Ji Kang (223-262), whose real name is Uncle Ye, was born in Qiaoxian County (now Suxian West, Anhui Province) and was a famous thinker and writer in Wei and Jin Dynasties. His ancestor was a native of Shangyu in Huiji, whose real name was to avoid resentment and move to the economy. He lived in Lushan and changed his surname. Ji Kang lost his father when he was a child and was raised by his widowed mother and younger brother. From an early age, I have developed a personality and style of study that is "broad-minded, willful, disrespectful, generous, simple and knowledgeable". Confucian classics declined in Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was not involved in Confucian classics since childhood, and he loved reading Laozi and Zhuangzi, leaning towards metaphysics, belonging to literary theory and playing the piano and singing. He claimed to "despise Tang Yu and laugh at Dayu" and "not Tang Wu, but thin Zhou Li". Because of the in-laws with the Cao imperial clan, he once worked as a scattered doctor in the Cao Wei regime. However, after Sima Shi came to power, he lived in seclusion, and became a "bamboo forest tour" with celebrities such as Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, Xiang Embroidery, Ruan Xian, etc., discussing current politics, learning metaphysics and attacking Confucianism. It is said that he swam in imperial academy and copied the stone scriptures for imperial academy. Because he did not cooperate with Sima regime, he was persecuted by Sima regime. When he was arrested and imprisoned, thousands of students petitioned him to continue to be a teacher. He died at the age of 40 after being killed. In his short life, Ji Kang wrote many philosophical metaphysics works and beautiful cynicism works, and later generations compiled Ji Kang (formerly known as San Ji in Ji Zhong). Before the Ming Dynasty, there were many manuscripts of Ji Jikang and Ji Zhong San Ji. The earliest existing block-printed edition of Ji is the library edition of Ming Wu Kuan Series. There have been many books since Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. The Complete Works of Lu Xun published by 1938 includes Ji Jikang by Lu Xun. 1962, People's Literature Publishing House published Ji, which is the most authoritative version at present. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Ji Ji Kang was printed not only in China, but also in Japan. Ji *** 10 volume, of which the first volume is 66 poems; The second volume is Fu Qin's Dear John Chrysanthemum Garden and Dear John Lu Changti. The third volume is "Buyi Ji", "Training Record" and "On Health". The fourth volume is "Assistant Minister Huangmen Xiangzi's Difficult Health Preservation Theory" and "Difficult Health Preservation Theory"; The fifth volume is the theory of sound without sorrow and joy; The sixth volume is Explaining Private Affairs, Managing Cai and Mindan. The seventh volume is Uncle Zhang Liao's Theory of Nature and Theory of Difficult Nature. The eighth volume is the theory of no good or ill luck in a house and the theory of no good or ill luck in a difficult house; The ninth book "Interpretation of Difficult Rooms without Good Luck and Bad Luck" and "Interpretation of Difficult Rooms without Good Luck and Bad Luck"; The tenth volume is Taishi Proverbs and Family Instructions. His other lost essays include Biography of the Sage and Biography of Zuo's Family in the Spring and Autumn Period, but Ji was not included. Ji Ji Kang is not only a very representative literary and philosophical work, but also an influential monograph on educational thoughts. Among them, Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan, No Sorrow and Happiness, Health Preservation, Difficulty and Learning, Family Instructions and Taishi Proverbs lashed out at the distorted Confucian education with metaphysical weapons and denied it. Contrary to the traditional Confucian theory of human nature, Ji believes that "human nature" is "human truth", and human nature is the embodiment of human natural physiology, reflecting the principles of natural life rather than the moral value of social ethics. In the theoretical model, it breaks through the tradition that Confucianism, especially Han Confucianism, interprets the connotation of human nature as a rigid cult. Starting from naturalism, this paper denies the inherent morality of human nature, and thus puts forward the theory of health education that "the more famous religion is, the more natural it is". Ji inherited and developed Laozi and Zhuangzi's ideas of "inaction", "abandoning wisdom" and "abandoning school" in cultural education. The article "On Answering Difficult Health Care" points out: "The husband wants without worrying, and his nature moves; Look before you leap. Use your wisdom. Sexually active people, when they meet things, don't hesitate at all. The use of wisdom is also endless, from feeling and seeking. The cause of the pain and disaster of the deceased often lies in wisdom, not in sexual activities. " It is believed that education opens the mind, but it does not help people's truth. Because the indiscriminate use of wisdom is the cause of people's troubles, it is necessary to "abandon wisdom and learn". In the discipline, it mainly refers to Confucian classics and their education advocated by feudal rulers. The article "On the Study of Nature" points out that Zoroastrianism is the opposite of natural humanity. The Six Classics etiquette is by no means out of natural humanity or its needs. On the contrary, they bind human nature and are harmful to natural human nature. The existence of hypocrisy and fraud in society is due to the appearance of Confucian classics and their education, so Confucian classics and their education are the root of social evil and destruction of "nature" "Yesterday, in the world of the universe, Dapu didn't lose money. You didn't say anything on it. The people didn't compete and everything was straightened out. You must be complacent. Sleep when you are full, and eat when you are hungry. You don't know the most moral world. If so, then you know the end of benevolence and righteousness, the meaning of etiquette? " In primitive society, there was no rigid and famous religion, and the simple and beautiful fashion was never destroyed. Governing by doing nothing, man and nature are integrated. People have nature, where do you need to know what manners? However, after this natural society enters the cultural society, "until people no longer exist, the road will be too late." It is the beginning of writing ink, in order to convey its meaning, distinguish between groups of things, make a kind of people, build benevolence and righteousness, cultivate their hearts, control their birthright, stop it, and persuade students to speak and be religious; Therefore, there are many mistakes in the Six Classics, and a hundred schools of thought contend, which has opened the way to glory and benefit, so I rushed but did not realize it. It is a greedy bird, feeding on the pool in the garden and seeking peace. It is a paradox to do as the Romans do, write, tolerate the rest, accumulate knowledge and replace crops. "Education is a product of culture and society and a phenomenon of moral degeneration. Especially after the rise of the Six Classics, rich and famous people used Xueming Classics instead of planting crops, and people who used "wisdom" appeared in society. These people are trying to "admire the world" and "sacrifice themselves for others" and "show their merits", or "cultivate one's morality, show one's wisdom and guard against fools, and be named above the world and win the world's righteousness" These people not only destroy their own natural humanity, but also destroy the natural humanity of others through education. "It is difficult to be natural and eager to learn" sharply criticized Confucius, "Being diligent in teaching and being good at inducing, gathering 3,000 people, keeping silent and being exhausted. If you save a boy, you will see you running all over the world. " But it is "obsessed with interests and focusing on the way of honor and disgrace." It fundamentally denied the education advocated by Duke Zhou and Confucius, and thought that they were all against natural humanity, only beneficial to people's fame and fortune, and destroyed people's "all-truth" nature. Ji criticized the negative role of Confucian classics, and then denied the sage Yao Shunhe. It aims to criticize and expose the political conspiracy and hypocritical etiquette of Sima's ruling group. On the one hand, it reflects Ji Kang's dissatisfied attitude and position towards realistic politics and pseudonymism, on the other hand, it also reflects the ideological trend of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties in external ethics, secular fame and contempt, persistence in life and pursuit of life value. This seemingly decadent, pessimistic and negative view is just the opposite, which is a strong desire and nostalgia for life, life, fate and life. This doubt and denial of external authority is a rediscovery and reflection of one's own life value, an awakening and pursuit of internal personality, and a new attitude and viewpoint towards life. Therefore, Ji had a far-reaching influence on that time and later generations. Ji opposed Ming religion with nature, theoretically denied the view that Ming religion originated from nature, and on this basis put forward the idea of "letting nature surpass Ming religion", demanding that health education should be used to develop and improve people's "truth" instead of respecting Ming religion, and fundamentally get rid of the external bondage of rigid Ming religion. The so-called health education is to abandon the famous religion and follow the natural laws of human nature, so that people can obtain "the principle of life" and "the principle of nature" in the pursuit of the intrinsic meaning and value of their own lives. Health education requires cleansing the heart of fame and fortune, cleansing the lust for sensuality and interest, and getting rid of the fetters of secular interpersonal relationships. In a natural and inactive life and mental state, wisdom should be used calmly and emotions should be corrected harmoniously. Let the intelligence be more peaceful and the sex more harmonious. Then God will use silence to achieve success, get rid of fatigue and eliminate pests, and be reborn with others. "The core of the concept of health education is to ask people to get rid of rigid religion, return to nature, stay away from real politics, despise fame and fortune, and take the value of individual life as the goal of education. Ji criticized and denied Confucian Classics and Confucian Classics mercilessly based on the viewpoint of "being a famous teacher and letting nature take its course". In order to maintain its dominant position, the ruling group at that time tried to control people's thoughts and win over intellectuals by restoring the Confucian classics education destroyed by the peasant uprising at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and successive years of war, and put forward the argument that "famous education comes from nature". In response to this argument, Ji Kang published the article "Difficulties in Learning Nature", sharply pointing out that the Six Classics bound and suppressed human nature, and the rulers advocated the education of Confucian classics in order to maintain their feudal rule through "famous education". Confucian classic education distorts human nature and leads to moral decay, while the chaos of the Six Classics and "a hundred schools of thought contend" have opened the way to prosperity. In this way, Confucian classics and Confucian classics education are only used by people with fame and fortune, while for others, it is the destruction of natural humanity. In this paper, Ji Kang boldly put forward that "Tang Ming should be regarded as a flat house, satirical recitation as nonsense, the Six Classics as filth, benevolence and righteousness as stench, literary works should be read with eyes open, muscles should be twisted when wronged, and Tan Li's teeth should be decayed when attacking clothes", and classic and classic education should be abandoned, and "everything should be started all over again" and restored. This heartless criticism and denial expressed Ji Kang's antipathy to the negative effects of Confucian classics and Confucian classics education, as well as his dissatisfaction with the rulers who promoted Confucian classics education. Lu Xun once said that Ji Kang opposed Confucianism's famous religion only because Sima Shi usurped the throne under the guise of "ruling the world with filial piety" and accused his political enemies with "famous religion". Therefore, Ji Kang thinks that it is extremely unfair and helpless for him to use it like this and blaspheme ethics. He was so excited that he didn't talk about ethics, didn't believe in ethics, and even opposed ethics. Ji Jia Xun is a famous treatise on family education, which occupies a certain position in the history of ancient education in China. If Ji Kang's other works are critical of Ming Jiao, Ji Kang's idea of educating his son in the name of Confucianism is sincerely expressed in Family Instructions. " Family precepts pointed out: "A man without ambition is inhuman". We not only regard "determination" as the basic requirement of being a man, but also put determination education in the first place. The "determination" referred to in family precepts is repeatedly emphasized by Confucianism, that is, to be a virtuous gentleman. In dealing with people, family precepts require children to be good at dealing with troubled times and be cautious. "Every line should be checked in advance, not bad or inappropriate. "Whenever you encounter something that your heart can't bear, you must' help' and talk about benevolence, courtesy, modesty, shame and loyalty in everything. I think it is very important to educate children to cherish life and preserve their sanity. Don't meddle in other people's affairs, especially don't pry into other people's private affairs; Respect distant officials and don't associate with them too closely; The word "don't be careless", because many words are lost, and it is difficult to be born; Pay attention to etiquette in communication, don't force others to drink, and don't force others to drink. It is enough to pick up the glass and show that you are drunk. Never "get sleepy", lest "you can't cut yourself off." "Family Training" pointed out: "People are born with bodies; Success in life is based on good pursuit. "In order to save lives, we must learn the wisdom of saving lives. Only the wise can protect themselves wisely. Most of these ideas in Family Instructions are aimed at the phenomenon of frequent disasters and precarious situation caused by political turmoil and dirty social atmosphere in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Later, Yan Zhitui's family education thought of "preserving our sanity" was brought into play in Family Instructions of Yan Family. Ji, as an influential treatise on educational thoughts in Wei and Jin Dynasties, occupies an important historical position in the development history of China's educational thoughts. It put forward the view of "letting nature take its course", criticized the discussion on the negative effects of the education of Six Classics and traditional Confucian classics, and its ideas of health education and family education, which had a certain influence on the innovation of educational ideas and theories in the metaphysical education trend of thought at that time. In theory, it inherits and develops the concept of culture and education of Laozi and Zhuangzi in the pre-Qin period, and in reality, it has the function of criticizing and denying Sima's regime's pseudonymism. All these made Ji highly valued by people at that time and later generations. Textual research on Ji, Sui Shu and Jing Ji Zhi: Ji by three doctors. ("Liang" fifteen volumes, record a volume. Book of the Tang Dynasty: Ji Ji Kang, 15 volumes. New Tang Book, Yi Wenzhi, Ji Jikang, fifteen volumes. Ten-volume book "Song History, Arts and Records". Chongwen: Ji, 10. Zheng Qiao's "General Records" and "A Brief Introduction to Literature and Art": The Collection of Three Doctors, Volume 15. Chao's "Secretary of County Zhai Reading: Ji" has ten volumes. You Kangshu night also, qiaocheng Chinese. Kangmei's words are full of gas, magnificent and not decorative. If you don't learn from the teacher, you can learn from the Expo; It is of great significance to grow up a good Lao Zi and a good Zhuangzi. Married to the Wei imperial clan, thanks to Dr. China. At the beginning of Jingyuan, Zhong Hui was killed by Emperor Wen of Jin Dynasty. By Mao, Bibliography of the Year Out of the Church: A Record. Chen Zhu Jie Zhi Zhai Problem: Ten volumes of Ji Zhong. It was written by San Yi Shu at night. Formerly known as Xi, he has been living in Jishan, Luo County, which is his home. Take the record on the word and aim at it. There are 60,000 or 70,000 words in literary theory, which is the only one left in the world today. There are fifteen volumes in Tang Zhi. Ma Duanlin's General Literature Examination and Text Classics: Ten Volumes of Ji Kang's Biography. (In the case, Chao Shi's reading record and Chen Shi's problem solving are all quoted and read. Bibliography of Wenyuan Pavilion in Yang Shiqi: Ji Kang's Collected Works. (One book, one book. Que. ) Ye Sheng's Book Zhutang Bibliography: Ji Kang's Collected Works. National History of Jiao Hong: Ji Ji Kang, 15. Qian Lou Bibliography: Two Books in Jizhong. (Chen Jingyun Note: Ten volumes. Huang Kejia. ) Qian Ceng's collection "Shugu Hall: Ten Volumes of San Ji in Jizhong". General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu: Ten Volumes of San Ji in Jizhong (adopted by the Governor of Liangjiang). The old topic was written by Kim. Kang's case was harmed. When the case was not completed, Kang should be regarded as a non-human. The publication of the Book of Jin confirmed the mistakes of Fang Qiao and others. This episode was therefore named, not also. There are fifteen volumes of Kang's collected works in Jing Ji Zhi and Jing Ji Zhi. The new and old Tang books are the same. The number of volumes of Zheng Qiao's TongZhilue is not bad. Up to Chen's book "Record of Solving Problems", ten volumes have been written. It is also said that "there are 670,000 words of Kang's literary theory, which only exists here today. "The song dynasty, there is no complete book. I suspect that Zheng Qiao's works are still written in history books, so it may not be true to see fifteen volumes. Wang Xun's "Wild Guest Series" (see Volume 8) said: "The Biography of Ji Kang says that Kang Shan can talk about fame and reason, return to the text, write praises from Gao Shi, be praised by a great teacher, and talk without sorrow or joy. "I got ten volumes of Posting and sixty-eight poems in the Ming edition of Yeke Collection, which were collected at home, and only three poems were collected in Selected Works (with the word' Kang')." Xuan only included one book by Kang, Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan, and I didn't know there was another book. The Selected Works only contains one health-preserving article, but I don't know that there is another health-preserving article in Xiangzi Period, which has more than 4,000 words and is famous for its debate. There are also three parts in the collection, "it is difficult to take care of life without good or bad luck in the house"; Difficult Zhang Liao ("Liao") still has a sentence, the same theory of nature "; "Theory of Managing Talents", "Interpretation of Private Affairs" and "Theory of Mingdan". " His words are profound and profound, and his rate is rooted in reason; You can imagine the wind at that time. -"Wen" has these nineteen words. ) Chongwen refers to the ten volumes of Ji, which is the source. Tang Zhi refers to fifteen volumes of Ji. What do you mean by five volumes? "From the point of Guan Xun's words, it was firewood in white. There are forty-seven poems in this book, one is assigned, two are mixed, nine are discussed, one is remonstrated and one is remonstrated. Among the miscellaneous books, there are Xunlu and 62 poems. It's not the old Song version, but it's re-edited by Gaiming Yiyou, Wuxian and Huangsheng. Yang Shen's "Total Record of Dan and Lead" commented that Ruan Ji died in Kang, but the monument handed down from generation to generation was Kang Zuo. This book does not contain this monument, so it is still prudent to evaluate it. Wei's concise catalogue: ten volumes in the series. The Book of Jin is a biography. The original book is called The Book of Jin, also called Master Miao. Its collection was lost, and only ten volumes remained in the Song Dynasty. This book was compiled by Ming and Huang provinces. Although the number of volumes is the same as that of the Song Dynasty, Wang Xun's "Wild Guest Series" is known as 68 Kang poems. There are only 42 poems and 62 essays in this book, but many of them are lost. Zhu Xueqin's Bibliography of Jieyi Records: San Ji in Central Hebei, 10 volumes. (Count one. Wei wrote it. In the fourth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, Huang's Imitation of Song Dynasty was published. ) Hong Reading Series: Ten Volumes of Ji Zhong. The first is the directory of each volume. Jiajing, Yiyou and Huangprovinces are orderly. " "The reflection" and "Biography of Liaoyuan" Pei Songzhi notes, "Zhang Qiaofu, the word uncle Liao. "Naturally studious" is in Ji. "This article is also available in this edition. Sixty-six poems, the same as Wang Xun's Wild Man series. Carved by Song Ben, each leaf has 22 lines and 20 characters. Qian Taiji's Miscellaneous Notes on Exposing Books: Weng Tianshu, a dream family in Pinghu, likes ancient books. He tasted Zhang's love of Japanese books, recorded what he saw and heard, and commented on the book Solving Problems with Zhai. I have money in my hand. Weng has lived for so many years in his next life, and he has seen more than that in his life. Record it first and look at the outline. There used to be a banknote version in the early Ming dynasty, which was the version contained in the problem solving, with many poems and a number of poems. Is this the original collected in Ming and Huang provinces? Mo Youzhi's Preface to Pavilion: Ten volumes of Jizhong written by Wei. Ming Jiajing Yiyou Huang Province once imitated the Song Dynasty, with 22 rows and 20 horizontal leaves, and the heart of the board has the word Nanxing Jingshe. Cheng Rongxiao's prints. Wang Shixian. 103 Collection of Works by Famous Artists. Gankun Zhengqi Collection. In the quiet room, there is Gu Yuan's school in Wang Ben. Jiang Biao's Bibliography of Fengshun Shiding Jingzhai: Ji Zhong's Three International Ten Volumes. Wang Shixian in Ming Dynasty. During the Kangxi period, the predecessors carefully proofread Wu Yun 'an's manuscripts, and later collected the manuscripts of Wang Bozi, Zhang Yanchang, Bao, Huang Kuipu, Gu Xiangzhou and others. Rare Bibliography of Miao Qing Department Library: Ji Ten Volumes. Wei wrote it. Notes on Wu Shu's Ann Series in Ming Dynasty. Singer has a unified word. There is a seal of "Chen Zhenlian Painting and Calligraphy". Lu Xinyuan's Book Collection of Song Li Lou: Ji Ji Kang, ten volumes. It's written in gold. (In this case, Gu's original story and Gu Weng's three postscript are recorded, which have been seen. Yu Xiangnian knew that Jizhong, collected by Wang's cousin, was a copy of the Song Dynasty and was treasured by bibliophiles. From Shiliju to Lou Yu. Today is not winter, so I asked Lou Yu for a picture of the scenery and made a copy. Revise each other and correct any mistakes. Zhu changed the original words and copied others' mistakes. Those who marked it did the same. On the day I returned the book, I attached my ambition here. On the ninth day of November in the fifteenth year of Daoguang, he wrote a wonderful book, Tao Te Ching. Case: 13 volumes of Dr. San Ji and Sui Zhi. I noticed that Liang had fifteen volumes, so I recorded one. It is doubtful that the old and new Tang Zhi are combined into fifteen volumes. If Song Zhi and Chen Chao are combined into ten volumes, more will be lost. In this world, there are only two Ming editions, one is the edition published by Huangsheng School, and the other is the collection edition of 103 in Zhang Pu. Zhang Ben added a ode to Hu Aixiang and six hymns of Yuan Zhen, but did not attach the original question and answer. The rest are roughly the same. However, it is so confusing that it is almost impossible to read. In the past few years, I have made a mutual investigation, but I have made some reference to Selected Works and Lei Ju's books, but it is not perfect. This book is copied from the Song version of Wu Shu An Series Hall in Ming Dynasty. Wu Junzhi corrected the mistake of banknote transmission according to the original banknotes in Song Dynasty. It is also true that Zhu Bi has changed today. I have published the journal of our school and know that the Ming edition has dropped a lot. " It's difficult to keep fit. It's different from Master Liu Yu, with three sentences missing: "If pine and cypress are born, they should be cultivated well, and if they are raised in dust". There is no theory of sorrow and music. Under the principle of calm and calm human feelings, we should get rid of the principle of "specialization and dispersion". If we still travel to Beijing, our eyes will be overused and our feelings will be released. Stay in the curvature, and then think quietly "25 words." Under the concept of "my husband is the only one who respects me", the words "Ming Can is confused and brave" were deleted from On Mingdan. "Answering a difficult family without good or ill luck" "An is defeated by Bu, and He Yun becomes evil". It is common to get rid of "people" when "I don't know what I know". However, what wisdom doesn't know is fourteen words. It is meaningless to get rid of the word "want" and mistake "want" for "theory". The rest of the words are just sentences, which are enough to correct the mistakes and omissions in the text and cannot be quoted. Books are expensive to copy, and there are good ones. Qi Cheng's Bibliography of Lianshengtang: Three Books of San Ji in Jizhong. (Ten volumes, Ji Kang. ) "Introduction to Ji Zhong Sanji". (a roll. ) Sun Xingyan notes "Ping Jin Pavilion Collection: Ten Volumes of San Ji in Jizhong". The first is the directory of each volume. Jiajing Yiyou Huang said in order that it was compiled by Yao when he was at school, and it was collected into ten volumes. It is suspected that this book was written by Huang. However, Kao Wang Xun's book The Savage has claimed that He Fang collected 66 poems in ten volumes in Piling's home. Just like what Wang Xun saw. This edition was carved from the Song edition; Huang's preface is particularly boastful. Each leaf has 22 lines and 20 words, and there are four words of Nanxing Jingshe below the board core. There are white square seals printed by Shiyetang and long square seals embroidered with Zhu Wen of Han Zhai. Zhao's Bibliography of Maiwangguan: Two Books in Jizhong. (Zhao Shu returns to Jiang Yun Building. ) Gao Ru's "Hundred Rivers Record": "San Ji in Jizhong" ten volumes. Zhong Wei scattered medicine, qiaocheng people Ji Kang uncle wrote at night. Forty-seven poems, thirteen poems, fifteen articles and four attached. References:
1. Ji Kang's Ji Kang 2. Ten volumes of Ji Ben, Ming Ben and Series 3. People's Literature Publishing House 1962 Proofreading 4. Ji1Ten-volume edition in the early 1930s (written by Lu Xun).