This is difficult to count. Let’s take a look. The Tripitaka is the sutras, laws, and treatises. The Twelve Parts are the Buddha’s teachings. Sutras are divided into twelve categories. They are also called the Twelve Points, that is, long lines and heavy chants. , solitary rise, metaphor, cause and condition, self-explanation without asking, original life, ability, unprecedented, fangguang, discussion, prophecy.
The Tripitaka
The original scriptures of the Tripitaka were originally in Sanskrit and Pali. The original Sanskrit scriptures are now incomplete, and the Pali scriptures and translations from Sanskrit The Chinese translation, the Tibetan translation, the Mongolian translation from the Tibetan translation, the Manchurian translation, the Xixia translation and other Tripitakas are still largely intact to this day. The Buddhist scriptures circulating today can be divided into several languages: Pali, Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian, Manchu, Tangut, Western, etc.; the first two are primitive Buddhist scriptures, and the following ones are The second kind is composed of the first two translators.
(1) Pali: The Pali Tripitaka, also known as the Tripitaka of Theravada, is the holy scripture on which southern Buddhism is based. Its founding date is estimated to be the second to first century BC. According to the records of the History of Ceylon (Ba Di^pavam!sa), at the end of the first century AD, King Vat!t!aga^man!i of Ceylon died in The Abhayagiri monastery invited five hundred saints to write the orally transmitted Pali Tripitaka, which is the prototype of today's Pali Tripitaka. After many changes, in the fifth century AD, Buddha (Buddhaghosa, also known as Buddha Qusha) went to Ceylon and changed all the Buddhist scriptures transmitted in the native language at that time into the native Pali language of India, and thoroughly sorted out the relevant texts. Commentary, the Pali Tipitaka is now complete. Later, the Buddha's message was preached to Burma and other places, and the Pali Tripitaka was also spread to Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Khmer and other places. Therefore, it is known that the Pali Tripitaka was centered in Ceylon and gradually spread to Myanmar and other places. Today
There are various versions of the Pali Tripitaka in Ceylonese, Burmese, Siamese, and Cambodian scripts. At the end of the 19th century, King Chula Longkorn V of Thailand initiated the compilation, revision and dissemination of southern Buddhist scriptures, and published the entire Tibetan Buddhist scriptures in the Siamese official version, which greatly benefited the academic world. In addition, Western Buddhist scholars began to study the Pali Buddhist scriptures in the 19th century, so the publication and translation of the Pali Tripitaka has been advancing with each passing day. (See ‘The Tripitaka’ 3748)
(2) Sanskrit: Indian aristocrats originally had a popular elegant language. However, when the Buddha was still alive, he did not use elegant language because he advocated the equality of the four surnames. A hundred years after the death of the Buddha, the grammarian Borni formulated the elegant language in detail for easy communication. Buddhists also adopted it to record the Buddhist scriptures. This is the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures. It is impossible to determine which of the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures and the Pali Buddhist scriptures came first or later. However, there are differences between Jingwei and Jingwei in their distribution areas. It is said that during the reign of King Kanishekya, the Tripitaka was identified, and those who did not have a written version were written down, and those who had a written version were collated. The Sanskrit Buddhist canon was said to be complete. However, most of the existing Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures are only fragments, and the content is general and confusing, not as complete and clear as the Pali Tipitaka. In terms of doctrine, it can be said that the Pali Tripitaka belongs entirely to Hinayana teachings, while most of the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures belong to Mahayana teachings. Most of them have already been translated into Chinese, but there are also many precious documents that have not yet been translated into Chinese. In modern times, Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures have been discovered in Nepal, Tibet, Central Asia and other places, with the largest number of discoveries in Nepal. In 1822, the Englishman B.H. Hodgson collected Sanskrit scriptures in Nepal and obtained 380 old and new manuscripts. From 1873 to 1876, the British D. Wright continued to collect and obtained more than 320 volumes.
The reason why many Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures exist in Nepal is that according to scholars’ research, in the early third century after the death of the Buddha, Buddhism in Central India suffered unprecedented persecution, and many Indian Buddhists fled to Nepal. In the 13th century, Muslims invaded India, and Indian Buddhists fled to Nepal. The climate here is bitter and cold, which is very suitable for the preservation of Buddhist vases. In addition to Nepal, a large number of Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures have been unearthed in Khotan, Dunhuang, Gaochang, Qiuci and other places, which have made great contributions and influences to the academic world. Although there are only a few original Sanskrit Tripitakas in existence, they flowed into Tibet and China in the first century AD and have already been translated into vast Tibetan and Chinese Tripitakas, which occupy an important position among all Buddhist scriptures. .
(3) Chinese: Among the translated classics of various branches of Buddhism, the Chinese translation of the Tripitaka is the earliest and has the largest volume. It started from the Later Han Dynasty and ended in the Yuan Dynasty. It was composed of Sanskrit, Ba Translated from Li language, Hu language, etc. The earliest classic translations were represented by An Shigao who came to Luoyang in the second year of Jianhe (148) of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He mainly translated Hinayana classics. In the last years of Emperor Huan's reign, Lou Jiaxie, a branch of the Dayue clan, also came to Luoyang, where he mainly translated Mahayana classics. At the beginning of the translation of classics, they just wrote and transmitted them individually. By the time of Fu Qin Dao'an (314? ~ 385), the translated scriptures began to be collected, classified and compiled into a catalog. This is the "Comprehensive Catalog of Classics", which is divided into: Compilation There are eight parts including Chu Jing Lun Lu, Yi Chu Jing Lu, Ancient Yi Jing Lu, Lost Translation Jing Lu, Liang Tu Yi Jing Lu, Guanzhong Yi Jing Lu, Questioning Jing Lu, Annotations and Miscellaneous Classics, *** It contains 639 volumes and 886 volumes of scriptures, making it the first catalog of Buddhist scriptures in my country. Later, Sengyou, Baochang and others also compiled various sutras to supplement it. At that time, all the translated scriptures were written and placed in palaces and major temples. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the translation industry had become more prosperous, and there were single translations, double translations, different translations, doubts, falsehoods, etc. Collections, biographies and writings written by our country were also collected one after another.
In total, there are sixty to seventy catalogs of sutras compiled in the past dynasties, and more than twenty are extant. Among them are the collection of Tripitaka by Seng You, the catalog of sutras such as the Dharma Sutra, Fei Changfang's Records of the Three Treasures of the Past, Daoxuan's Internal Code of the Tang Dynasty, Zhisheng's Kaiyuan Buddhism Records, Qing Jixiang's Zhiyuan Dharma Treasure Survey and General Records, etc. are the most famous works. Furthermore, among the various sutra records mentioned above, the Kaiyuan Shijiaolu has been valued by scholars of all ages because of its complete collection, accurate description, and appropriate classification. Its classification method has also been used by most Tibetan scriptures since Kaibaobao.
After the Qi Dynasty and Liang Dynasty, the trend of copying the essentials of various scriptures also flourished, including 50 volumes of different scriptures and rhythms such as Bao Chan of the Liang Dynasty, 200 volumes of Dharma Treasure Collection compiled by scholars under the orders of Emperor Jianwen of the Liang Dynasty, Tanxian of the Later Wei Dynasty, etc. Twenty volumes of the Sutras of the Liang Dynasty, Yu Xiaojing and others from the Liang Dynasty were collected in 30 volumes, the Liang Dynasty Xianming's Zhenyan was collected in ten volumes, the Liang Dynasty Sengmin and others collected eighty-eight volumes of the Sutras, and Yilin was eight volumes. Ten volumes, eleven volumes of the Three Treasures of the Liang Chao Jing Ai, 189 volumes of the Fa Yuan Sutra of unknown author, 20 volumes of the Essential Sutras of the Tang Dynasty, 100 volumes of the Fa Yuan Zhulin, and 30 notes of the Zen Forest by Xuan Ze of the Tang Dynasty. Volume, ten volumes of Chen Shi's Great Collection of the Ming Dynasty, etc.
After the Sui and Tang dynasties, there was a trend of attaching the pronunciation and meaning of Sanskrit and difficult-to-understand words in the Tibetan scriptures. There were twenty-five volumes of the pronunciation and meaning of all sutras by Xuanying in the Tang Dynasty, and one hundred volumes of the pronunciation and meaning of all sutras by Huilin in the Tang Dynasty. , Liao Xilin's ten volumes of the sound and meaning of all scriptures, the later Jin Dynasty Kehong's new collection of the sound and meaning of the Tibetan scriptures in thirty volumes, and the Song Dynasty Chu Guan's Shaoxing heavy carving of the Tibetan scriptures in three volumes, etc. In addition, there are many interpretations of the Tripitaka, such as the thirty-volume calendar of Kaiyuan Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty by Xuanyi of the Tang Dynasty, the thirteen-volume compendium of the Tripitaka by Weibai of the Song Dynasty, the ancient writings of Wang Guzhu of the Song Dynasty, and the Guanzhu of the Yuan Dynasty. The eight chapters of the Da Zang Sacred Dharma Treasures in ten volumes, the Ming Dynasty Jixiao's Da Ming Buddhism Huimu Yimen in forty-one volumes, the four volumes of the headings, the Ming Dynasty Zhixu's Yue Zang Zhijin in forty-four volumes, and the Japanese Pure Land Sect's Monk Suitian There are three volumes of catalogues of the Three Great Collections of Yuanshan.
The Chinese Tripitaka was compiled in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. However, there was no printing technology at that time. All compilations relied on writing. It was not until the Song Dynasty that there was a publication. The publication and printing of the Chinese Tripitaka was based on the engraving (woodblock printing) of the entire Tripitaka by Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty in Chengdu, Sichuan. This is the treasure of the official Shu version. After that, the business of Tibetan sutra printing and engraving gradually emerged. The plans of the Song Dynasty included: the Liao version of the Khitan Cang, the Jin version of the Jin Cang, the Fuzhou version of the Wanshou Cang, the Pilu Cang, the Huzhou version (Zhejiang version) of the Yuanjue Cang, the Zifu Cang, the Qi Sha Cang, etc. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Tibetan scriptures were printed based on the Song version, and there were two types of Tibetan scriptures: Puning Tibetan and Hongfa Tibetan. However, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the world was in chaos and all the Tibetan scriptures were burned. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Taizu gathered great virtues in Jiangshan, collated and compiled the Tibetan scriptures, and published them in Nanzang. However, the collation was not precise and there were errors from time to time. In addition to Southern Tibet, there are also Northern Tibet, Surangama Temple editions, Baoen Temple editions, etc. From the 13th year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign in the Qing Dynasty to the third year of Emperor Qianlong's reign (1735-1738), Beizang was used as the base, new books were added, and Longzang was published. In addition, there are the Pinjia Zang, Baiji Zang, the Chinese Tripitaka which was compiled in the 45th year of the Republic of China (1956), and the Foguang Tripitaka which was published successively in the 72nd year of the Republic of China.
The Goryeo Collection also belongs to the Chinese system. It was first engraved in the era of Song Zhenzong (the second year of Emperor Xianzong of Goryeo, 1011). It was based on the Kaibaobao of the Song Dynasty and added to the various volumes collected by Zhenyuanlu. This is the beginning of the Goryeo Collection. Engraved copy. In addition, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Goryeo Dynasty, a further engraving and collection edition was opened. In the 23rd year of Emperor Gaozong's reign (1236), the Korean Tripitaka was engraved and a second edition was engraved, which is now known as the Ryobon Tripitaka. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Wenzong's reign (1059)
, a copy of the Khitan version of Goryeo was published, but it has all been lost today. (See 'Chinese Tripitaka' 1001)
(4) Japan: The Buddhist scriptures printed in Japan originally belonged to the Chinese system. However, due to the rapid development of the Tripitaka publishing industry in Japan, and in recent times, the editing of Tripitaka has become more and more popular. Complete, forming a situation where one comes from behind and stands out. The printing of the Tripitaka in Japan began with the Tenkaizo in the early Tokugawa period, which was reprinted with reference to the Song and Yuan editions. Secondly, there is the Huangbo Collection from the late Tokugawa period, which is a copy of the Ming Dynasty Shurangama Temple edition. During the Meiji era, there was a reduced version of the Buddhist Canon published by Hongjiao Academy, which was compiled according to the four canonical texts of Li, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, and some Japanese writings were added. From the 35th to the 38th year of the Meiji era (1902-1905), the Buddhist Buddhist Library published the Swastika Zōzōn, which was based on the Huangbo and Li editions, and was compiled with reference to the Ming edition. From the 38th year of the Meiji period to the first year of the Taisho period (1912), the Nippon Buddhist Buddhist Institute collected the uncollected copies of the swastika collection and compiled them into the swastika collection. From the 44th year of Meiji to the 11th year of Taisho, the Tokyo Buddhist Book Publishing Association successively published a set of Buddhist books mainly written in Japan, namely the Great Japanese Buddhist Book. From the 8th to the 10th year of Taisho Period, it was edited by Tatsumi Nakano and published by the Japanese Tripitaka Compilation Society, and was called the Japanese Tripitaka. In the 13th year of Taisho, Takanan Junjiro and others initiated the publication of the Taisho New Tripitaka, which was completed in the 7th year of Showa (1932). All the famous Buddhist works in China, Japan and Korea are the most complete Tripitaka in the world of Buddhism. In terms of collation, in addition to the four collections of Li, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, it was also compared with the Japanese sacred texts, palace editions, Dunhuang manuscripts, and various ancient lost editions and circulating editions. In the 13th year of the Showa era, the Hongjiao edition was photocopied and revised, and some of the editions were edited, shortened, and collected in the Showa era. In addition, there are compilations of the Theravada Tripitaka and the Chinese Translation of All Sutras, both of which are published in Japanese. The former is a compilation of the Tripitaka of Theravada system and other Tibetan Buddhist classics. It is the only Tibetan scripture among various Tibetan scriptures that includes explanations and annotations.