Etiquette of ancient people traveling by carriage
Han Dynasty
In the Qin and Han dynasties, the most famous folk vehicles were donke
Etiquette of ancient people traveling by carriage
Han Dynasty
In the Qin and Han dynasties, the most famous folk vehicles were donkey carts and mule-horse carts. Donkeys, mules and horses are not native to Chinese mainland, but come from the western regions. According to the textual research of Gu, a beginner at the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the donkey was named in the Han Dynasty, and filial piety was full of forests and filial piety was lucky. ?
ox cart
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, riding an ox cart was the most fashionable. Ox carts were not popular with nobles in the early days because of their slow speed. However, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the long-term war, the number of horses was greatly reduced, and there were no carriages to ride. At this time, the nobles slowly began to accept ox carts. Finally, even the imperial cars and official cars were used, and the ox cart was used by Liu Xie, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Chariots and chariots in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were quite different from those in the Qin and Han Dynasties. They didn't install wheels, but lifted them by manpower. This kind of chariot or chariot is called. One step? Or? Shoulder? . A "Travel Map" painted by Yan, a famous painter in the Tang Dynasty, reflected this car-using fashion at that time. In the picture, Emperor Taizong sat on a walking map carried by several maids to receive Tibetan envoys.
Ming dynasty automobile
This kind of car is different from modern fuel cars. The wheels are relatively large, and they are generally drawn by horses, mules and cows. There are wooden or bamboo carriages on the car body, some of which open the doors in front and back, and some open the doors on both sides. There are windows on the side of the car. There are curtains on the windows. Cover them to protect them from the wind and rain. A car has two or more seats, so it is named because the carriage is like a sedan chair. This kind of car was used by officials and business travelers at that time; In rural areas, doing red and white things is generally used to pick up guests.
Cars in the middle and early Qing Dynasty were not much different from those in the Ming Dynasty, but changed greatly in the late Qing Dynasty. With the introduction of modern western means of transportation, such as trains, cars and trams, ordinary people in China can choose more and more means of transportation.
In the long-term labor and production practice, the ancients knew how to place logs under heavy objects and carry heavy objects such as stones by rolling. According to modern physics, this is to transform sliding friction into rolling friction, which greatly reduces friction, is simple and convenient, and greatly saves manpower. Knowing this principle, the ancients made wheels and gradually invented cars.
According to the previous statement, the car was originally created by the Yellow Emperor and should be just a legend. But the car appeared roughly in the period of the Yellow Emperor, which should not be wrong. At first, it was pulled by manpower, but in the legendary Shao Hao period, ox carts appeared. In the era of Dayu, horses began to drive.
There is an old saying? Riding a horse with a cow? It means there are both wagons and oxcarts. In the pre-Qin period, the vast majority of vehicles used for fighting and manned were carriages. Carriage is also called a small car, which is specially used for fighting and traveling. Oxcart, also called cart, is generally used to transport goods.
In ancient times, a large number of cars were chariots, and the combat effectiveness of a country was often calculated according to the number of chariots it had. Yue Fei also said in "Man Jiang Hong":? Driving a long car to break through the lack of Helan Mountain? . So far, in the chess world of China? Cars? It is also the most powerful chess piece.
In the pre-Qin period, the ancients had clear etiquette norms for riding. The carriages of ancient carriages were called. Hey? , is the part with people. Passengers get on the bus from the back of the bus. The Analects of Confucius? The township party said: Confucius? When you get on the bus, you must stand at attention. . ? Hey? It is a rope on the car for people to hold hands when they get on the bus. In other words, when Confucius got on the bus, he had to stand up straight arm in arm with a rope. This is the standard posture of riding in ancient times.
The ancients had to stand by car, which was called longitudinal riding. Of course there are exceptions. The Book of Rites says: Women don't ride. ? Probably the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled can be exceptions. There is a crossbar in front of the jade for people to lean on. Is this crossbar made? Type ",later writing" stone? . According to the etiquette, the ancients held hands and bowed their heads when driving. Is this also called "gesture"? . The only exception is the personnel car. The Book of Rites says:? Personnel carriers are not suitable? .
Confucius is a model of worship, so he saw the form of mourning to show sympathy for the loss of the Lord; To show respect, I saw people carrying ancient books. The Book of Rites even stipulates that a gentleman should be polite when he meets an old man by car, and get off after the Qing court. He should not rush into the city, but also help him when he reaches the inner gate. The most respectful etiquette is to get off and walk.
There is an anecdote. During the Spring and Autumn Period, one night, Wei Linggong was chatting with his wife and heard the sound of cars from far and near outside the palace gate. At the door, his voice trailed off and he walked slowly. After crossing the door, it rang again and faded away. Gong Ling asked his wife who might have gone there by bus just now, and she replied that it must be Ji. When Gong Ling asked the reason again, his wife said, "According to etiquette, the minister should get off the bus after crossing the monarch's gate. When he sees the monarch's horse, he should help him. Today, Chi Apollo is a wise doctor, and he will never skip this ceremony because others can't see him at night. ? Send someone to check, and sure enough.
The ancients respected the left, the venerable person was on the left, the charioteer (coachman, similar to a coachman) was in the middle, and the other person accompanied him on the right. Accompanied by riding, also known as car rights. But this is a car that usually travels. Personnel carriers are different. The command car of the personnel carrier is the head coach in the middle, the imperial guard on the left, and a person on the right to protect the head coach, called the car right. Ordinary personnel carriers, imperial guard in the middle, a soldier on the left, a soldier on the right, a bow on the left and a spear on the right.
In addition, there are various regulations on the configuration of cars in past dynasties. What cars you take at all levels and on all occasions are customized and must not be violated at will. As recorded in some ancient books, the Emperor of Zhou owned five kinds of cars, namely Jade Road, Golden Road, Elephant Road, Leather Road and Wooden Road, which were luxuriantly decorated and in various forms, and were used for sacrifice, concierge, watching the DPRK, fighting and hunting. Generally speaking, the emperor rode six horses, the vassal rode four horses, the doctor Sanma rode two horses, and the scholar Shu Ren rode one horse. Wait, wait.
In ancient times, there was a car cover, which was mainly used to shelter from rain, like a big umbrella. The size of the hood is also specified. The higher the grade, the higher the hood. The so-called "Ma Xugao changed the car" is a high configuration.
Before the Warring States period, people generally did not ride horses directly. During the Warring States Period, King Wuling of Zhao rode and shot in Hu clothes, and learned to ride horses from Xiongnu, but riding was still not popular. However, a precedent has finally been set. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the wind of riding horses and riding sedan chairs rose completely, and cars gradually withdrew from the mainstream of travel.