2 "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine": Miangen 2. 1 Pinyin name Mián Huā Gēn
2.2 cotton root alias soil astragalus
2.3 Roots of Malvaceae Herb Cotton, Asian Cotton and Upland Cotton. Autumn harvest and drying.
2.4 Sexual taste is sweet and warm.
2.5 Functions are mainly used for invigorating qi, relieving cough and asthma. Can be used for treating chronic bronchitis, asthenia and edema, and uterine prolapse.
2.6 The usage and dosage of cotton root is 0.5 ~ 1.
2.7 Excerpted from the National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine
3 "Chinese Materia Medica": Cotton Root 3. 1 From "Common Chinese Herbal Medicines in Shanghai"
3.2 Pinyin name Mián Huā Gēn
3.3 English name Levant Cotton Root
3.4 Cotton root alias cotton root bark, honey root and astragalus root.
3.5 Source of medicinal materials: roots or root bark of Malvaceae herb cotton, upland cotton, island cotton and kapok.
Latin animal and plant mineral name: 1. Plant specimen cotton 2. Upland cotton 3. Island cotton 4. Asian cotton.
Harvest and storage: digging in autumn, cleaning, slicing and drying in the sun; Or peel off the root skin, cut into sections and dry in the sun.
3.6 Original Form 1. Grass cotton is an annual herb to a sub-shrub, up to 1.5. Sparsely pilose, leaves alternate; Petiole is 2.58 cm long and villous; Stipules linear, 5 10 mm long, caducous; Leaves palmately 5-lobed, with a diameter of 5 10cm, usually wider than long, lobes broadly ovate, deeply lobed less than the middle of leaves, apex mucronate, base heart-shaped, with stellate bristles above, fine villi below and villous along veins. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, pedicels long 12 cm, villous; Bracteoles are connate at the base, broadly triangular, 23 cm long, wider than longer, with 68 teeth at the top, sparsely hairy along the veins; Calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed; The flowers are yellow, the base of the inner face is purple, and the diameter is 57cm. Capsule ovoid, about 3 cm long, beaked, usually 34-loculed. The seeds are large, about 1cm, separated, obliquely conical, and covered with long white cotton wool and short cotton wool. Flowers bloom in July and September.
2. The difference between this kind of upland cotton and grass cotton is that the leaves are palmately to shallowly lobed, and the lobes are broadly triangular to ovoid; Bracteoles 3, free at the base, heart-shaped, with 79 teeth at the top, and the length of tooth fissure is about 34 times the width; Staminal column length 12cm, filaments loosely arranged. The capsule is oval, and the seeds are covered not only with long cotton wool, but also with short cotton wool that is not easy to peel off. Flowers bloom in summer and autumn.
3. The difference between this species and the above two species is the perennial subshrub or shrub, which is 23m high. Except for bucket and dorsal vein of leaf blade, hairy or subglabrous; Branchlets are dark purple and angular. Leaves palmately 35-parted, lobes ovate or oblong. More than 5 bracteoles, separated, heart-shaped at the base, with long coarse teeth at the edge1015; Staminal column is 3.54 cm long, hairless, and filaments are closely arranged.
The capsule is oblong-ovoid, 35 cm long, with a large base and a sharp tip. Seeds are separated. Besides long hair, cotton wool is short and easy to peel off. Flowers bloom in summer and autumn.
4. Kapok perennial subshrubs to shrubs, up to 3 meters. Leaves palmately 5-parted, lobes oblong-lanceolate. Bracteoles 3, connate at base, triangular, longer than width, subtruncate.
3.7 Habitat distribution 1. Gansu, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Sichuan and Yunnan are all cultivated. Native to Arabia and Asia Minor.
2. All cotton areas in China are planted extensively. Native to America and Mexico.
3. Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan are all cultivated. Native to tropical South America and the West Indies.
4. Cotton is widely planted in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin in China. Since upland cotton was imported into China, kapok varieties have been eliminated. Native to India.
3.8 Character identification The root of upland cotton is cylindrical, slightly curved, with a length of 1020cm and a diameter of 0.42cm Its surface is yellowish brown, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles and transverse chapped pores, and its skin is thin, reddish brown and easy to fall off. Hard, the surface is broken and fibrous, yellow-white, odorless and tasteless.
Microscopic identification of cross-section of upland cotton roots: the cork layer is multi-row cork cells, which are partially broken. The inner layer of suppository is a series of parenchyma. The phloem is slightly wider and thicker, and the fiber constant of phloem is ten complete bundles, which alternate with parenchyma. The fiber wall is thin and not lignified, and the end of the longitudinal section is usually 23 forks. The rays of phloem are funnel-shaped, and sometimes mucus cavities can be seen in phloem, with tangential direction of 140288μm and radial direction of 6090 μ m, which are layered and looped. Xylem accounts for most of the roots, and the vessels are hash-shaped or connected; Wood fiber constant is 10. There are complete bundles, polygons and lignification, and 23 bifurcations can be seen at the end of longitudinal section. The line width of bamboo shoots 14 rows of cells, and the wall part is lignified; Four archetypes of primary xylem. This product contains starch granules in parenchyma cells.
3.9 chemical composition 1. Cotton root bark contains gossypol, flavonoids, acetyl vanillone, betaine, sterol, salicylic acid and so on. Roots contain saponins and phenols.
2. The root bark of upland cotton contains gossypol, gossypol, arginine, asparagine, betaine, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and a small amount of volatile oil. The volatile oil contains furfural and vanillin.
3. 10 pharmacological action 1. Antitussive effect: Mice taking the decoction of cotton root bark or gossypol or asparagine separated from cotton root bark have obvious antitussive effect (spraying ammonia water to induce cough). Cotton roots were extracted with ether to obtain cotton ether, and the residue was extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate, anhydrous ethanol and water in turn. These extracts are called cotton chlorine, cotton ester, cotton alcohol and cotton water respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of cotton root soup, cotton chlorine and cotton water in mice also has antitussive effect. However, cotton ether, cotton ester, cotton alcohol and cotton root bark crude extraction resin have no obvious cough relieving effect.
2. expectorant effect: The resin of crude extract of cotton root bark has obvious expectorant effect in mice (phenol red method), but the decoction, gossypol and asparagine have no obvious effect. Cotton root soup or intraperitoneal injection of cotton chlorine cotton water also has obvious expectorant effect, while gossypol, gossypol and gossypol have weak effect.
3. Antiasthmatic effect: The crude extract resin or asparagine taken orally by guinea pigs has certain antiasthmatic effect (histamine spray method), but the decoction is ineffective. Intraperitoneal injection of cotton root water extract or cotton ether, cotton chlorine, cotton ester, cotton alcohol and cotton water has no obvious antiasthmatic effect.
4. Antibacterial and antiviral effects: In vitro experiments show that the water decoction of cotton root bark and its various extracts have inhibitory effects on pneumococcus, hemolytic streptococcus, catarrh and influenza. Gossypol has weak antibacterial (staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus and mycobacterium tuberculosis) and antigenicity (trichomonas and amoeba histolytica) effects, but it has no effect on fungi. Gossypol has antiviral effect, and intra-cavity injection of chick embryo allantois can inhibit the reproduction of influenza A virus PR8, which is stronger than amantadine. Nasal instillation of gossypol in mice can prevent the death caused by inoculation of influenza A virus PB8. Nasal drip for 8 days can treat experimental pneumonia caused by the above virus.
5. Anti-cancer effect: Contact test shows that gossypol has obvious inhibitory effect on Yoshida sarcoma and has certain effect on Ehrlich ascites cancer. In the experimental transplanted tumor, it has a significant effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice, and also has a certain effect on sarcoma -37, sarcoma-180, ascites liver tumor in rats, Walker carcinoma in mice and breast cancer.
6. Effect on uterus: The decoction or water extract of leaves and stems (that is, the decoction is added with ethanol to remove the precipitate) has an exciting effect on isolated uterus of rats, and has a significant exciting effect on isolated ileum of guinea pigs. The aqueous extract of cotton grass seeds has an exciting effect on the isolated guinea pig uterus, and the maternal oral administration can also enhance the uterine contraction.
7. Other effects: After 7 14 days of administration to rats or mice, the water decoction of cotton root bark has no effects like adrenal cortical hormone, sex hormone or anabolic steroid. Observing tissue respiration with Warburg respirator has no effect on oxygen consumption of liver, kidney and gonad in rats. The water extracts of leaves and stems have vasodilatory effect in rat hind limb perfusion test. Cottonseed cake can hinder the absorption of thyroxine in intestine and enterohepatic circulation, so it has antithyroid effect. Extracts from the roots of the same plant, i.e. island cotton and upland cotton, also have the effect of increasing blood coagulation.
3. 1 1 Poisoned mice were injected with 0.5g crude drug intraperitoneally, and all the mice died. 1g crude drug/mouse water extract has the same toxicity. The lethal dose of intraperitoneal injection of cotton root bark decoction in mice was 265438±0.5g/kg. Mice were given 5g/kg every day for 40 days, including heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. No obvious pathological changes were found in testicular tissue sections. After 28 days of oral administration of 12.5 and 25g/kg/ day, except for decreased activity and slightly decreased appetite, there was no abnormality in electrocardiogram, liver and kidney function examination and hemogram, and myocardial fiber necrosis appeared in some pathological sections. The lethal dose of gossypol to mice was 65438 0.5 mg/kg. If mice are given gossypol of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg every day, they will suffer from weight loss, loss of appetite, diarrhea (bloody stool) and listlessness. A few died within 40 days, and the lesions were mainly edema and degeneration of myocardial cells. The lungs in the high dose group were still visible. The above results show that gossypol has obvious accumulation effect.
Rats eat gossypol 35 mg/kg every day (that is, feed containing cottonseed oil 10 15%). After a month and a half, they lost weight and continued to take it until 35 months later. Pathological examination showed that the testis was obviously reduced and the sperm cells were obviously reduced or even completely disappeared. The uterus is obviously atrophied, the endometrium and glands are atrophied, the ovaries and some liver cells are slightly atrophied, and the renal parenchymal cells are slightly swollen. Male rats fed with cottonseed oil treated with 2.5% bromine for 80 days showed growth stagnation, mild anemia, enlarged heart, myocardial steatosis with myolysis, thyroid hyperplasia, hepatic steatosis, testicular atrophy, and vacuolation of renal tubular epithelial cells. After taking 2500 mg/kg * * for 3 days, the heart enlarged, but it was loose and pale yellow. Microscopic examination showed that small vacuoles of different sizes (positive for fat staining) filled the whole myocardial fiber and were foam-like. Electron microscope showed extensive fatty infiltration and obvious fatty degeneration in the liver. Biochemical tests showed that the metabolism of pyruvate or palmitic acid in liver or myocardial homogenate decreased at different doses, which may be caused by impaired utilization of myocardial fatty acids.
Dogs were given gossypol1.5,3 and 30mg/kg/day orally. After 34 days, the high-dose group appeared loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and inactivity, followed by tarry stool, and finally appeared refusal to eat, weight loss and cachexia. Most of them died after 2428 days. The symptoms of moderate dose poisoning were mild, and all four dogs died after taking the drug for 4364 days. In the low-dose group, there was mild anorexia 60 days after taking the medicine, one dog died 60 days after taking the medicine, and the other three dogs were normal 80 days after taking the medicine. The death of high dose group seems to be related to general consumption and cachexia. In the middle dose group, although the symptoms were not obvious, the myocardium was turbid and degenerated, and all four dogs had no sudden death without warning, which was consistent with the performance of acute heart failure. Chronic poisoning caused by feeding cottonseed to dogs, rabbits and cats also includes diarrhea, loss of appetite, emaciation, pulmonary edema, dyspnea, perineal edema, neuritis and paralysis; Digestive and nutritional disorders are caused by intestinal obstruction and hemorrhagic enteritis. The alkali solution or oil solution of gossypol has strong local toxicity during injection. Intravenous or intraperitoneal injection can cause visceral hemorrhage, cardiac dilatation and pulmonary edema and death, but it has no specific effect on heart and isolated intestine. It can reduce thrombin and cause bleeding in rabbits and pigs, and its anticoagulant effect is similar to dicoumarin and faster. In chronic gossypol poisoning, pathological anatomy showed visceral bleeding, increased pleural and peritoneal exudation, gastroenteritis and multiple large intestine necrosis foci.
Cattle and sheep are fed a small amount of cottonseed cake for a long time, and the general condition of animals becomes worse, anemia occurs and they can die. There are a lot of stomach bleeding, inflammation, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, jaundice, muscle weakness, dyspnea, paralysis, abortion and blindness. Cows fed cottonseed cake produce high quality and viscosity cream. After death, visceral backlog, pleural effusion, myocardial degeneration, pulmonary edema, hepatomegaly and steatosis, acute nephritis and enteritis were found.
Male rats were given gossypol 35.6 or 20.3 mg/kg orally every day for 42 days, which could significantly inhibit their fertility, the epididymal activity completely disappeared, degenerated sperm cells appeared, and the level of seminiferous epithelium decreased in high dose group. Female rats were given 25.4 mg/kg orally every day for ***20 days, and the smear showed no effect on estrus. Adult men took gossypol 597 1mg every day for 3542 days, with a total dose of 2. 42.5g. Generally, * * * was killed in a short time after treatment, and gradually disappeared from * * *, but it had no effect on sexual life. In South America, there are contraceptive users who take cotton root decoction. The toxicity of cottonseed can be made harmless by high-pressure heating, iron salt oxidation or precipitation, and gossypol in cottonseed cake is non-toxic because of its combination with protein. Gossypol obtained by treating gossypol with strong alkali (sodium hydroxide) is also less toxic, and the minimum lethal dose of intraperitoneal injection to rats is 6075 mg/kg.
3. 12 Identification Physical and chemical identification (1) Take 0.5g of coarse powder of upland cotton root, add 5ml of ether for cold soaking for 24h, filter, put the filtrate in an evaporating dish to volatilize ether, and the residue is yellowish brown, and add 1 drop of sulfuric acid to show blood red; The chloroform solution of antimony trichloride is rosy. (Check gossypol) (2) Take upland cotton root powder 1g by thin layer chromatography, add ether 10 15ml, cold soak for 24h, filter and concentrate the filtrate to 2ml. Taking gossypol as control, it was spotted on a silica gel G plate, and ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and glacial acetic acid (22: 20: 8) were used as developing agents. The span is 10cm. Using 20% antimony trichloride chloroform solution as chromogenic agent, after spraying, it was dried at 1 10℃ 10min, and the sample and reference substance showed red spots at corresponding positions.
3. 13 tastes sweet; Sexual temperature
3. 14 meridian lung; Spleen; Liver meridian
3. 15 function is mainly used for relieving cough and asthma; Channel menstruation and relieve pain. Main cough; Asthma; Irregular menstruation; metrorrhagia
3. 16 usage and dosage of cotton root: decoction, 1530g.
3. 17 Pay attention to the taboos of pregnant women.
3. Clinical application of 1 8 cotton root1. Treatment of chronic tracheitis: According to thousands of clinical observations, the effective rate is about 70-80%, and the remarkable efficiency is about 30%. After switching to cotton root bark preparation and prolonging the decocting time, the curative effect has been improved. According to 18 1 case, the effective rate is 86.89%, and the remarkable effect is about 50%. More than 65438 0300 cases of compound prescription with cotton root as the main component were observed, and the effective rate reached 89.9% and the remarkable efficiency reached 53.57%. It is preliminarily considered that the effect of relieving cough and eliminating phlegm is better, but the effect of relieving asthma and diminishing inflammation is worse. It usually takes effect 23 days after taking the medicine. Many patients have increased their appetite, improved their sleep and strengthened their physical strength during taking the medicine. Some patients have dry mouth, nausea and epigastric discomfort at the beginning of taking the medicine, and some patients have dizziness, but they can disappear by themselves. Usage: 24 pieces of cotton roots are decocted in water for more than 2 hours, 23 times a day, and 10 is a course of treatment. It can also be made into tablets and injections. The dosage of cotton root bark is lower than that of cotton root, and the range is 0.3 1.
2. Treatment of chronic hepatitis: take cotton root as the main medicine, 0.5 1 twice a day, and take it twice according to the symptoms, 15 days is a course of treatment. According to the observation of 23 cases, it has a good effect on improving serum albumin, reducing globulin and improving flocculent reaction. 15 cases of albumin increased by more than 0.5g% after medication; 9 cases increased between 0.20.49g%, or albumin remained unchanged, and globulin decreased by more than 0.2g%. 5 cases were invalid. It takes about 1530 days to increase albumin. Most patients feel dizzy with the improvement of liver function, and their spirit and appetite improve. In addition, it is reported that 2 cases of chyluria were decocted with cotton root bark 1 water three times a day, which achieved short-term control effect. Scutellaria barbata decoction was used to treat esophageal cancer 1 case, and a certain effect was achieved.
3. 19 from Chinese materia medica
Ning Ke Granule adopts the formula of traditional Chinese medicine cotton root: WS3B 158 193 formula: pine cone 930g cotton root 560g loquat leaf 280g preparation method: decoct the above three medicines in water. ...
Ning Ke syrup: WS3B 158293 Formula: pine cone 930g cotton root 560g loquat leaf 280g preparation method: decoct the above three ingredients in water. ...
Drink two cups of red and white, two cups of Ailanthus altissima root bark (fried with salt water), two cups of Amomum villosum, two dollars of cinnabar and five dollars of cotton core. Methods: the top is the end, and honey is the pill. Indications: red and white. ...
Dark clouds are gray) Indications: fish umbilical furuncle, patients in spring. Usage and dosage: Apply thick leather paper to the sore surface and the roots will come out. Production method: December pig liver is ground into paste. ...
Anise wine: warming the middle and promoting blood circulation. Mainly sprain, contusion and swelling. Usage and dosage: wine. Dip cotton into the wound. Excerpts: Lectures on Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Compendium of Materia Medica. ...
There are more and more prescriptions for using cotton root.
A Chinese patent medicine, Ning Ke Granule, uses cotton root: WS3B 158 193. Formula: 930g cotton root, 560g loquat leaf, 280g preparation method: the above three ingredients are decocted in water. ...
Ning Ke syrup: WS3B 158293 Formula: pine cone 930g cotton root 560g loquat leaf 280g preparation method: decoct the above three ingredients in water. ...
Liuhe tea 7g mint 650g elephant skin 1987g Artemisia annua 2 168g kapok 2 17g bamboo leaves 650g atractylodes 2 17g gardenia 2 17g cloth. ...
Wild peony oil, Emilia sonchifolia, Zanthoxylum nitidum, Herba Lycopi, Carthami Flos, Herba Eriocauli, Stigma Croci Sativi, Kapok, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Platycladus orientalis, Semen Strychni, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Chimonanthus praecox, ...
Changweining tablets were filtered for minutes, the filtrate was evaporated to dryness, the residue was dissolved in 20ml of water, filtered with cotton, and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate by shaking twice, 25ml each time. ...
More Chinese patent medicines use cotton roots.
Cotton roots in the ancient book "New Edition of Prescription": [Volume 18 Heart Stomach] The secret recipe of heart and stomach gas pain The new cotton core (i.e. cottonseed) is fried until the end. Every time you take San Qian, the aged wine will be sent down, and you can go to the roots after taking it three times. Another recipe: baked with sea cucumber intestines and ground into powder, yellow. ...
Compendium of Materia Medica: [Volume 5] Grass cotton, which looks like wood, is called Gubei, but today it is mistaken for Jibei; Like grass, the name has existed since ancient times, but today it is called cotton, which is grass cotton. According to: Dai Zui: Cotton Seed is Fan Shi Huang Biography, Song Dynasty ...
New Edition of Prescription Science: [Volume 19 * *] Kidney cysts and kidney swelling will disappear by themselves if the decoction is often washed. In addition, if the kidney is swollen like a bucket, it will be cured by sealing it with raw Vitex negundo root. In addition, the prescription for renal cyst pain: mash it with scallion and frankincense. ...
"Simplified Recipe": [Volume 4 carbuncle sore poison] All carbuncle carbuncle are studied on the back). Apply sesame oil or honey to the swollen part, leaving a poisonous head in the middle, and then change it when it is dry. Cotton can be mixed in case of collapse (called iron hoop powder). Simple and effective prescription ...
A complete selection of doctors: the main theory of oral ulcer [Volume 16].