First, the theory of human nature is Mencius' main philosophical thought and his theory of human nature. The theory of "good nature" is the theoretical basis for Mencius to talk about life and politics, and it is the central link in his ideological system. He believes that "benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom" are inherent things of human beings and are not obtained from the external world that exists objectively. The theory of "good nature" is a set of idealism, but Mencius regards the theory of "good nature" as the theoretical basis of people's self-cultivation and benevolence. It also has certain positive significance. Second, moral theory "benevolence and righteousness" is the core idea of Mencius' moral theory. Mencius' "benevolence and righteousness" has a class nature and is based on the feudal hierarchical society. However, he opposed the exploitation of the people by the rulers and the war between the state and the family. Thirdly, politically and economically, Mencius gave full play to Confucius' thought of "benevolence" and put forward his political proposition of "benevolent governance". "Benevolence" and "righteousness" are the core of Mencius' ideal theory and the starting point of his political economy theory. Mencius' political theory is king with benevolent governance as its content, and its essence is to serve the feudal ruling class. Fourthly, Mencius' viewpoint contains idealistic elements in philosophy and epistemology. Mencius' Heaven holds that Heaven is the highest will, and the change of dynasties, the translocation of kings, the rise and fall, wealth and poverty in the world are all determined by destiny. People want to go with the weather, "those who go with the weather will prosper, those who go against the weather will die", and God's will is irresistible. He stood on the opposite side of materialist reflection theory, denied that human thought was a reflection of social existence, and believed that people were born with the seeds of goodness.
What is the core idea of Mencius?
There are three main ideas and political propositions of Mencius: the theory of "benevolent government", the theory of "valuing the people over the monarch" and the theory of "being good in nature". Benevolence: benevolence is a kind of Confucianism. Confucianism, represented by Mencius, inherited and developed Confucius' "benevolence". It is one of the political ideals in Mencius' theory, such as "people-oriented", "benevolent government", "kingly way" and "theory of good nature". This kind of thought mainly advocates the theory of "the people are wise to the monarch" and "human nature is good" Mencius' social and political thoughts. From the standpoint of all countries in the world, people are the foundation, people are the foundation, and people are more important than kings. "People value the monarch" is the core of Mencius' theory of benevolent government. Nature is good: Mencius believes that everyone yearns for goodness. Generally speaking: politically, Mencius advocates that law precedes king and benevolent government; Theoretically, he admired Confucius and opposed Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai. Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' thoughts, but compared with Confucius' thoughts, he added his own understanding of Confucianism, and some of his thoughts were also extreme.
What is the core idea of Mencius?
The core ideas of Mencius are "Tao" and "righteousness". Inspired by this idea, we can see "shining individuals" even in corrupt dynasties and ignorant people. In a relatively democratic environment, this shining experience will converge into a "brilliant torrent" to lead the future of China. I once extracted the social torrent of China people's "United as one" in "The Glory of Human Nature Determined by Culture". Some friends want me to explore the reasons behind it. What I want to express here is that it is these social elites who "sacrificed their lives for justice" who led the people of China not to be "conquered people" for China and made indelible contributions to the world anti-fascist war.
Management is to tell social elites how to behave, which is consistent with Mencius' starting point. Therefore, it is a simple method to test whether "Chinese management" conforms to "China spirit" with Mencius' remarks. This paper lists some contents of Mencius, and provides a comparative data for those who have read Mr. Ceng Shiqiang's articles to see whether "Chinese management" is closely combined with Confucianism. If the combination is not close, or even completely opposite, can it be called "Chinese style"
What is the core of Mencius' thought?
Mencius' theory of "benevolent governance" is the core of Mencius' political thought and the inheritance and development of Confucius' thought of "benevolence". Mencius started from Confucius' thought of "benevolence" and expanded it into a policy program including ideology, politics, economy and culture, which is "benevolence". The basic spirit of "benevolent government" is to have deep sympathy and love for the people.
The main thoughts of Mencius
First, the theory of good nature
Mencius' main philosophical thought is his theory of good nature. The theory of "good nature" is the theoretical basis for Mencius to talk about life and politics, and it is the central link in his ideological system.
"Everyone has compassion; Everyone has a heart of shame and evil; Everyone has a respectful heart; Everyone has a right and wrong heart. Compassion, benevolence; Shame and nausea, righteousness also; Respect, right and wrong, wisdom. Benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom are not foreign, but inherent to me. " ("On Gao Zi")
"People who can do what they don't learn have good abilities; Those who don't worry have a conscience. " (on "exclusive use")
He believes that "benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom" is something that people are born with, and it is not obtained from the external world that exists objectively. The theory of "good nature" is a set of idealism, but Mencius regards the theory of "good nature" as the theoretical basis of people's self-cultivation and benevolence. It also has certain positive significance.
Second, moral theory.
"Benevolence and righteousness" is the core idea of Mencius' moral theory. Mencius' "benevolence and righteousness" has a class nature and is based on the feudal hierarchical society. However, he opposed the exploitation of the people by the rulers and the war between the state and the family.
Benevolence is an ancient category of political thought. The interpretation of the word "benevolence" in Shuowen is: "Benevolence is also near. From the second person. " With the development of society, its meaning has also evolved. Confucius' theory of benevolence has given more enrichment and play. Benevolence is the highest moral ideal of Confucius: Confucius uses the concept of benevolence in various senses, which reflects that Confucius' theory is not complete and rigorous. Mencius is also the most benevolent. Mencius' development of Confucius' thought of benevolence is embodied in Mencius' theory of good nature. He put forward four virtues of benevolence, courtesy and wisdom, with benevolence as its central point. The relationship between benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom is further discussed. Secondly, based on the ethical thought of benevolence, Mencius put forward the theory of benevolent government. Mencius took benevolence as the starting point of his administration, asked the rulers to "govern the people with benevolence" (see King Hui of Liang), and also put forward specific economic and political measures of benevolent governance.
Three. Political and economic aspects
Mencius gave full play to Confucius' thought of "benevolence" and put forward the political proposition of "benevolent government"
"Benevolence" and "righteousness" are the core of Mencius' ideal theory and the starting point of his political economy theory. Mencius' political theory is king with benevolent governance as its content, and its essence is to serve the feudal ruling class.
Benevolence, according to Mencius' explanation, is "human heart" What is benevolence? According to Mencius, it can be summarized as follows: 1. Kiss. Mencius advocated that rulers should "share with the people" and "have fun with the people". Second, use virtuous people. "Those who win the world are called benevolence." ("On Teng Wengong") "Respect the sages and enable them, and Jie Jun is in office." ("Gong Sunchou") "When a saint is in office, an able person is in office; Ming's political punishment. " Third, respect human rights. Mencius publicly preached the slogan of "people value the monarch but despise him", and advocated reconciling the relationship between rulers and working people within a certain range. Fourth, compassion. The rulers are required to adopt the method of "old people and old people, young people and young people" to govern the people. I believe that this will be welcomed and supported by the people, so as to achieve "invincible in the world." Fifth, killing people who have no choice is also benevolence, which is the greatest benevolence. Mencius called for a solemn condemnation of all tyrants and corrupt officials who were arrogant by the disabled people, and tried to develop the real society into a political track of "protecting the people as kings".
Mencius established an ideal economic plan based on "minefield" with "benevolent government" as the fundamental starting point. Advocate the idea of "saving punishment, collecting thin taxes" and "not violating the farming season" It is required that feudal countries should attach importance to and develop production while collecting taxes, so as to make the people rich, so as to have sufficient sources of fiscal revenue. This kind of thinking should be affirmed. As a thinker of the new landlord class, Mencius also put forward the theory of emphasizing agriculture but not restraining commerce, which improved the traditional concept of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce", which was progressive at that time. Mencius' ideal of "well-field system" has far-reaching influence and guiding significance for later generations to establish a theory of governing the country to limit land annexation and ease class contradictions.
Fourth, in philosophy and epistemology.
Mencius' view contains some elements of idealism. Mencius' Heaven holds that Heaven is the highest will, and the change of dynasties, the translocation of kings, the rise and fall, wealth and poverty in the world are all determined by destiny. People want to go with the weather, "those who go with the weather will prosper, those who go against the weather will die", and God's will is irresistible. He stood on the opposite side of materialist reflection theory, denied that people's thoughts were the reflection of social existence, and thought that people were born good. ......