. Liu Xiang, according to his country, arranged in chronological order, was designated as Article 33 of the Warring States Policy. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yin Gao annotated this book. The Sui Dynasty was incomplete, and there are only ten articles left today.
In addition to what Liu Xiang saw, there were many stories of military strategists circulating among the people at that time. 1973-65438+In February, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, including a book similar to the Warring States Policy, which was named "Letter from the Warring States" by the organizer. Of the twenty-seven articles in this silk book, eleven were collected in Historical Records of the Warring States Policy, and the other sixteen were lost books.
Because Qin Shihuang's burning books focused on the history books of various countries, and the Warring States policy provided indispensable information for later historians, Sima Qian included more than 90 of them in Historical Records. Moreover, most of the collections in Warring States Policy are excellent essays, which have a far-reaching influence on later literature.
The silk book Warring States Policy unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha (serial
The Warring States Policy was quite lost in circulation. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, eleven articles were lost, and it was not until Ceng Gong visited the scholar-bureaucrat's house that thirty-three articles were added. According to the Eastern Zhou, Western Zhou, Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, and Sun Yat-sen countries, the "Warring States Policy" we see today has 33 chapters and 460 chapters, which are also divided into 497 chapters. The historical events recorded in this book began in 490 BC when Zhi Bo defeated the Fan and the Bank of China (barbarians), and ended in 2265438 BC when Qin Shihuang unified China and Gao Jianli attacked Qin Shihuang (Yan Ce San), reflecting the important political, military and diplomatic activities during these two hundred and seventy years. /kloc-in 0/900, Sven Hedin, a Swede, found a piece of the written version of Warring States Policy no later than Wei and Jin Dynasties at the Guloulan site in Xinjiang. Its content is the same as the end of the first chapter and the beginning of the second chapter of Yao Hongben's Yan Ce, which shows that the current version has been circulated and largely retains the original appearance compiled by Liu Xiang.
There are roughly two versions of the Warring States Policy. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Yao Hong (now Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province) collated this book. He was cautious and loyal to the original work. His book was written in Shaoxing Bingyin (1 146), and soon there was a block print. This book was copied by Huang Pilie in Qing Dynasty and included in the series of Shiliju, which was widely circulated. Now it's commonly known as Yi Ben, including Yin Gao's remnant notes and Yao Hong's continued notes in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the same time as Yao Hong, Jinyun (now Zhejiang Jinyun) Bao Biao also annotated the Warring States policy. Bao changed the original text and edited it again, which was ridiculed by many people in later generations. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wu Shidao wrote Notes on the Warring States Policy, which made up for the mistakes in Bao's notes, dispelled doubts, and even brought convenience to readers. The first edition of the four editions copied Wu Shu's engraving in the 15th year of Yuan Zhizheng (1355), and there are many other reprints circulating. This book is now commonly known as five packages. Since then, many Chinese and foreign scholars have studied the Warring States policy, or zero essays or masterpieces, and each has gained something.
Jin Zhiyou has a supplementary explanation of Warring States Policy, Zhu has an annotated collection of Warring States Policy, and Miao has a new collation of Warring States Policy.
There are 33 articles in the Warring States Policy, which records the history of 245 years from the Spring and Autumn Annals to the Chu and Han Dynasties. Therefore, this book is active in thought and full of intrigue, which is not suitable for Confucianism, so it was rejected by Confucianism and did not spread widely in the world, and then it gradually became incomplete. For example, in the Warring States Policy compiled by Liu Xiang, Kuai Tong said that Han Xin was independent, which was quoted in Historical Records and Biography of Huaiyin Hou. Later, this article was lost in the Warring States Policy. According to Chongwen general catalogue, * * lost 1 1 article. Ceng Gong, a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, asked for books from the private library of the scholar-officials and revised them. Because of his fallacy, he made up 33 more articles. However, due to historical reasons, Ceng Gong revised.
The Warring States Policy is different from the Warring States Policy compiled by Liu Xiang. Therefore, there are two versions of the Warring States Policy in history, Liu Xiang as the ancient version and Ceng Gong as the new version.
The title of this edition of Warring States Policy is as follows:
1. The policy of the Western Zhou Dynasty has 1 articles, which are divided into 17 chapters. 2. The policy of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty has 1 article, divided into 22 chapters. 3. Five articles of Qin Ce, with 64 chapters in total. 4. Qi Ce consists of 6 articles, divided into 57 chapters. 5. Chu Ce consists of 4 articles, divided into 52 chapters. 6. Zhao Ce has four articles, which are divided into 66 chapters. 7. There are 4 health policies, which are divided into 8 1 chapters. 8. Han Ce consists of 3 articles, divided into 69 chapters. 9. Yan Ce consists of 3 articles, divided into 34 chapters. 10. Song Weice has 1 article, which is divided into 14 chapters. 1 1. Zhongshan policy has a 1 chapter. Above ***33 articles, 486 chapters. This was written by Wu Shidao, a native of Dongyang, according to the revised edition of Ceng Gong in the second year of Taiding in Yuan Dynasty (1325). Wu Shidao's Notes on the Warring States Policy has spread to this day. Another Song Dynasty poet, Bao Biao, changed the order of the original book and made a new annotation. His best friend Jin has a supplementary explanation on the Notes on the Warring States Policy. Gaoyou made a note for the old version of Warring States Policy in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is incomplete today. 1973, a silk book of the Western Han Dynasty was unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province, which recorded the current events of the Warring States Period and was named Letters of the Warring States Period. It is similar to the Warring States Policy and can make up for the mistakes and shortcomings of the current edition of the Warring States Policy.
Who is the author of the Warring States Policy? There have been different opinions on this, and no one can agree.
It's compiled from many books, and obviously it won't be written by one person. People have done a lot of textual research on the author's age, mainly as follows: First, it was written by people in the Warring States period.
Many people and events in the book are from the Warring States period, such as the battle of Changping and Jing Ke's assassination of the king of Qin, so it can be concluded that most of them were written by people from the Warring States period. Second, it was written by people at the end of Qin Dynasty and the time of Chu and Han Dynasties. For example, in ancient books, "Kuai Tong said that Han Xin was independent", which was probably written by Chu Han; Third, some of them came from the hands of Western Han people. In the Western Han Dynasty, many people, such as Kuai Tong, Bian Tong and Zhu, etc. , are good at "vertical and horizontal". Kuai Tong also wrote 8 1 piece "meaningful", which generally discussed the contingency of lobbyists in the Warring States period and his own theory about the art of vertical and horizontal. Therefore, some scholars may infer that Liu Xiang may be from the West based on "short space", "long book" and "proofreading book". However, many people are skeptical about this and think that there is still no definite basis. If the Warring States Policy was partly written by people in the Western Han Dynasty, there is still some truth.
The Warring States Policy has important historical value, especially the ancient edition compiled by Liu Xiang, which once occupied a very important historical position in the ancient history of China. The Warring States Policy is a 245-year-long historical record from the beginning of Chu and Han Dynasties after the Spring and Autumn Annals. If we start from the year of Chu-Han Uprising, that is, 245 years in the first year (209 years before), it happens to be the sixteenth year of Zhou Zhending (453 years before), and the three tribes of Han, Zhao and Wei are divided into Jin. After Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu, but before the Spring and Autumn Period of Chu and the Qin Chu era, the 245-year historical gap was mainly filled by the Warring States policy. The Warring States Policy has preserved many precious historical materials, such as the situation in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the situation in Chu Youwang after Shen Jun in spring, Guo Kai's visit to Li Mu, Lv Buwei's establishment of Zi Chu, and the old mourning for Qin Gong's rebellion. These are exclusive historical materials and the only source of historical materials for Sima Qian's revision of Historical Records.
Many articles in The Warring States Policy were written by people in the Warring States Period or later. Their original version was Shi Ce, so the historical facts are more credible and true. Therefore, Sima Qian compiled Historical Records, using 80 or 90 historical materials of the Warring States policy. In the books written by philosophers in the Warring States period, it has also been quoted many times. For example, "Chu Ce Si Ke Chun Shen Jun" can be found in "Han Feizi raped and plundered the Minister"; Wei Ce Wen Yi Hou and Hunting can be found in Han Feizi Shuo Lin. Qin Ce Zhang Yi said Qin, which can be found in Han Feizi's First Meeting Qin; "Zhongshan policy, my father wants to cut Zhongshan", see "everything is wrong, the foreign reserve says left"; Qi Ce Yi Guo Jing Qi Junshan's Appearance Discrimination can be found in Lv Chunqiu Shi Zhi. Qi Ce San Yu Xue can be found in Lv Chunqiu Bao Geng. Wei Ceyi Gong Wei's Shucuo Disease can be found in Lu Chunqiu Chang Jian. "The Death of Wei Huiwang of Wei Ce II" can be found in Lu Chunqiu in Spring.
Sima Guang wrote Zi Tong Zhi Jian, and the historical materials of the Warring States period were also taken from the Warring States Policy.
The perspective of lobbyists collected in The Warring States Policy reflects the social features and major political, economic, military and diplomatic activities of various countries during the Warring States Period, and vividly records the wit, eloquence, wisdom and strategy of strategists, making people feel at home. Strategists and strategists staged vivid and touching dramas on the social stage at that time, and the Warring States policy left valuable information for future generations. Influenced by the wisdom and strategies of strategists in the Warring States period, a number of strategists such as Lu Jia, Bian Tong, Zhu, Yan Zhu and Zhuang An also emerged in the Western Han Dynasty.
The language of Warring States Policy is fluent and sharp, and the style is spicy. He is good at skillfully inserting fables into the text to illustrate abstract truth and expound his own arguments. It is a model of argumentative writing. Many of these fables and metaphors later became famous allusions, such as gilding the lily, pretending to be a tiger, frightened birds, doing the opposite, fighting between snipes and mussels, and so on.
The Warring States Policy has beautiful writing, vivid narration and vivid characters, which has a far-reaching influence on later literature. The famous essayists Jia Yi, Chao Cuo and Sima Qian in the early Han Dynasty, and Su Xun, Su Zhe and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty were all influenced by the Warring States policy. The neat antithetical sentences, answering the subject and object, and restraining the guest's application used in the Warring States Policy were also inherited by Han Fu.
Liu Xiang named this book "The Warring States Policy", and at the same time named that complicated and colorful history-the name of "The Warring States Policy" came from this, which was also an extra gain for Liu Xiang to edit and proofread "The Warring States Policy".