Encyclopedia of key knowledge that must be memorized in senior one chemistry 1 and (1). When doing toxic gas experiments, it should be carried out in a ventilated kitchen, and attention should be paid to proper treatment (absorption or ignition, etc.). ) exhaust gas. In the experiment of flammable and explosive gases, attention should be paid to purity inspection, and the tail gas should be burned or properly treated.
(2) Burn should be treated by a doctor.
(3) Sprinkle concentrated acid on the experimental platform, first neutralize it with Na2CO3 (or NaHCO3), and then wash it with water. The concentrated acid on the skin should be wiped off with a dry rag first, and then rinsed with water. Concentrated acid splashed into eyes should be washed with dilute sodium bicarbonate solution first, and then treated by a doctor.
(4) Sprinkle concentrated alkali on the experimental platform, first neutralize it with dilute acetic acid, and then rinse it with water. The concentrated alkali on the skin should be washed with plenty of water first, and then coated with boric acid solution. Concentrated alkali splashed into eyes, washed with water, then washed with boric acid solution.
(5) The fire of sodium and phosphorus should be covered with sand.
(6) If flammable organic substances such as alcohol catch fire in a small area, quickly cover it with a wet rag.
2. Separation and purification of the mixture
Separation and purification method
Filtration: used for the separation of solid-liquid mixture and the purification of one paste, two low, three poor and raw salt.
Distillation: Purification or separation of liquid mixtures with different boiling points to prevent the liquid from boiling, the position of the silver ball in the thermometer, such as the flow direction of water in the condenser tube in petroleum distillation, such as petroleum distillation.
Extraction: a method of extracting solute from a solution composed of solute and another solvent by using the different solubility of solute in immiscible solvents.
The selected extractant should meet the following requirements: immiscible with the solvent in the stock solution; The solubility of solute is much greater than that of original solvent. Carbon tetrachloride is used to extract bromine and iodine from bromine water.
Separation: Separate the immiscible liquid, open the upper piston or make the groove on the piston and the water hole on the funnel communicate with the air inside and outside the funnel. Open the piston to make the lower liquid flow out slowly, close the piston in time, and pour out the upper liquid from the upper end, such as extracting bromine and iodine from bromine water with carbon tetrachloride and separating them.
Evaporation and crystallization: used to separate and purify the mixture of several soluble solids.
When the evaporating dish heats the evaporating solution, the solution should be constantly stirred with a glass rod; When more solids appear in the evaporating dish, stop heating and separate the mixture of NaCl and KNO3 _ 3.
3, ion inspection:
①SO42-: dilute hydrochloric acid is added first, and then BaCl2 solution is added. There is a white precipitate, and the stock solution must contain SO42-. Ba2++SO42-=BaSO4↓
(2) Cl- (tested by AgNO3 solution and dilute nitric acid) adds AgNO3 solution to produce white precipitate, which is insoluble when added with dilute nitric acid, so the original solution must contain Cl-; Or add dilute nitric acid for acidification first, and then add AgNO3 solution. If a white precipitate is formed, the stock solution must contain Cl-. Ag++Cl-=AgCl↓.
③CO32-:
Senior one chemistry 1 required formula summary. Test of sulfate ion: bacl2+Na2SO4 = baso4 ↓+2nNaCl.
2. Test of carbonate ion: cacl2+na2co3 = caco3↓+2nacl.
3. Carbonic acid
Sodium reacts with hydrochloric acid: Na2CO3+2HCl = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =
4. Reduction of copper oxide with charcoal: 2cuo+c high temperature 2cu+co2↑ =
5. Iron and sulfuric acid
Copper solution reaction: fe+cuso4 = feso4+cu.
6, the reaction of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate solution
: calcium chloride+sodium carbonate = calcium carbonate ↓+sodium chloride
7. Sodium burns in air: 2na+o2 △ na2o2.
Sodium reacts with oxygen: 4na+o2 = 2na.
2o
8. The reaction between sodium peroxide and water: 2Na2O2+2H2O = 4NaOH+O2 =
9. Peroxide
The reaction between sodium silicate and carbon dioxide: 2na2o2+2co2 = 2na2co3+o2.
10, sodium and water
It should be: 2na+2H2O = 2NaOH+H2 =
1 1. Reaction of iron with water vapor: 3fe+4h2o (
g) = f3o4 + 4h2↑
12. The reaction between aluminum and sodium hydroxide solution: 2al+2al+2naoh+2h2.
o = 2naalo2 + 3h2↑
13. The reaction between calcium oxide and water: cao+h2o = ca(oh)2.
14. The reaction between iron oxide and hydrochloric acid: fe2o3+6hcl = 2fecl3+3h2o.
15. The reaction between alumina and hydrochloric acid: al2o3+6hcl = 2alcl3+3h2o.
16, alumina
Reaction with sodium hydroxide solution: Al2O3+2NaOH = 2NALO2+H2O.
17, ferric chloride
Reaction with sodium hydroxide solution: fecl3+3naoh = fe(oh)3↓+ 3nacl.
18, sulfuric acid
The reaction of ferrous with sodium hydroxide solution: feso4+2naoh = fe(oh)2↓+ na2so4.
19, ferrous hydroxide is oxidized to ferric hydroxide: 4fe(oh)2+2h2o+o2 = 4fe(oh)3.
20, iron hydroxide heating point 2Fe(OH)3δfe2o 3+3H2O writing.
2 1, laboratory
Preparation of aluminum hydroxide: Al2 (SO4) 3+6nh3/* H2O = 2al (OH) 3 ↓+3 (NH3) 2SO4.
22. The reaction between aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid: al(oh)3+3hcl = alcl3+3h2o.
23. The reaction between aluminum hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solution: al(oh)3+naoh = naalo2+2h2o.
24, aluminum hydroxide heating point 2al(OH)3δal2o 3+3H2O.
25. Iron chloride
The reaction between solution and iron powder: 2fecl3+fe = 3fecl2.
26. Introduce chlorine into ferrous chloride: 2fecl2+cl2 = 2fecl3.
27. The reaction between silicon dioxide and hydrofluoric acid: sio2+4hf = sif4+2h2o.
Silicon reacts with hydrofluoric acid: Si+4hf = SiF4+2H2 =
28. High temperature reaction of silica and calcium oxide: sio2+cao high temperature casio3.
29. The reaction between silica and sodium hydroxide solution: sio2+2naoh = na2sio3+h2o.
30. Introduce carbon dioxide into the sodium silicate solution: na2sio3+co2+h2o = na2co3+h2sio3↓
How to improve the grade and basic knowledge of chemistry 1 in senior one?
If you want to learn any subject well, you must master the basic knowledge, and so must the study of chemistry. Basic knowledge must be solid. The basic concepts, theories and laws of chemistry are the key to learning chemistry well. In addition, chemistry learning is divided into modules, but there are still connections between modules, so if you want to improve your chemistry performance, you must correctly handle the connections and differences between chemical concepts.
2. Pay attention to chemical experiments.
If you want to learn chemistry well, you should attach importance to chemical experiments, which can make high school students reflect the essence of chemistry through simple phenomena. Therefore, it is particularly important for high school students to improve their chemistry scores, understand the nature of experiments, master chemistry knowledge and improve their practical ability.
3, preview before class can not be less
Preview is essential if you want to learn chemistry well and improve your grades. If you encounter difficulties in preview, but you can't solve them at the moment, put them together and write them down in your notebook, so that you can be more targeted in class. In addition, you can also solve problems through reference books and improve your self-study ability.
Step 4 review after class
After each chemistry class, don't rush to do other things, but spend a few minutes quietly thinking about the basic content of the class. In addition, knowledge will always be forgotten, so we must arrange review in time after class and strive to have knowledge.