Of course, this is the essence of China traditional culture.
regarding human virtue, Confucius emphasized benevolence and righteousness, with benevolence as its characteristic. Righteousness is the "appropriate" of things, that is, "should". It is an absolute
command. Everyone in society has certain things that should be done and must be done for the sake of doing, because doing these things is morally right. If you do these things only for immoral reasons, even if you do what you should do, this behavior is not righteous. In a word that is often despised by Confucius and later Confucianists, it is "profit". In Confucianism, righteousness
and benefit are directly opposite. Confucius himself said, "A gentleman is a metaphor for righteousness, while a villain is a metaphor for profit." (The Analects of Confucius, Liren)
There has been what later Confucianists called "the distinction between righteousness and benefit", which they think is extremely important in moral theory.
The concept of righteousness is a concept of form, while the concept of benevolence is much more specific. The essence of man's obligations in society is
their "should", because these obligations are all things he should do. But the concrete essence of these obligations is "love
people", that is, "benevolence". The father loves his son, and the son loves his father. A student asked what benevolence was, and Confucius said,
"Love" (On Yan Yuan). A true lover is a person who can fulfill his social obligations. Therefore, in the Analects of Confucius,
it can be seen that sometimes Confucius uses the word "benevolence" not only to refer to a special virtue, but also to the sum of all virtues. So
the word "benevolent" is synonymous with people of all virtue. In this case. "Benevolence" can be translated as perfectvirtue.
2. Pre-Qin philosophers' quotations from Mencius
The first quotation 1. Confucius said, "It's better to learn when you learn, isn't it?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Isn't it a gentleman to be ignorant and not satisfied? " Content words: time (according to a certain time), study: (internship, review), joy (happiness), annoyance (annoyance), gentleman (referring to a person with morality and cultivation), knowledge (understanding). Function words: zhi (pronoun it refers to the knowledge learned), while (succession relationship, turning relationship "but" Such as Confucius, Mozi and Laozi. The word "Zi" in "Zi Yue" in The Analects of Confucius refers to Confucius and can also be translated as "Sir". Learning: refers to learning ceremony (including various manners), music (music), shooting (archery), driving (driving) and so on. (3) Sentence translation: Confucius said: ". Isn't it happy to have like-minded people come from afar (* * * to study and study together)? Isn't it a gentleman that people don't understand you, but they are not angry? " The second quotation: 1. Confucius said, "Learning new things by reviewing old ones can serve as a teacher." 2. (1) Content words: therefore (adjectives as nouns refer to old knowledge) new (adjectives as nouns refer to new knowledge) is (verbs, become, act); Function words: (preposition, ba, followed by omitting the pronoun "zhi". "zhi", for those who can review old knowledge and know new things.) (2) Translation sentences: Pay attention to omitting the sentence. Confucius said, "If you review old knowledge and constantly absorb new knowledge, you can become a teacher. Or" If you review old knowledge, you can have new experiences and discoveries, and you can do it. " Function words: then (conjunctions, just) generic words: Wang (confused, here means unable to solve difficult problems) (1) Translation sentence: Confucius said: "Learning without thinking can't solve difficult problems. Thinking without learning can't solve difficult problems." The fourth quotation 1. Zi Xia said: "The day knows its death, and the month forgets everything, which can be said. 2(1) key points: notional words: generic words: death (through "nothing". Here refers to things that you don't know.) Predicate (called).? (2) Translated sentence: Zi Xia said: "I know what I don't know every day and review what I can every month, so it can be said that I am eager to learn." The fifth quotation 1. The official of the heart thinks, and if you think, you can get it. 2. If you don't think, you can't. 2. (1) Focus: notional words: heart (ancient refers to the mind); Function words: then (just); What (table pause, unintentional)? (2) Translation sentence: The heart is an organ that thinks about problems. If you think about it, you will get something. If you don't think about it, you will get nothing. The sixth quotation 1. Persevere, the rotten wood will not fold; Perseverance, the golden stone can be carved. 2. (1) Key words: function words: and (transferred to "but" and "shun Lian") (2) Translation sentences: sculpture (utensils) is abandoned halfway, even rotten wood can not be carved; Carving (implements) never gives up, even stone can be carved into patterns. Seventh Quotation 1. Everything is long and short, and so are people. Therefore, we should learn the length of the dummy to make up for its short. 2. (1) Key words: notional words: false (with the help of) function words: solid (originally). Therefore, it is (therefore). The same is true of people. Therefore, people who are good at learning can draw on and absorb the strengths of others to make up for their own shortcomings. The eighth quotation 1. Self-cultivation and self-improvement are matched with Yao Shun. 2. (1) Key words: notional words: match (match) function words: with (ability). (2) Translation sentence: you can cultivate your own moral character.
3. Quotations from pre-Qin philosophers
Therefore, heaven will demote people, so they must first suffer their minds, work hard on their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, be empty of their bodies, and mess with their actions, so be patient and have benefited from what they can't do. People are constant, and then they can change. Trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made. Sign in color, hair in sound, and then metaphor. A country, if there is no minister in the country and the wise men who are enough to help the king, there is often the danger of collapse in a neighbouring country that is not matched by a foreign country and a scourge from abroad. In this way, you know that sorrow is enough to make a man alive, and that ease of enjoyment is sufficient for the death of man. (
Mencius told his son)
. Success depends on the people, not ambition. Wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent. This is called a gentleman. " (Mencius under Teng Wengong)
"I am good at cultivating my noble spirit ... it is also a spirit, and it is extremely strong. If it is straight and harmless, it will be stuffed in the leisure of heaven and earth. It is also qi, which matches righteousness and Tao; Nothing, nothing. " (On the Ugliness of Mencius and Gongsun)
4. What are the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius in the Quotations of Pre-Qin philosophers
Confucius said to be benevolent, while Mencius said to be righteous.
the main contents of Confucius' moral education are "courtesy" and "benevolence". Among them, "courtesy" is the moral standard, and "benevolence" is the highest moral standard.
"Li" is the form of "benevolence" and "benevolence" is the content of "Li". Only with the spirit of "benevolence" can "Li" be truly enriched. In the aspect of moral cultivation, he put forward some methods, such as setting up ambition, self-denial, practicing, introspection, and being brave in reform.
"learning and knowing" is the dominant idea of Confucius' teaching thought. At the same time, we emphasize the combination of learning and thinking ("learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"), and we must also "apply what we have learned" and apply what we have learned to social practice.
Mencius summarized the moral norms into four categories, namely, benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom. He believes that "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom" are inherent things of people, and they are not obtained from the external world that exists objectively.
At the same time, the human relations are summarized into five types, namely, "father and son are related, the monarch and the minister are righteous, the couple are different, the young and the old are orderly, and the friends are trustworthy". Mencius believes that benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom are the most important among them.
Benevolence and righteousness are based on filial piety and filial piety, which are the basic moral norms to deal with the blood relationship between father and son and brothers. He believes that if every member of society uses benevolence and righteousness to deal with all kinds of interpersonal relationships, the stability of feudal order and the unity of the world will be reliably guaranteed.
"benevolence and righteousness" is the core idea of Mencius' moral theory. Mencius's "benevolence and righteousness" has a class nature and is built on the basis of feudal hierarchical society.
However, he opposed the exploitation of the common people by the rulers and the wars between countries and families.
5. Urgently ask for quotations from the pre-Qin philosophers in college Chinese (1) The translation of the Analects of Confucius. Who has the eight translations of the Analects of Confucius in college Chinese? Confucius said: Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous. (The Analects of Confucius is politics) Confucius said: You can teach women what to know! Knowing what you know is knowing what you don't know, and knowing what you don't know is knowing. (The Analects of Confucius) Confucius said: In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Choose the good one and follow it, while the bad one will change it. (The Analects of Confucius) Confucius said that learning without thinking will blind people, and thinking without learning will be dangerous. Confucius said, it's a middle course. Choose the good ones and learn from them. If I have any bad ones, I will change them. "These three quotations seem to be all about learning, but in fact they are all about people's moral cultivation, that is, the reason why people are human beings. Zi Zaichuan said: The deceased is like this! Don't give up day and night. (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) Confucius came to the river and sighed: The passing years are like this running water! It's flowing around the clock. Confucius said: when you are cold, you will know that the pine and cypress will wither later. (The Analects of Confucius, Zi Han) Confucius said: it's cold, and then you will know that the pine and cypress trees are the last to fall leaves. Confucius said: being rich and expensive is what people want, and it's not what they want, and it's nowhere. Poverty and meanness are what people hate, and they don't get it by their ways. A gentleman's lack of food will violate his benevolence, and he will expect to be inferior to others. (The Analects of Confucius, Liren) Confucius said: Everyone wants to be rich and expensive (to get rich and be an official), but a gentleman will never accept it unless he obtains it by proper means. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to everyone, but if he can't get rid of it by proper means, he would rather not get rid of it. How can a gentleman achieve his goal if he loses his benevolence? A gentleman can't leave Benevolence even after eating a meal for such a short time, which is the case when he is in a hurry, and it is also the case when he is displaced. (The meaning of the first sentence of this passage is summarized as "A gentleman loves money and takes it wisely".) Confucius said: A man with lofty ideals is benevolent, and he does not harm benevolence without survival. (The Analects of Wei Linggong) Confucius said: A man with lofty ideals is benevolent, and he will not die for survival. Here are eight lessons from The Analects of Confucius in the second semester of preparatory grade (1) How about learning Xi Zhi? Isn't it a pleasure to have friends from afar? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him? Translation: Isn't it a pleasure to consolidate what you have learned from time to time? Isn't it nice to have like-minded friends come from afar to get together? Don't others know themselves, don't resent them, and aren't they virtuous people? (2) Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is knowing. (3) Knowing is not as good as being a good person, and being a good person is not as happy as being a good person. (3) Knowing him is not as good as loving him, and loving him is not as good as learning just for being happy. (4) A threesome. Among them, there must be people who are worth learning. Choose the good ones to learn from him, and take the bad ones as reference for correcting their mistakes. (5) Reviewing the past and learning new things can be a teacher. (6) When you are cold, you will know that the pine and cypress will fade away. (5) When it is the coldest time of the year, you can be a teacher. If you are greedy for small profits, you can't do great things. (8) I try not to eat all day and stay up all night. It's useless to think. I used to eat all day and stay up all night, and it's useless to think. (Instead of this), it's better to study.
6. According to the Quotations of Pre-Qin philosophers, talk about your experience.
It's OK to understand the general idea of the original text first and then insert the vernacular explanation in it. For example, Confucius said, "A gentleman has Jiu Si: he sees clearly, listens attentively, looks courteous, speaks loyally, thinks respectfully about things, doubts and questions, and resents difficulties. As you can see, "2. Confucius said: Being rich and expensive is what people want. You can't get it by its way. You can't get it anywhere. You can't be poor and cheap. You can't get it by its way. You can't go. These two insights are not less than 5 words. Supplement: 3 Life is what I want, righteousness is what I want, and you can't have both. You can't give up your life. 4 compassion, everyone has it; Everyone has the heart of shame and evil; Everyone has a respectful heart; Everyone has a heart of right and wrong. Shame and evil heart, righteousness also; Respect, courtesy; The heart of right and wrong is also wise. 5. A gentleman is not good at honesty when he raises his heart. If he is sincere, he will have nothing else to do. He will only observe benevolence and do what is righteous. ——— Confucius said, "A gentleman has Jiu Si: he looks bright, listens attentively, thinks warmly, looks respectful, speaks loyally, thinks respectfully, doubts and asks questions, and thinks bitterly." When you hear something, you should think about it, whether you listen to it or not, and whether you believe it or not; When talking and doing things, always think about your face, don't be cold on the floor, and be gentle at all times; It is necessary to consider whether your attitude is respectful, regardless of rank, your attitude must be respectful; When you speak, think about whether you are lying or not. When doing things, think about whether you are dedicated and serious; When you have a question or doubt, do you ask someone immediately to get a positive solution? People are not sages, so who can be without doubt? Confusion does not follow the teacher. It is also confusing, and it will eventually be puzzled; When you want to lose your temper, think about the bad consequences. Think about yourself and dislike others' anger. If you can get something for nothing, you should think about whether you should get it properly, whether you deserve it. "Confucius said:" Everyone wants to get wealth and dignitaries, but if you don't get it properly, you won't enjoy it; Poverty and meanness are disgusting to everyone, but they will not get rid of them without proper methods. This passage reflects Confucius' view of reason and desire. In previous Confucius studies, this passage was often ignored. It seems that Confucius advocated that people only need benevolence and righteousness, not profit and desire. In fact, this is not the case. No one is willing to live a life of poverty and displacement, and hopes to get wealth and comfort. But this must be passed.