Main contents of historical records and biographies
Historical Records was originally named Taishigong Gong Ji, or Historical Records for short. Author Sima Qian, a long character, is a historian and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Historical records? This chronicle (2 volumes in total) records the political, economic, cultural and historical conditions from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for 3,000 years, and comprehensively and profoundly reflects the social features of ancient China. Book 130, accounting for 520,000 words. Which one is in memory of the emperor? Bangui. Twelve articles, dating? Watch? Ten, remember the rules and regulations? Books? Eight articles, written by vassal States? Family? Thirty articles.
A brief introduction to the author of Historical Records
Sima Qian (about 145- 90 BC) died in 90 BC at the age of 56. Zi Chang, a great historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty, wrote China's first biography "Historical Records", which was called "Historical Records" by Lu Xun. Historians sing a swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme. ? (Republic of China, Lu Xun). Sima Qian was born in Longmen, xia yang, Western Han Dynasty. Xia yang (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi), county name, near Longmen. So Sima Qian claimed that Hancheng was the birthplace of Sima Qian? Move to Longmen? (Tai Shigong's preface). Longmen, Longmen Mountain, is very famous. Legend has it that Dayu once opened a mountain in Longmen to control water. To the south of Longmen Mountain is the Yellow River. Sima Qian's home is between the Yellow River and Longmen. There are many local places of interest. Sima Qian liked scenic spots since childhood, but he also had the opportunity to hear many historical legends and stories.
Sima Qian was born in Longmen in 145 BC (the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty).
I was six years old in BC 140 (the first year of Jian Yuan of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty) and studied in my hometown.
Father Sima Tan served as Taishiling. Taishi Gongxu:? Talking about being an official and being an official between Jianyuan and Yuanfeng. Taishigong is in charge of Tianguan, not treating the people. ?
BC 136 (the fifth year of Jianyuan) was ten years old, in my hometown.
Taishi Gongxu:? Farming and herding rivers and mountains, reciting ancient prose at the age of ten. ? Press: Sima Qian was about ten years old, that is, he lived a part-time life in his hometown.
BC 135 (the sixth year of Jianyuan) was eleven years old.
After Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty broke the reputation of Huang Lao's punishment and renewed his respect for Confucianism.
BC 134 (the first year of Han Yuanguang) was twelve years old.
When was Dong Zhongshu? Three strategies for heaven and man? . Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. Sima Qian studied in xia yang and Chang 'an.
He was nineteen years old in 127 BC (the second year of Han Yuanshuo) and moved from xia yang to Chang 'an.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty suggested moving people from their father Yan to Maoling. Sima Qian moved to Beijing with his family. Learn from Kong Anguo's Shangshu and Dong Zhongshu's Chunqiu. Kong Anguo served as an assistant.
There is no clear history of Sima Qian's birth and death. According to Wang Guowei's research on Taishi Gongxing Year, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC) and died in the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (86 BC) at the age of 56. It is said that Sima Qian's family is a historian and writer who passed down from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Cuo was a famous soldier when King Hui of Qin attacked Shu, and Sima Chang was an iron-fisted official of Qin Shihuang. Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was also an official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he resumed his ancestral career as a historian.
Sima Qian's youth? Farming and grazing the sun of rivers and mountains? . Sima Qian is here? Surrounded by mountains and water belts, inlaid and winding? (Preface to Hancheng County Records) Growing up in the natural environment, there are both elegant mountains and rivers and some experiences in folk life.
At the age of ten, Sima Qian followed his father to Chang 'an, the capital, where he studied under the old doctor Fu Sheng and the great scholar Kong Anguo. Family learning is deeply rooted, and it has benefited a lot from the education of famous teachers and inspiration. At this time, it was the time when the Han Dynasty was strong, economically prosperous and culturally prosperous. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing wiped out the Xiongnu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yuefu? ; That's when Sima Qian was rich in knowledge and keen to be born in Beijing.
Around the age of twenty, Sima Qian began his southern tour, visiting Huiji along the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, exploring dangerous caves and looking at nine doubts. He wandered in Yuan, Xiang, Brunei and Si in the north, talking about the capitals of Qi and Lu, and observing the legacy of Confucius. He shot Zou, Yi, Er, Bo and Xue in his hometown and crossed Liang and Chu to return home. ? After returning to Chang 'an, he became a close minister of the emperor and went to Pingliang and Kongdong with Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to serve Bashu. He went to Kunming at the southernmost tip.
In the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a grand tour to worship Zen, with 180,000 cavalry and thousands of flags. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, is a historian. He should have gone to work, but he died in Luoyang. Sima Qian accepted his father's wishes, rushed to Mount Tai, attended meditation, and then returned to Chang 'an along the East China Sea, bypassing the Great Wall beyond the Great Wall.
In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he officially wrote a letter to revise the history and had the opportunity to read all the books, files and various historical materials hidden in the Han Dynasty court. While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the revision of the calendar. In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was written, and he began to write historical records.
In the second year of Tianhan (the first 99 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, to take 30,000 soldiers to attack the Xiongnu, which was defeated and almost completely annihilated, and Li Guangli fled back. Li Guang's grandson, Li Ling, then served as a captain on horseback, fighting the Huns with 5,000 infantry. Khan personally led thirty thousand cavalry to surround the infantry of Liling. Although Li Ling's archery was good and the soldiers were brave, five thousand infantry killed five or six thousand tarquin. Khan assigned more troops, but he still couldn't compete with Li Ling. Just as Khan was preparing to withdraw, a soldier of Liling defected and reported the military situation inside Liling. Tell Khan that there are no reinforcements behind Li Ling, and teach Khan's men to make bows and arrows that can be shot repeatedly. Khan then continued to fight with Li Ling. In the end, Li Ling was outnumbered, leaving only more than 400 Han soldiers to break through. Li Ling was captured by the Huns and surrendered.
Ministers condemned Li Ling for not being afraid of death and surrendering to the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Taishi to ask Sima Qian to listen to his opinion.
Sima Qian said: Li Ling has less than 5,000 infantry. He went deep into the enemy's hinterland and hit tens of thousands of enemies hard. Although he lost the battle, he killed so many enemies that he can tell the world. Li Ling refused to die at once, so he must have an idea. He must want to atone and repay the emperor. ?
Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling was intended to belittle Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), and he flew into a rage and said, Are you defending those who surrendered to the enemy and deliberately opposing the court? He put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to Ting Wei for interrogation. After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison? Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I'm a courtier, so I can't express my opinion? Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family, and Sima Qian was castrated. Corruption is a great shame, polluting ancestral businesses and making friends. Sima Qian went to prison and suffered humiliation. Hand in hand, take rope, skin and list, and live in seclusion in the wall. At this time, when you see the jailer, you grab the land first, and when you see the apprentice, you are anxious. ? (Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu) almost ruined his life. He wants to die, but he thinks of the information collected for many years that people are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather. ? . I have a long-cherished wish to write history books, so in order to complete the writing of historical records, I have to bear the burden of humiliation and drag out an ignoble existence, hoping for a chance.
In the first year of Taishi (96 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to the Yuan Dynasty and granted amnesty to the world. At this time, Sima Qian was fifty years old and became a minister in the book after he was released from prison. In others' eyes, maybe? Respect for pets? However, he devoted himself to writing his book. Until the book was completed in Zheng He's second year (9 1 year ago), * * * got 130 articles, with more than 520,000 words.
all one's life
Angry at the historical record
Sima Qian started reading, sorting out historical materials and preparing for writing after he became an official in Yuanfeng three years (BC 108), and basically completed all the writing plans in Taishi four years (BC 9 1 year). * * * Sixteen years later. This is a great work written by him with all his life energy, painstaking efforts and great physical and mental pain, which always shines brilliantly.
Historical Records is China's first biographical general history, written by Sima Qian. This book includes twelve books? Bangui. Thirty? Family? Seventy? Biography? Ten? Watch? , eight? Books? * * * Five parts, 130 articles, about 526,000 words. It describes the history of three thousand years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the first four years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is also a literary masterpiece, and it is the pioneering work of China's biographical literature. Its main parts are biographies, biographies and biographies, among which biographies are the essence of the book.
Sima Qian wrote historical records with a rigorous and serious attitude, and the spirit of record-keeping is his greatest feature. Every historical figure or event he wrote has undergone a lot of investigation and study, and the historical facts have been checked repeatedly. At the age of twenty, Sima Qian left Chang 'an, the capital, to visit famous mountains and rivers on the spot, and learned many anecdotes about historical figures, customs and economic life in many places, which broadened his horizons and broadened his mind. Han Dynasty historian Ban Gu said, Sima Qian? Its text is straight, its matter is nuclear, it is not empty and beautiful, and it does not hide evil, so it is called recording? . In other words, his article is fair, historical facts are reliable, and he doesn't say good things or hide bad things. This spoke highly of Sima Qian's scientific attitude and detailed historical records.
Sima Qian insisted? Record? Spirit must face the reality and record the reality, which is bound to happen? Taboo? problem However, when he wrote biographies for characters, he did not stick to the conventions of traditional historical books, but recorded his own thoughts and feelings about historical facts. From the supreme emperor to princes and nobles, to ministers, to local governors and so on. Of course, Sima Qian will not obliterate their magical and glorious side, but the outstanding thing is to expose their decay, ugliness and exploitation and oppression of the people. In particular, it exposed the evils of the ruling class in the Han Dynasty. Although he was a courtier of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian did not hide his fault at all. He profoundly exposed and criticized the falsity of the prevailing activities of closing Zen to worship ancestors and visiting immortals at that time. In the book Enchanting Zen, he vividly described the absurd and boring behavior of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty who was superstitious about immortals and tried his best to pray for elixir.
Sima Qian wanted to provide historical reference for feudal rulers, which reflected the real history and was very valuable. In the spirit of record, Sima Qian chose characters not according to his official position or social status, but according to his actual behavior. For example, he wrote many biographies of low-level people such as forest rangers, businessmen, doctors and advocates for Excellence. In Sima Qian's mind, these people all have merits. Sima Qian initiated a writing method that always tells a person's life story. Focus on it? Being a man? , and pay attention to? Being a man? Complexity is Sima Qian's brushwork. In his biography, he put his point of view in an objective factual narrative and expressed his love-hate attitude towards the characters. Take Xiang Yu as an example. Sima Qian sympathized with him and wrote this failed hero with great enthusiasm. He not only praised Xiang Yu's bravery, but also criticized his lack of ambition and cruelty. However, in Biography of Xiang Yu, Sima Qian did not comment on it, but his love and hate for Xiang Yu were fully revealed in the narrative. This is the greatest feature of Sima Qian's biography, that is, the unity of authenticity and tendency.
What are the main contents of historical records and biographies?
1. What are the main contents of historical records?
2. What are the stories in Historical Records?
3. The main content of reconciliation
4. What are the stories from historical records?
5. What are the idioms from Historical Records?
6. What are the stories in Historical Records?