In the history of our country, there was the last large-scale separatist regime in feudal society between the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. During the 53 years from Zhu Wen's claim to the throne in the Tang Dynasty in 907 to the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty in 960, Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Friday Dynasty appeared in the Central Plains. Outside the Central Plains, there are ten small countries including Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Chu, Min, Nanhan, Houshu, Nanping and Beihan, and the surrounding areas also include Qidan, Tubo and Beihan. This history is recorded in the History of the Old Five Dynasties.
2. Historical figures
According to the textual research of the bibliophile Chao in the Song Dynasty, the actual author of The History of the Old Five Dynasties is Lu Duoxun,,,. They were all literati and celebrities at that time, and they were handed down from the history of the Song Dynasty. Historically, Lu Duoxun teenagers became famous and were "dropouts"; Hu and Zhang are also "less literate", "young and eager to learn, talented and algae"; Liu Yun is even more knowledgeable. He edited many books, such as Wen Yuanhua Ying and Tai Ping Guang Ji. Most of them lived in the Five Dynasties, and they were familiar with that period of history, so the old history of the Five Dynasties was rich in information. In particular, many imperial edicts and official documents at that time, as well as "descriptions" and epitaphs written by people at that time, have been preserved, which is the first-hand information of biographies. The Summary of the General Contents of Sikuquanshu commented: "At that time, the minister who wrote the book was still detained for five generations, and he was familiar with it, recorded and transmitted it all, and he could receive credit." Therefore, after the compilation of the History of the Old Five Dynasties in the early Song Dynasty, scholars and historians attached great importance to it. Sima Guangxiu's Zi Tong Zhi Jian, and later Hu Sansheng's Tong Zhu Jian, are all based on a lot of materials. He also quoted the works of Shen Kuo and Hong Mai, famous writers in the Northern Song Dynasty. Because this book was written in Kaibao, North Song Taizu, for six years, when the southern countries still existed, many editors were familiar with the history of the south, so they compiled more first-hand information about the ten countries. Until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when historian Wu Renchen wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, he recorded that he had borrowed the History of the Old Five Dynasties from the famous thinker Huang Zongxi at that time, which proved that the History of the Old Five Dynasties contained many precious materials of the ten southern countries. In the seventh year of Taihe (A.D. 1207), it was stipulated that "only Ouyang Xiu's works should be used to cut off the history of the Five Dynasties". [1] By the Yuan Dynasty, the old history of the Five Dynasties was gradually out of date. When Qinggan Longzhong opened the fourth library, it failed to find the original. Shao, the librarian, compiled the Collection of Yongle Dadian, supplemented by the old historical materials of the five dynasties cited in Yuan Gui, Zi Tong Zhi Jian and other books, which roughly restored 78% of the original appearance. At the same time, other historical books, similar books, poetry collections, five dynasties monuments and other related materials were collected. As a textual research note, it supplements the text of this edition of History of the Old Five Dynasties and enriches the original content in many ways. In addition to participating in the daily work of the history museum and writing abstracts of books in the history department, he also spent two years compiling this masterpiece with as many as 150 volumes, which is very efficient. Liang Qichao once put forward four criteria for evaluating the academic quality of book collection in the Academic History of China for nearly 300 years, namely, indicating the source of book collection, fully preparing records, identifying the original book with the book collection, and restoring the compilation time of the original book. After analyzing the collection of books in Qing Dynasty, Ji Shao's History of the Old Five Dynasties is considered to be the best. This evaluation Shao deserved. Ji Shao's History of the Old Five Dynasties, compared with most of the lost books in Sikuquanshu, has a wider source and an explanation of the source. The literature sources were originally recorded in this book (later photocopied by Jiangxi Renxiong in the early years of the Republic of China), but they were all deleted after being formally incorporated into Sikuquanshu and published by Wuyingdian. Thirdly, the complicated historical events involved in the History of the Old Five Dynasties are carefully researched and revised by relying on a large number of historical books, anthologies, notes and inscriptions of the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty; Fourthly, according to the records of the Song people about the compilation of this book, it is divided into "Ji 61, Zhi 12, and Chuan 77" (Volume 46 of Bibliography of Yu Hai Citing Zhongxing), making full use of the traces of the classification and compilation of the original books preserved in Yongle Dadian, and restoring the original books as much as possible. Most of the books in Sikuquanshu only contain Yongle Dadian, which adopts a new style, such as the classification of poems by style and the cataloging of surname books by rhyme, and the textual research is also rough. In this respect, Shao's level is indeed much higher than that of his colleagues. This edition of the History of the Old Five Dynasties, as one of the four-library encyclopedias, was compiled and presented in the 40th year of Qianlong (AD 1775), indicating the source of the original edition, and attaching notes to supplement and verify the historical facts after the relevant words, and attaching yellow stickers after the textual research of some words. 192 1, photocopied and published by Nanchang Xiongshi (hereinafter referred to as "photo album"). Later, in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (A.D. 1784), there were The Complete Books of Four Treasures of Man Jin Ge and the Printed Edition of Wu Ying Tang (referred to as the Canon), and the notes to supplement historical facts were still attached to the text, while textual research and historical facts were attached to the end of the volume as "textual research". The text has changed a lot, adding and deleting a lot of content and deleting the source of the series. The existing general editions of History of the Five Dynasties and Interpretation of Printed Edition are reprinted according to the temple edition. In addition, there are Gu School-based (hereinafter referred to as "Kong Ben", and now only the school-based of Zhang Yu, a close friend), Peng School-based (hereinafter referred to as "Peng Ben") and Baojinglou (hereinafter referred to as "Lu's manuscripts", all of which attach great importance to the preservation of the source of the collection, and their contents are roughly the same as those of the library. Among them, Kong Ben was copied from an earlier manuscript, which contained many taboo words that were not touched in the Qing Dynasty, and kept dozens of notes that were deleted in later manuscripts. As for the printed version of Jiayetang of 1925 (referred to as "Liu Ben" for short), Ruben was used as the base copy, and a lot of proofreading was done according to the temple version, and the style was quite complicated. The History of the Old Five Dynasties in the Hundred Springs Edition of Twenty-four History by the Commercial Press was photocopied according to Liu Ben. These books retain the source of literature, and the taboo parts have not completely changed. Many scholars have paid attention to it in later generations, and the shortcomings of the Qing version have gradually become clear. Its big end mainly includes:
First, he was frightened by the political atmosphere of the Qing court. He tampered with a large number of derogatory words in the original work, that is, the words involving Rong Lu and Yidi were arbitrarily tampered with, which was particularly obvious in Chen Yuan's History of the Old Five Dynasties, such as changing "Lu Zhu" to "Qi", "Qilu" to "Enemy Riding" and "Jade Glory Offending Que" and so on. From the analysis of the archives of the four warehouses that have been published now, these tampering are not necessarily because of the imperial edict of Emperor Qianlong, but more because the warehouse officials are afraid of disasters. After the compilation of the History of the Old Five Dynasties, Emperor Qianlong inquired about the reasons why Jin people banned books. Shao was frightened and fell ill. Fortunately, Yu Minzhong, a great scholar, tried his best to deal with it and nothing happened. Later, the version was repeatedly changed because of this.
Second, there are too many omissions in the compilation of historical documents. As far as the books such as Yongle Dadian and Yuangui, which were mainly based on at that time, were concerned, the omission was very serious. There are only more than 800 volumes of the existing edition of Yongle Dadian, and the quotations from the History of the Old Five Dynasties are less than 100. The biographies of An, Ma Xifan, An Congjin and Li Congchang were omitted from the Qing edition. There are more than 10,000 documents in the five generations of Yuan Gui of Ci Fu, and only 300 documents are included in the Ming edition, which is extremely serious.
The third is that the collection is not wide. As far as we know, there are more than 30 kinds of literary expressions quoted in Song Yuanming's ancient books. At that time, there were only six kinds of books used for collection, such as Yongle Dadian, Yuangui, Textual Research on Zi Jian, Zi Lan and Rong Zhai Essays, and there were many books that could be seen at that time.
The fourth is that there are many recording errors. Since Shao, many scholars have been engaged in collating, and Zhonghua Book Company has collated more than 1000 places, but there are still many problems. Give a few examples. "Jin Gaozu Ji" Tianfu six years in July, "before, Dengzhou was our time". Jiao Fang's only point of view is that our times make officials high, so we should not be ignorant. By consulting the historical documents before and after, it can be determined that it is Ma Wan's mistake in the History of the Old Five Dynasties. The calligraphy of the word "Ma" is similar to the word "Jiao", and the word "Wan" is generally written as "Wan", and one more point is "Fang". Another example is the "imperial decree" in February of the second year of Changxing in the "Tang Ming Zong Ji": the appointment of the government is limited to the 25th. State secretariat, marching Sima, deputy envoy and second envoy are guest posts below judges, and are judges, magistrates and county officials of regiment defense forces. , and is limited to 30 days, except those who follow the government. "(Chinese, page 576) In June of the same year," C Zi, let all observers make up the seedling tax, force households to make up the poverty with surplus seedlings, and take the inspection as the successor, which will be fixed from this year. " (ibid., page 580) The previous paragraph seems to stipulate the term of office of officials, but it is incomprehensible why there are fewer officials and higher officials, and there is a separate quota. However, the world is big, and the roads of state capitals are far away. How can we unify the regulations? Looking up Yuan Gui (Volume 633), it is found that "taking office" here is "serving as an assistant" and "day" in both places is "month". The original imperial edict stipulated the term of office of officials, which had nothing to do with taking office or going to work. It is difficult to understand the latter paragraph "those who have heirs are excluded from tax". First of all, the word "excluded from tax" is not used. Second, it is only about the inspection of seedlings. Why does it involve the existence of heirs? Look up Volume 488 of Yuan Gui Bookstore, and it says here that "those who wish will receive it by the table, and those who speak will receive it by the festival", which means that according to this, the households agree with the strong, and those who disagree but speak will receive it by the festival to make a choice. Two historical texts were corrected by this school, and the meaning of the texts suddenly became clear. Different from the above-mentioned man-made taboos, this is caused by accidental mistakes. Chen Yuan, a modern historian, first proposed a comprehensive revision of the Qing edition, and his ideas were found in his article "Chen Yuan's History Collection II, Zhonghua Book Company 198 1" written in 1936, and then the two books were compared according to four catalogues. This plan is very thorough and feasible. Because of these comparisons, he published a series of important papers on the history of the old Five Dynasties. 1959, in the preface made by Chen Yuan for Zhonghua Book Company to photocopy the Ming version of Yuan Gui, he put forward a new idea: "The History of the Five Dynasties compiled by Xue Ku in Ganlong Middle School, most of which could have been compiled by Ci Fu, was obtained from Ci Fu, and there are many outside sources. Yongle ceremony is an isolated copy of the internal government. It may be a preface that emphasizes its importance, and the implementation is unclear.
The collation of the History of the Old Five Dynasties by Zhonghua Book Company was carried out in the special period of the Cultural Revolution. Originally undertaken by Chen Yuan, it was later undertaken by some teachers of Chinese Department and History Department of Fudan University due to high-level intervention. As a part of the collation of the whole set of Twenty-four History, the style is to revise the old version rather than compile the new one. Therefore, the collating book has comprehensively cleaned up and sorted out the characters of the collating book system, which can be said to be the integration of the collating book, but it has not broken through this basic framework. In recent years, some scholars have questioned the paragraph that "the words that are changed because of taboo in the series are generally not changed back except those that affect the meaning of the text", which is reasonable, but it seems to be beyond the sorting norms at that time.
The existing ancient books include Yongle Dadian, Yuan Gui of Ci Fu, Taiping Yulan, Notes on the History of the New Five Dynasties, Textual Research on Zi Jian, Notes on Zi Jian, Rong Zhai Essays, Guang Ji, thomas lee and Lei Yao. Some of them are popular books in Qing dynasty, but they have not been consulted and used due to negligence, and some are not easy to see. For example, Lei Yao only passes through paper money, Tongli was introduced by Ruan Yuan, and Dialectics of Ancient and Modern Surnames Books has just been compiled from Yongle Dadian. Some of these works quoted the history of the old Five Dynasties, some directly marked with quotations, making it easier to obtain information, while others did not explain, such as Tongli. However, as long as the historical texts about the Five Dynasties are compared with the clear version of The History of the Old Five Dynasties, it is not difficult to find that these parts are written according to the latter section. Of course, the main basis for compiling the History of the Old Five Dynasties, or the two sources for preserving the documents of the Five Dynasties, are Yongle Dadian and Yuangui.
Because the History of the Old Five Dynasties, which has been included in the 24-year history, is still "compiled" after all, some biographies are incomplete, and the preface in the Twelve Years Chronicle is only half written, which makes later historians deeply regret. They always look forward to the comprehensive reproduction of the History of the Old Five Dynasties from the people. In the 1930s, it was reported that there was a set of Jin Dynasty's History of the Old Five Dynasties in Anhui, which was later said to be hidden in Shanghai, but it has not been published after many inquiries. This edition of History of the Old Five Dynasties has been verified by many scholars, and it is found that the original text copied from Yongle Dadian during the Qianlong period has been tampered with by Qing historians. Chen Yuan, a famous historian, wrote three volumes of Answers to the Five Dynasties' Old History Outline, and compared the 194 articles in Gan Long History Outline with Yuan Gui in turn, and concluded that ten kinds of additions and deletions made by historians in Qing Dynasty were all of political significance. Therefore, when we study and quote the history of the old Five Dynasties today, we should distinguish between them.
After 20 years' painstaking and rigorous research, Fudan scholar Chen has completed seven million-word magnum opus Supplement to the Collected Works of the Tang Dynasty and New Editions of the History of the Old Five Dynasties, which were grandly published by Zhonghua Book Company and Fudan University Press on the occasion of the centenary of Fudan University. This is another great achievement in the field of literature and history research in China.
The new edition of the History of the Old Five Dynasties is the latest edition of the History of the Old Five Dynasties, which is one of the twenty-four histories. Before the Anti-Japanese War, Chen Yuan, a great historian, put forward the idea of revising this book again. In the past two decades, many scholars on both sides of the Taiwan Strait have also put forward this initiative, but due to the extremely large and complicated documents involved, this work has never been completed. Professor Chen began to compile this book from 1994, which lasted 1 1 year. The book has 3.2 million words, and its contents have been greatly increased and revised. According to incomplete statistics, * * * re-compiled 53 biographies and chronicles, supplemented 60 biographies, deleted 9 articles wrongly collected by the Qing Dynasty, supplemented tens of thousands of words of Wen Yi, and revised, supplemented, deleted and edited nearly 10,000 official historical articles. At the same time, the compilation times of the original book were adjusted appropriately, and the five generations of records on which the book was compiled and revised were supplemented. It provides a relatively complete and reliable text of this official history, which is a new text after the finalization of Twenty-four History of Qing Dynasty. It comprehensively cleaned up the complicated historical events in the Five Dynasties, provided a large number of first-hand historical documents, revealed the basic characteristics of the documents on which the book was compiled and deleted them, creating a new example of official history annotation.