He is studious, knowledgeable and versatile. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures, and recruited disciples, regardless of wealth. It is said that there are 3000 disciples, 72 of whom are excellent. He became an emissary of cultural exchange. He traveled around the world, and devoted himself to the collation and dissemination of ancient documents, education, sorting out ancient classics such as poems and books, and deleting Chunqiu in his later years. Its students recorded their thoughts and actions in The Analects.
Through lifelong advocacy and the development of Confucianism in past dynasties, Confucius made China's Confucianism the mainstream of China culture and the guiding ideology of China people for more than 2,000 years. The core of Confucius' ideological system is the rule of virtue, and he persistently advocates a benign society and a benign life. The highest standard of Dehua society is "courtesy", and the highest value of Dehua life is "benevolence". Confucius taught people to actively pursue the "loyalty and forgiveness" of "standing if you want, reaching if you want" and "don't do to others what you don't want", so as to establish a correct outlook on life and correctly handle the relationship between people. Confucius advocated the teaching of "harmony between man and nature" to deal with the relationship between man and nature. He also expounded and spread the truth that people should not only be kind to people, but also love things. Confucius advocated that the country should implement the moral policy of "teaching the rich" to develop society and culture. Confucius believes that the highest achievement of civilization is to create an ideal society by cultivating ideal personality, and to achieve the realm of "the world is public" and "the world is harmonious" by practicing the principle of "the sage inside and the king outside". Because of Confucius' outstanding contribution and far-reaching influence, he was respected by the people of China as the most sacred teacher and a teacher for generations.
Confucius has gone for more than 2,000 years, and the theory he founded occupied a dominant position in ancient China and became the mainstream of China culture, with far-reaching influence. Modern China was impacted by western culture, and his theory was strongly criticized by the intellectual elite, which was almost a devastating blow. In the 20th century, when people deeply thought and reflected on people's own problems, his thoughts and theories attracted the attention of experts and scholars all over the world.
Sima Qian (former 145 or former 135 ~? Historians and writers of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (BC 145), it is said that he was born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), and the date of his death cannot be verified. Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time. From then on, Sima Qian began to write historical records. Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records is an excellent literary work with vivid language and vivid image. Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.
Li Shizhen (15 18 ~ 1593) was a physician in Ming dynasty. East wall, the old man by the lake at night. Qi zhou (now Qichun, Hubei) was born. A world doctor. Father Li Yanwen is a famous local doctor. He studied Confucianism when he was young and later became a doctor. I have studied ancient medical books, collected herbs in the mountains and collected folk experience. I feel that there are many errors in materia medica in past dynasties. I consulted more than 800 kinds of documents and combined with practice, which lasted for 27 years and was written into 52 volumes of Compendium of Materia Medica. In medicine, it was influenced by the four masters of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. There are also studies on pulse science and meridians, such as Hu Ling's Pulse Science and Qi Jing's Eight-pulse Examination. However, medical works such as Five Zang-organs Graph Theory and Ming Men Kao have been lost.
Zu Chongzhi (429 ~ 500). Famous mathematicians and scientists in Southern Dynasties, Song Dynasty and Qi Dynasty. The word Wen Yuan. Fan (now Laishui, Hebei). He has made great achievements in mathematics, astronomy, calendar and mechanical manufacturing. On the basis of predecessors, he calculated the values of pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. He is the first mathematician in the world to make pi accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point, and put forward the approximate ratio of 22/7 and the secret ratio of 355/ 17. Otto in Germany didn't reach this level until 1573, more than 1000 years before Europe. Therefore, people call the secret rate "ancestral rate". The Daming Calendar he compiled first considered the calculation of precession, and stipulated that a year was 365+338+38+0 days, which was more accurate than other calendars at that time. The machinery manufacturing industry has also made great achievements. Zhuan Shu and Jiu Zhang Shu Yi Zhu have been lost, as well as Yi Lao Zhuang, A Collection of Notes on the Analects of Confucius and Zu Chongzhi Ji (5 1), whose book is Shuo Wen Jie Zi (some people say it was written by Liang in the Southern Dynasties, but the annals were compiled by Zhi and others).
Hua Tuo, Zi Jing, was a physician at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Pei Guoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui Province) was born. Hua tuo has been practicing medicine all over the world all his life, with a good reputation and many achievements in medicine. He is proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and acupuncture, especially in surgery. According to "The Biography of Hua Tuo in the Later Han Dynasty", "If the disease occurs inside, acupuncture and medicine can't reach it, so the numbness will be dispersed with wine first, and the drunkenness will not be felt, and it will be cut due to a broken abdomen. If it is in the stomach, cut it off and wash it to get rid of the disease. Then sew it again, it will be fine in four or five days, and it will be calm in January. " Huatuo used Mafeisan to treat diseases such as "gastrointestinal stagnation" and performed abdominal surgery after anesthesia. This is the earliest record of general anesthesia surgery in the world medical history, which is earlier than that in the west 1600 years. Hua Tuo attached great importance to the prevention of diseases and emphasized physical exercise to enhance physical fitness. Thought: "The human body should work, but not use its ears." Shake it, the valley gas will disappear, the blood will circulate, and the disease will not be born. For example, the household pivot will be immortal. He imitated the movements and postures of tigers, deer, bears, apes and birds, and created the "Five Birds Play". If you feel uncomfortable, let a bird play and sweat, and you will feel light and cold. His disciple, Upp, insisted on the "Five Birds Show". He is over 90 years old, with bright eyes and ears and strong teeth. Cao Cao had a long-term headache and was cured by Hua Tuo many times. Because of the deep accumulation of this disease, it is difficult to cure. Cao Cao insisted that Hua Tuo be his doctor for fear of recurrence. Hua tuo was later killed because he didn't recruit anyone from Cao Cao. Before he died, Hua Tuo handed a sorted medical manuscript to the jailer and told him, "This can be a living person. "But, the jailer afraid of being tied, dare not accept. Hua tuo burned it in great grief and indignation. The existing Sino-Tibetan Scriptures are masterpieces of later generations. See Biography of Ji Fang in the Later Han Dynasty and Biography of the Three Kingdoms of Shu Wei and Ji Fang.