The embryonic period of science and technology in China is the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. China is one of the cradles of early human civilization in the world. Fire was the first to be used in the world, bows and arrows and pottery were invented, and pottery appeared.
Agriculture and animal husbandry, astronomical observation, medical creation. Start making silk from silk.
pre-Qin period
Xia, Shang and Zhou laid the rudiment of science and technology in China. At this time, China entered the Bronze Age, and the casting and smelting technology of bronzes was superb. At the same time, primitive porcelain appeared. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China's ancient science and technology system was basically laid. Iron is widely used, and steelmaking technology and cast iron softening technology have also appeared. Summer is the earliest existing agricultural yearbook in China. There are large water conservancy projects, including Dujiangyan and Zheng Guoqu. Create a decimal system. The invention can perform complex operations such as four operations, multiplication, square root and the like, and can represent and calculate zero, negative numbers and fractions. Some scholars believe that calculation contributes to the Indo-Arabic numeral system. Jiuyin Song, the simplest multiplication table in the world, is still in use today. One of the earliest catalogues in the world appeared. The exact length of the tropic year has been determined. The theory of traditional Chinese medicine was initially established.
Qin and Han dynasties
China's ancient science and technology have matured. The rotation system in agriculture has been established. Traditional Chinese medicine works "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing" and "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" appeared. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic defines the ancient mathematical system of China. Papermaking has been invented and greatly improved. Shipbuilding technology is very mature. The construction of the Great Wall reflected the advanced construction technology in China at that time. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng is the earliest seismograph in the world. There is a satellite navigation technology (transoceanic satellite navigation). The invention of the toilet was the first country in the world to use the toilet.
Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
Liu Hui, Zu Chongzhi and Zhang Zixin have made great contributions to mathematics and astronomy. Pei Xiu's Six-body Cartography initiated the basic theory of ancient cartography in China. Jia Sixie's Qi Yao Min Shu marks the maturity of agronomy. Wang Shuhe's Pulse Classic, Huangfu Mi's Acupuncture Classic A and B, and Tao Hongjing's Shennong Herbal Classic have enriched the system of traditional Chinese medicine. Ge Hong's research on alchemy contributed to China's primitive chemistry. Ma Jun's achievements in machinery manufacturing represent the level of machinery manufacturing in ancient China. Xie Fei and Wei Meng suddenly created the earliest lathe in the world.
Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties
During the Song Dynasty, science and technology developed economically and culturally, and made great progress. In the Song Dynasty, the development of ancient science and technology in China reached its peak.
the Yuan Dynasty
Science and technology from Arabia and Persia were introduced into China. Translate astronomical works, such as Ptolemy's Anthology of Astronomy and Ibn Yunus's Hakim Catalogue (also translated into Hakim Calendar). China people began to use Arabic numerals at this time. In the 17th year of Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty (1280), Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing completed the compilation of the Chronological Calendar. The calendar takes 365.2425 days as a year, which is only 26 seconds away from the actual time for the earth to go around the sun. 1303, Zhu Shijie wrote "Four-element Jade Mirror", which expanded "Tianshi skill" into "four-element skill" (four-element high-order simultaneous equation) and put forward the solution of "elimination". Zhu Shijie also studied the summation of finite series, and on this basis, obtained the interpolation formula of higher-order difference. It is generally believed that the first six volumes of Euclid's Elements of Geometry were translated and introduced to China by Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty with the help of Italian missionary Matteo Ricci, but some scholars believe that this book was brought to China by Muslims who came to China as early as the Yuan Dynasty. [3] Chinese medicine has made great progress, and four schools of thought appeared in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. On the basis of inheriting the tradition, medicine has emerged a situation of "eclecticism and exchange of needed goods", which has greatly enriched the content of medical knowledge. Hui Hui Fang is a large-scale comprehensive medical classic in China, covering internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, orthopedics and dermatology, with Chinese and western characteristics. 129 1 year, Guo Shoujing directed the construction of the canal from Yuan Dadu to Tongzhou. Tonghui River is a masterpiece in the history of engineering construction in China, and its ingenious application method is basically the same as that adopted by some foreign canals now. There are 37 volumes of agricultural books edited by Wang Zhen, and there are 36 volumes in existence, which is a comprehensive and systematic exposition of ancient agricultural production in China. Agricultural Book has more than130,000 words and more than 300 pictures. The full text is divided into three parts: Nongsang Tongjue, Baigupu and Nongqi Atlas. "Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery Water Conservancy" includes a comprehensive exposition of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery water conservancy, and puts forward the farming thought of "good weather, good geographical position and harmonious people". Baigupu introduces the varieties, characteristics, cultivation, planting, harvesting, storage and utilization of various crops, and divides crops into six categories, such as grain, vegetable, fruit and miscellaneous, which lays the foundation for crop taxonomy in China. The description of plant characters is unprecedented in previous books. Atlas of Agricultural Machinery is the key part of agricultural books, which is divided into 20 categories, including field system, granary, boat and car, irrigation, sericulture, fiber weaving, hemp and so on. It introduces 257 kinds of agricultural machinery in detail with 306 illustrations, which is more valuable than all previous books on agricultural machinery. In movable type printing, Wang Zhen designed wooden movable type and wheel typesetting frame, and printed Jingde County Records with wooden movable type at 1298; His "Making Movable Type Printing Calligraphy" (attached to the end of the book "Agricultural Books") is the earliest scientific and technological document that systematically introduces movable type typesetting and printing.
tomorrow
The scientific and technological achievements of the Ming Dynasty are like stars, all walks of life have made extraordinary achievements, and many famous masterpieces have emerged.
mathematics
In mathematics, Wang Wensu wrote a treasure trove of arithmetic, Cheng Dawei wrote a masterpiece of arithmetic, Xu Guangqi translated Geometry, and Li Zhizao wrote arithmetic in the same language.
astronomy
In astronomy, the famous book White Ape Sacrifices Three Lights (the author is unknown) contains 132 cloud images, Zhao Youqin wrote A New Book of Pixiang, Xu Guangqi compiled the Calendar of Chongzhen by absorbing the achievements of western calendars, Li Zhizao wrote The Constitution Map of Honggaitong, and Wang Xichan expounded the New Law of Filial Piety. Install China's first astronomical telescope: Yong.
geography
In geography, the compilation of Zheng He's nautical charts, Xu Xiake's Travels and the earliest world map "Grand General Geographic Map" appeared. Gu has "Yu Zhaozhi" and "Records of Counties and Countries in the World".
architecture
In terms of architecture, in the early Ming Dynasty, large-scale civil engineering was carried out to build the Forbidden City and the Great Wall of Wan Li, and it was planned to be written as the Great Wall of Wan Li.
Learn the famous Yuan Ye.
Medical science
In medicine, Li Shizhen wrote Compendium of Materia Medica, Yang Jizhou wrote Masterpiece of Acupuncture, Chen Shigong wrote Authentic Surgery, Wu Youxing wrote Theory of Plague, and Zhang Jingyue wrote Classic. The Ming Dynasty was the first country in the world to receive smallpox vaccine.
agriculture
In agronomy, Yu Zong wrote Tree Planting Book, Zhu Ting wrote Herbicide, Ma Yilong wrote Agronomy, Tu Benjun wrote the earliest extant monograph on marine life in China, and Yu Jie co-wrote Veterinary Medicine, Yuan Heng Governing Horses, Xu Guangqi wrote Agricultural Policy, and corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes and peanuts.
military science
In terms of military science, Mao wrote Military Strategy and published the classic Fire Dragon Sutra, Zhao Shizhen wrote the Artifact Spectrum, Sun wrote the Divine Machine of the West and the Essentials of Fire Attack, Wang Lian compiled China's first systematic mechanical engineering monograph, New Device Map, and Qi Jiguang wrote Ji Ji.
Weapon technology
Weapon technology: 1372 made the bowl spear, 1377 made the hand spear (small-caliber tubular), 14 invented the "flying crow with divine fire" at the end of the year, 1453 made the bronze spear (sliding-bore type) .10000.00000000103 1642, muskets appeared in Nanjing.
physics
In physics, Zhu Zaiyu wrote The Essence of Rhythm, Song wrote Heavenly Creations, Fang Yizhi wrote An Introduction to Physics, and thousands of families conducted the world's earliest rocket launch test. Sun made dozens of optical instruments such as magnifying glasses and microscopes, and wrote The History of Mirrors.
Ching Dynasty
After more than 30 years of planning and mapping, Kangxi made the Imperial Map. During the Qianlong period, Minggatu and others were sent to Xinjiang and other places for surveying and mapping twice. Finally, according to the panorama of the Forbidden City and the new surveying and mapping data, the panorama of the Forbidden City in Ganlong was made. These two pictures are still of great reference value. During the Qianlong period, the official revised 90 volumes of Jin Jian of Medical Zong, collected many new cheats and experience prescriptions, and made many textual researches on synopsis of the golden chamber and treatise on febrile diseases, which is an important work to introduce the clinical experience of traditional Chinese medicine. Wang Qingren's book Correcting Mistakes in Medical Forest emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge to medical treatment, and questioned the records of organs in ancient books. He drew 25 kinds of "My Eyes Corrected Visceral Diagram" through the anatomical study of cadaver viscera, which corrected some mistakes of predecessors. Wang Xichan is the author of more than a dozen astronomical works, such as The New Law of Xiao 'an and The Interpretation of Five Elements. , affirmed the advanced places of western calendars, and pointed out many shortcomings and mistakes. He also put forward some pertinent opinions on the algorithm of solar eclipse, the application of astronomical data, the length of tropical year, and the precession constant, which promoted the development of calendar arithmetic in China. Mei Wending sorted out and expounded China's ancient almanac, and also studied and introduced western science. There are 86 books on astronomy, calendars and mathematics. His book General Theory of Chinese and Western Mathematics summarized almost all the mathematical knowledge in the world at that time and reached the highest level of mathematical research in China at that time. In the "Equation Theory" part of the book, the originality of China's ancient equation is expounded, and it is pointed out that this algorithm is not available in the West. The achievement of China's ancient algorithm is also proved by Pythagorean metric and nine-number ancient preservation. In the sections of "block measurement" and "geometric correction", the western sphericity is introduced, and the western solid geometry is discussed and developed. In the preparation, calculation and proportional number solution, the western logarithm and Galileo's proportional gauge are explained and introduced. Mingatou is the author of the four-volume Method of Secant Circle Density and Efficiency. Because the three methods of secant circle (circle diameter is circumference, solitary back is sine and chord back is normal vector) imported from Europe at that time only have formulas, but there is no method to prove them, China created three formulas to prove them by secant circle connection ratio method, and further created a series of new formulas, such as "arc back is chord", "chord back is chord" and "normal vector of arc back", which were all solved by analytical methods. Gong Zhenlin initiated the iron mold casting method in 184 1 and wrote the iron mold casting diagram, which is one of the earliest scientific and technological documents in the world. Lie independently invented logarithmic calculus and put forward Lie identities in combinatorial identities. 1872 published the "look-up method", which is China's earliest theory of prime numbers.