The earliest chronological history books are from the Spring and Autumn Period.
The first biographical history book is Historical Records.
Shangshu is the earliest compilation of historical documents in ancient China. At first, it was called a book, and in the Han Dynasty it was called Shangshu, which means "the book of ancient times". After the Han Dynasty, Shangshu became one of the important Confucian classics, so it was also called the classic book. It is difficult to determine the date of writing and editing and the author of this book, but it was finalized before the Han Dynasty. It is said that.
The history recorded in Shangshu is about 1500 years from the legendary Yuyao Shun era to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (mid-Spring and Autumn Period). Its basic content is the proclamation of the ancient emperor and conversation record, the minister of military affairs, from which it can be inferred that the author is probably a historian. As the earliest compilation of political historical materials in China, Shangshu recorded many important historical facts of Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou, which truly reflected this point.
Shangshu is written in prose, which is divided into Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu according to the arrangement of dynasties. It has four styles: one is code, which mainly records the laws and regulations at that time; The second is "remonstrance", including the conversation between the monarch and the minister and the prayer to God; The third is "oath", which records the oath of kings and princes; The fourth is "destiny", which records the order of the court to appoint officials and reward princes. The language and vocabulary used in Shangshu are relatively old and difficult to read.
So far, Shangshu is divided into Jinwen Shangshu and Guwen Shangshu. There are 28 Jin Wen Shang Shu and 25 Gu Wen Shang Shu. Since the Tang Dynasty, people have confused Jin Wen Shang Shu with Gu Wen Shang Shu. Later, some scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties made textual research and analysis, and thought that it was passed down from generation to generation.
There are 28 existing legends in Jinwen Shangshu, which was handed down by Dr. Fu Sheng in the Qin and Han Dynasties and written in the words of that time, so it is called Jinwen Shangshu (the ancient history is written in ancient characters). Among them, there are four Xia Yushu, five Shangshu and nineteen Zhou Shu. We chose Jin Wen Shang Shu, excluding it.
Zuozhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period:
This is China's first chronicle with a detailed and complete narrative. Originally known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Annals, it is said that it was written by Lu historian Zuo Qiuming. Zuo Zhuan has high literary value and great influence on later generations. It not only sets a brilliant example in the writing of historical works, but also provides rich nourishment for the narrative and discussion of prose and the theme of novels and dramas.
Chunqiu is the first chronological history book in China history.
Spring and Autumn Annals is a historical book of Lu, which records the history from Lu Yinnian (722 BC) to fourteen years (48 BC1year). It is the earliest chronological history book in China. The historical materials of Chunqiu are very valuable, and the recorded contents are basically reliable, but not complete.
In ancient China, spring and autumn were the seasons when princes hired royalty. In addition, Spring and Autumn also represented the four seasons of the year in ancient times. Historical records all record the major events in the four seasons of the year, so Chunqiu is the general name of historical books. The official name of Lu's history book is Chunqiu. It was once thought that Confucius revised the book. Now it is believed that it was made by Lu Shi Guan, not Confucius.
The text of Chunqiu is very concise, and the record of events is also very brief. At first, the original text contained only 18000 words, while the existing version contained only 16000 words. So the ancients wrote some works for this book, explaining and explaining the records in the book. This is the so-called "biography". According to Records of Hanshu Literature and Art, this is a biography of Chunqiu.
Thirty volumes of Zuo Zhuan
Ram biography (volume 1 1)
Gu Liangchuan 1 1
Zou Chuan, Volume 1 1
Biography of Jia +0 1 volume
Among them, the latter two no longer exist. Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang were written in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, when official scripts were popular, which were called Jinwen. There are two kinds of Zuozhuan, one is written on the wall of Confucius' former residence in ancient fonts before the pre-Qin period, which is called ancient prose; One was handed down by Xun Qing during the Warring States Period.
There are great differences between Biography of Yang Gong, Biography of Gu Liang and Biography of Zuo. The purpose of Biography of Yang Gong and Biography of Gu Liang is to express the true meaning, that is, to try to clarify the original intention of Confucius (the author thinks that Chunqiu was written by Confucius), so many contents are too far-fetched to stand scrutiny. Zuo Zhuan, on the other hand, focuses on historical facts and supplements and corrects the mistakes or unrecorded events in Spring and Autumn Annals. Moreover, Zuo Zhuan is also very literary.
Historical Records is a biographical history book written by Sima Qian, a famous historian in the Western Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical general history in the history of China, and it is listed as the first of the twenty-four histories. It was originally named Taishi Gong Ji. This book is one of the most famous classics in ancient China, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi era to the first year of the founding of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and the later Hanshu.