Jingdezhen, the porcelain capital
Jingdezhen, a city under the jurisdiction of Jiangxi Province, is located in the northeast of Jiangxi Province at the junction of Anhui, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces, which is equivalent to 1 17 degrees 0. 1 sec-17 degrees 4 minutes 2 seconds north latitude 29 degrees 0./kloc. The territory is surrounded by mountains and rivers, and ancient ceramic sites are everywhere. It has a rich ceramic culture atmosphere and is a beautiful and unique city. Domestic tourist attractions mainly include Jingdezhen ceramics museum, Longzhu Cabinet Imperial Kiln Site, Jingdezhen Ceramic History Museum (1), 1( 1), 1(2), 1(3), 1(4), and. 1( 10), 1( 1 1), 1( 12), ancient kiln workshops (2), 2( 1) 4( 1), 4(2), 4(3), 4(4) and Sanbao Shuidi Workshop, Sanbao Ceramic Research Institute, Yaoli Ancient Residence and Ancient Kiln Site (5) and various folk ceramic workshops all over the city and outside. Jingdezhen is a cultural tourist attraction with unique charm.
Jingdezhen is an ancient town with a history of thousands of years.
In the long years, the name of this town has been changed several times. The name "Jingdezhen" began in the Jingdezhen period of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1004- 1007). Song Zhenzong ordered Changnan Town to pay tribute to imperial porcelain (6) and ordered the inscription "Jingdezhen Year System". Because the imperial porcelain is "beautiful and effective on all sides", it is called "Jingdezhen porcelain in the world", so Jingdezhen got its name and has been used ever since.
1On May 5, 949, Jingdezhen broke away from Fuliang County and became a municipality of Jiangxi Province on June 5, 953. 1982, Jingdezhen was named as one of the 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China by the State Council. 1985 upgraded to Class A open city.
"Earth and water are suitable for making pottery"
Jingdezhen and its surrounding areas are rich in raw materials for ceramic industry-porcelain stone (7), porcelain clay (8), glaze stone (9), glaze fruit (10), refractory material (1) and kaolin (12), which are characterized by
Jingdezhen and its surrounding areas are hilly areas, rich in forest resources and hydrodynamic resources, rich in pine and miscellaneous wood, which provide a natural fuel for porcelain burning (13). When Jingdezhen porcelain industry developed and prospered, there were hundreds of official kilns, and there were dozens in depression. Small kilns use firewood 180 tons a day, accounting for 9000. Jingdezhen is located in the mountainous area, but the rivers in the territory crisscross and converge to the urban area from all directions, especially the Yangtze River (14) and (15) originating in Qimen, Anhui Province, and its tributaries Donghe, Nanhe and Xihe pass around the city and flow into Poyang Lake 90 kilometers downstream. Most of the places where the tributaries of the Yangtze River flow are sources of raw materials and fuel for porcelain making. Install water wheel and water mill on the tributary (16) and (17) to crush porcelain stone, make porcelain clay and glaze the fruit. According to records, there are more than 6,000 waterwheels and 4,700 water mills in the local area, with more than 6,000 at the peak. The wheels turn, the waterwheel rolls, and the scene of "the heavy waterwheel is caught in the river and thunders before the rain" is spectacular. Known as the lifeline of Jingdezhen ceramics in ancient and modern times, the Yangtze River has broken a corner of the situation by relying on it. Relying on it, Qimen and Wuyuan in Shangshuo continuously transported porcelain raw materials and fuels, and then arrived in Bohai Sea, and then successively arrived in the Yangtze River and the ocean, making Jingdezhen ceramics "travel in nine cities and apply in the ocean", and there was a scene on both sides of the Yangtze River. Until today, the Yangtze River still plays an important role in the development of Jingdezhen ceramics.
Jingdezhen porcelain industry occupies an extremely important position in the history of ceramics in China and even in the world. Although the history and prosperity of porcelain making is later than that of other kiln sites, she has created the most magnificent page in the history of China ceramics. Although she is not the inventor of ceramics, she has become the most outstanding representative of China ceramics with the spirit of embracing all rivers and the heroic spirit of her masters, which has had a far-reaching impact on the world and human civilization.
Overview of Jingdezhen's Millennium Ceramic History
The pottery industry in Jingdezhen "began in the Han Dynasty" (Eastern Han Dynasty, AD 25-220). At this time, the pottery was "extremely thick in quality, extremely thick in body and light and rough in glaze", "only for your common use" and not exported. So the impact is extremely limited.
Jingdezhen area "soil and water are suitable for pottery. Since the Chen Dynasty (AD 557-589), indigenous people have been engaged in this work, and Zhentao has been famous all over the world since the Chen Dynasty. " During the Eastern Jin Dynasty (A.D. 365438 +07-420), Zhao Ci, a local, made a series of major reforms on the glaze making, molding and firing of Jingdezhen ceramics, which made an important contribution to the transformation and development of Jingdezhen from pottery to porcelain. He is known as the "master of porcelain making" and built a temple to worship him. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the first year of Chen Zhide, he built a palace in Beijing and fired porcelain in Xinping Town, Chen Houzhu. During the great cause of Sui Dynasty (58 1-6 18), Xinping Town produced "Two Lions, Elephants and Beasts, which were presented to Ren Xian Palace". By the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) and the Five Dynasties (907-960), Jingdezhen ceramics had become famous all over the world. "The pottery kiln, which is also a ware in the early Tang Dynasty, is only white clay, with a slightly thin body and moist pigment", "fake jade", "Tao Min fired it in the town", "pottery jade brought porcelain into the customs and paid tribute, so the porcelain in Changnan Town became famous all over the world", "Huo kiln and kiln porcelain are also plain, and those who are good at soil are greasy, and those who are thin are like jade, which is Dongshan. Zhi Yizai: "In the fourth year of Tang Wude (AD 62 1), the new civil servant Huo Zhongchu was called into the palace. "According to archaeological findings, the five dynasties kiln sites in Jingdezhen are widely distributed, with as many as 18, especially the Hutian ancient kiln site, which lasted for 600 to 700 years and was the largest and had far-reaching influence. These kiln sites all burn celadon and white porcelain. The hue of green is gray, and the hue of white is pure. Moreover, white porcelain has fine tread pattern and good light transmittance (19). The sintering temperature reached1150-1200℃, the porosity was 0.8%, and the whiteness of the matrix was above 70%. The utensils mainly include plates, bowls, pots, boxes and water jugs. , mainly plates and bowls. This shows that Jingdezhen in the Five Dynasties established its position as the earliest place to burn white porcelain in the south and achieved great success, thus breaking the monopoly of southern celadon and the pattern of "blue in the south and white in the north", which played an extremely important role in the production of celadon in the Song Dynasty and the development of porcelain industry in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain was famous for its dexterity, elegance and beauty. This celadon (20) was successfully fired on the basis of firing celadon and white porcelain in the Five Dynasties. Celadon tires are exquisitely processed and have the reputation of "jade bone with Plain Muscle". The glaze is white and blue, and it is as white as jade. (2 1), together with various fine patterns engraved on the underglaze colored porcelain tire, combined with each other and brought out the best in each other, forming a celadon with better color than Qiong Jiu. It is exquisite, beautiful, clear and elegant, and has become an extremely precious variety in the history of China ceramics, thus making Jingdezhen among the famous kilns in the Song Dynasty.
Jingdezhen porcelain industry in Song Dynasty showed a prosperous situation. (22) According to archaeological discoveries, there were as many as 30 kiln sites in the Song Dynasty, including "more than 300 kiln sites", and the types of ceramics also developed to hundreds. In the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen not only fired a wide variety of shadow glaze carved porcelain, but also successfully fired a large number of shadow glaze carved porcelain with different shapes and unique styles and copied a variety of glazed porcelain.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen successfully fired blue-and-white porcelain (23) and underglaze red porcelain (24), which are two distinctive and valuable categories. Blue and white have strong coloring power, stable color, never fading patterns, elegant style, plain and beautiful appearance. Bright blue-and-white glaze and elegant white tire match each other skillfully, which has the characteristics of China ink painting and marks the arrival of a new era from plain porcelain to colored porcelain. With its multi-level, panoramic, distinctive decorative features and decorative techniques of painting-based, engraving, painting and printing, Yuan Blue and White has opened up a new road for the development of ceramic art in China. Red in the glaze is painted on the tire with copper red material, and the transparent glaze is fired in a high-temperature reducing atmosphere, which makes the porcelain with red patterns under the glaze difficult to fire and colorful, so that it is still an extremely precious porcelain category today. Red in glaze can be used to decorate porcelain alone or mixed with blue and white, which is called red in blue and white glaze. These two are extremely precious.
The firing of high-temperature glass has also made outstanding achievements. Established in 1278, the "Shufu" porcelain (25) fired by Fuliang Porcelain Bureau is thick and opaque, and its color is white and slightly blue, just like the color of goose eggs (also known as "egg white glaze") (26). This white and moist egg white glaze is the basis for the emergence and development of blue-and-white and underglaze red porcelain, and also laid a certain foundation for the development of underglaze colored porcelain and "white" porcelain in the early Ming Dynasty. The appearance of other colored glazes, such as red glaze (27), blue glaze (28) and gold glaze, indicates that people have mastered the rules of hair color of various colorants and made Jingdezhen porcelain decoration colorful, thus ending the situation that the glaze color of porcelain before Yuan Dynasty was mainly like jade and silver, and heralding the arrival of a new era.
In Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen was contested by officials and people. "There is a piece of Ming Dynasty porcelain, the most exquisite and beautiful, all from Jingdezhen", "Several counties merged and lost to Rao Jun County, Jiangxi Province for production ... If the husband is four China people and the famous hunters are all" Floating Beams in Rao Jun County "produced by Jingdezhen, Jingdezhen will truly become the place where porcelain kilns gather in the world. In the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen not only inherited the technology of the previous generation and carried forward the types of firing, but also digested and absorbed the excellent skills of the declining famous kiln, extensively absorbed the essence of foreign culture, boldly innovated and created many new varieties, new shapes and new decorations, which really "created a generation of surprises". All these innovations not only made Jingdezhen the center of the national porcelain industry in Ming Dynasty, but also made Jingdezhen the center of the porcelain industry in Ming Dynasty.
During Yongle period, Jingdezhen successfully fired exquisite porcelain, and during Chenghua period (A.D. 1465- 1487), exquisite blue and white exquisite porcelain was produced. Linglong porcelain is green and bright, and blue and white are elegant and attractive.
The successful firing of Dalonggang and thin-shell porcelain is the embodiment of the high technical achievements of Jingdezhen porcelain industry and the amazing wisdom of porcelain technicians in the Ming Dynasty. Dalonggang, which is more than 70cm in diameter and height, is decorated with dragon whiskers with five claws. It is huge, magnificent and solemn, and it is dedicated to the emperor. Others should not use it illegally to further reveal its mystery. The production of thin-walled porcelain shows the artistic originality and intelligence of porcelain-making technicians from another side. The thinnest and thinnest thin-walled porcelain is only 0.5 mm thick, and the thickest is only 1mm, which is really "as thin as paper". (29)
Painted porcelain represented by Chenghua stoneware (30) is an unparalleled masterpiece in the history of China ceramics. Stoneware, founded in Chenghua period, combined underglaze blue and white with underglaze color, creating a new era of colored porcelain in China. During Chenghua period, there were generally three or four kinds of over-glaze colors, up to more than six kinds, and the characteristics of the colors used were extremely distinctive, which were more beautiful than pure under-glaze colors or over-glaze colors, giving people a sense of competition. From Jiajing (A.D. 1522- 1566) to Wanli (A.D. 1573- 16 19), blue and white colors were created on the basis of Chenghua stoneware, which changed the stoneware. Blue and white are in the same position as red, yellow and green, and there is no distinction between master and slave, which greatly enriches the expressive force of blue and white, showing the situation that red is mainly red, light green, dark green, yellow, brown, purple and underglaze blue. The colored porcelain in Jiajing and Wanli years has many patterns and colorful colors. In the Ming Dynasty, there were blue-and-white colors, blue-and-white red-and-green colors, over-glaze colors (3 1), filling colors, gold colors, etc. Plain tricolor is also very famous.
In the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain with high-temperature monochromatic glaze (firing temperature 1200℃ or above) and low-temperature monochromatic glaze (firing temperature 1200℃ or below) developed greatly. The production of white porcelain was fired in every dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, and everything was wonderful. Yongle's Baitian (32) net; The juice of Xuande (A.D. 1426- 1435) is as thick as fat and as bright as jade. Jiajing's purity and purity; Wanli is bright and brilliant; They are all amazing and refreshing. The most outstanding achievements of monochromatic glazes in Ming Dynasty are the red glaze (33) and blue glaze (34) of Yongle and Xuande, the malachite green (35) of Chenghua and the yellow glaze (36) of Hongzhi (1488-1505). The red vessels in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, also known as "red ritual vessels", are as thick as fat and bright in color, and have the reputation of "the treasure of Yongle", winning the evaluation that "the most expensive permanent vessel is red". The ruby red glaze (37) in Xuande period is better than Yongle Dahong glaze. Glaze juice is crystal clear as ruby, and the fetal quality is delicate and compact, which is extremely precious. The blue glazed porcelain of the Ming Dynasty burned more during the Xuande period. Later generations compared it with white glaze and red glaze and praised it as the "top grade" of Xuande porcelain.
Jingdezhen porcelain industry in the early Qing Dynasty, (39) whether it is an official kiln or a private kiln; No matter the product modeling, decorative techniques, decorative themes, and decorative styles, they have all reached the peak of "participating in the past and bringing forth the new, and being ingenious, especially in drawing figures, landscapes, flowers and birds", and the porcelain-making technology has almost reached the point of perfection and superb. At this time, Jingdezhen "stretches for more than ten miles, with a folk kiln of two or three hundred miles, and there are tens of thousands of craftsmen and workers, so there are many eaters, waiting for fire, rain, pottery and millet" (40) (Tang Ying's Tao Ren Xinyu) (4 1), "There are dozens of provinces, merchants all around, and porcelain sellers are concentrated. The Qing Dynasty, like the Ming Dynasty, is also the glory of the coexistence of official kilns and folk kilns, and they are both famous kilns.
There were many famous kilns and many innovations in the early Qing Dynasty. The famous official kilns in Kangxi period were Zang Kiln and Lang Kiln. During the reign of Kangxi, Zang Kiln was built by Zang, the governor of Tao. The main achievement of Zang kiln is monochromatic glaze, but blue and white, multicolored, plain tricolor and underglaze red are all extremely exquisite. Kangxi (42) Blue and white flowers are bright and pure in color, distinct in layers, and have the reputation of "colorful blue and white flowers", unique in style, and "unique in style", especially blue and white flowers in folk kilns are typical representatives of blue and white flowers in Qing Dynasty; Kangxi multicolored invented the blue and black colors on the glaze, which became another turning point of colored porcelain, and basically changed the situation that blue and white multicolored combined with underglaze colors dominated in the Ming Dynasty. Moreover, with the increase of colors, the use of gold broke through the single technique of Ming Jiajing painting gold in Fan Hong, Ji Hong and other places, making Kangxi colorful and dazzling. Langyao is a porcelain produced by Langtingji, Governor of Jiangxi Province, when he supervised the imperial kiln in Jingdezhen from 44 to 5 1 year (46). Langyao is famous for imitating Xuande and Chenghua kilns in Ming Dynasty. The most outstanding achievement of Langyao is to imitate the red glaze offered by Xuande in Ming Dynasty, and to create the colored glaze and Lang Yaohong represented by Lang Yaohong. (43) "flashy but not vulgar, its color is positive." Its color is deep and bright, red as condensed bovine blood (so it is also called bovine blood red), its glaze color is bright and heavy, and the vessel is divided inside and outside, as bright as glass, as magnificent as ruby and priceless. When Kangxi was in power, he also burned Yatan Douhong, also known as Beauty Drunk (44); It is very appropriate to describe it with the poem "Green as clear water on the first birthday, Red as the morning glow". On the basis of multi-colors, the pastel created by Kangxi dynasty under the influence of enamel production technology achieved unprecedented development in Yongzheng period, and the situation of "being clear is the most important" appeared. The addition of arsenic in pastel and the application of boneless rendering techniques in Chinese painting highlight the three-dimensional sense of yin and yang, light and shade, and the firing temperature of pastel is lower than that of ancient painting, and the color contrast is more harmonious. So it looks soft and pink, rich in color, gorgeous and elegant, vivid in image and elegant in composition. The so-called "fresh and dazzling, extraordinary works." It is particularly worth mentioning that Tang Ying (45 years old), a pottery official who combines poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing, and takes porcelain art as the first priority, has made brilliant achievements under the leadership of Tang Kiln. He is not only the representative of Qianlong Dynasty, but also the representative of achievements in the history of ancient porcelain making in China. In the sixth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1728), 47-year-old Tang Ying served as an assistant director of kiln affairs and presided over the pottery administration with the heart of a Taoist. Its embryo, glaze color, vessel type, variety, technology, decorative form, over-glaze color and under-glaze color painting, regardless of antique, regardless of innovation, are at their peak. As "Jingdezhen" said: "Gong knows the fire in the earth, carefully selects all materials, and all products are made of pure gold. Antique kiln furniture, all comparable; Imitating all kinds of famous glazes, it is not a coincidence that the workers are capable, and they are all prepared ... At this point, the kiln is completed! " . (46) From the mid-Qianlong period, (47) Jingdezhen porcelain industry showed signs of decline, and gradually declined in the late Qing Dynasty. After Daoguang, Jingdezhen porcelain industry was in a state of depression until/kloc-0 was liberated on April 29th, 949. Therefore, Qianlong was once the heyday of the Qing Dynasty and the hub of the rise and fall of a generation.