Please use no more than 150 words to summarize the main problems reflected in the given materials.
Understand the meaning of the problem
1, word limit: 150 words. The elastic limit can only be within 10%. In principle, too high or too low will be deducted.
2. Expression: The answer is required to cover the main part of the full text, but the expression requires that the sentence be concise and not wordy. Generally, specific examples or figures are not directly quoted.
3. Scope limitation: it can only be summarized in a given material, and it is not allowed to jump out of the content delineated by the material, but can only be introduced or played at will.
4. Weighing: the main problem reflected, that is, the main facts or concepts expressed. When answering questions, don't be limited to details, but look at the overall situation, be far-sighted and grasp the main questions from a macro perspective. It can be considered that the main problem is the tendentiousness in the text, which determines or dominates the thinking tendency or ideological change in the text.
Answer step
1. Underline the main words and phrases in the text when reading. The main words and expressions generally do not include specific examples or figures, nor do they include statements that directly explain the content.
2. Analyze the underlined sentences again, remove the restrictive sentences and leave only their main components.
3. Organizing the sentences on the left with fluent language is the main problem reflected in the full text.
Answer method
A complete answer should mainly include three parts: summary sentence+clause+truth sentence.
1, summary sentence refinement: a summary sentence, which highly summarizes the main problems of the full text. The sentence pattern is: this is a style about subject+event 1+ event 2+ event 3. Among them, the subject is the name of the main person or the name of the main unit involved in the article. Style refers to the genre of the given article, such as news reports, investigation reports, work summaries, speeches, cases, etc. Most of the time it is a case. Event 1 refers to the first action of the subject, which can also be understood as the first stage of the event. For a single article, there is only one core event, and only the event 1 is enough. For example, "this is a report about the debate on pure water advertising."
2. Clause: It is to express the contents of the general sentence item by item. According to the specific situation, the following methods can be adopted (Note: Because the answers to the "Theology" exam are generally objective and basically certain, the following methods only have different angles of entry, but the final answers should not be the same. It's called the same goal. )
(1) link analysis method. This method can be used for those given materials with vertical structure, that is, articles with chronological order or logical deepening order. For example, the clause of the mock test (1) can be summarized as: "(This is a report reflecting the inflated price of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Manufacturers set their own prices, middlemen increase prices at different levels, doctors or hospitals prescribe high-priced drugs for their own interests, and patients buy high-priced drugs. " This is analyzed according to the four links of medical circulation.
(2) Participant analysis method. One thing may involve several parties. In clauses, we can answer questions about the behavior of all parties. For example, the sub-clause of the simulation question (6) can be summarized as 9 "(this is a successful case in which China 10 apple juice manufacturer was sued by the other party for anti-dumping. ) Low-priced apple juice from China entered the US market, causing dissatisfaction from the US, which initiated anti-dumping investigation and prosecution. China actively responded to the lawsuit, gave full play to favorable factors, won the lawsuit, and protected the interests of apple juice producers in China. "This method is the easiest.
(3) Chain analysis. Sometimes, the events involved in a material are linked one after another, and there is obvious connection between the events, so the chain analysis method is applied. For example, the clause of the simulation test (7) can be summarized as: "(This is a survey report on the toy market in China. After the alliance of nine color TV enterprises in Shenzhen, the relevant state departments questioned this. Experts believe that price alliance is a disguised monopoly, and consumers are indifferent to it. The internal opinions of the alliance merchants are also inconsistent, which eventually leads to the failure of color TV price limit. "
(4) Type analysis. If a piece of material involves different kinds of people or things, it can be expressed in different categories. For example, the clause of the simulation test (9) can be summarized as: "This is a survey report on the toy market in China. The survey shows that China's toy consumption has immeasurable development potential. Parents are eager to buy more toys for their children, but the survey also shows that the adult toy market in China is basically blank and there are huge business opportunities. So far, there is no enterprise specializing in the production of finished toys. The development and sales of toys are oriented to adults and are a new hot spot of toys in the world. "
(5) keyword analysis. For a given material, if you feel that there is no place to summarize it, you can list the words that appear frequently in the text and then connect them with the facts or opinions in the text. This is of great help to beginners or people with poor psychological quality in exams. Personally, I estimate that there must be an objective evaluation standard if the evaluation of the application is to be objective and fair. So the objectivity of the answer should be relatively strong. Choose some first. Be sure to choose the right point, and lose less if you can. For example, the simulation test (8) first summarizes the summary sentence: This is a report about a mountain spring fighting with other domestic pure water manufacturers. If you find it difficult, you can list the main words first, (scientific experiment, pure water fields all over the country, counterattack, speculation, unfair competition law, investigation and punishment of standard pure water, nature, anti-unfair competition law, science. In this way, after reading the full text and analyzing it, we can extract the auxiliary sentence: "A mountain spring announced that it would no longer produce pure water, which tripped over pure water and caused a counterattack from major domestic pure water manufacturers. These pure water producers questioned the scientific experiment of Nongfu Spring, believing that it was unfair competition and speculation. Please ask the national authorities to investigate and deal with this matter. It has aroused the concern and discussion of this issue from all walks of life. "
(6) Active square analysis. Generally speaking, given data is an internally contradictory event or idea. At this time, in order to ensure the breakthrough of our analysis, we can first determine who is the active party of the incident and express the problem from the perspective of the active party. But at this time, candidates need to express the event process from an objective and fair standpoint, and don't use qualitative words casually in the expression, so as not to lose their objective and fair position.
3. Truth. The basic sentence structure of the truth sentence is: "It tells (or reveals and reflects) the truth (or law, nature)." Look at the reference answers, some answers have reasonable sentences, and some answers have unreasonable sentences. I think, as candidates, in order to ensure foolproof, we should use concise language to express our understanding of the event or give people enlightenment. Reasonable sentences require candidates to have strong inductive analysis ability for given information, and can deduce certain truth from it. Of course, in a few cases, there are ready-made sentences in the text, which need careful analysis and identification by candidates.
Reference article editing
Analysis of Common Errors in Applied Writing
As a brand-new examination method, Shen Lun appeared in the civil service recruitment examinations at all levels in China. Most candidates are unfamiliar with Shen Lun, and there are many problems in writing. This paper tries to analyze common mistakes in practical writing with examples in order to help candidates.
First, the reading materials are not careful, the analysis materials are not in-depth, and they are blindly seeking for speed and rushing to write.
It is difficult and time-consuming to complete three demanding writing tasks according to the given materials in just 150 minutes. Therefore, many candidates have only glanced at the given materials, and have not sorted out the clues and figured out the problems reflected in the materials, so they immediately began to write. In this way, the first writing task is biased-not the main content. For example, in 2000, civil servants of the central and state organs took the "Application Examination" (hereinafter referred to as the 2000 Application Examination, and the examination paper was published in the fifth issue of Applied Writing in 2002). One candidate summed up the main questions like this: "First, can the court not hear the case or order H to lose the case because of the interests of the printing company?" 2. Which is more important, environmental protection or economic benefits? Third, in law enforcement, should we emphasize strict law enforcement or give due consideration to social impact? What should we do when there is a conflict between the two? " Candidates sum up three questions from the data, which is the main one? Not detailed. Judging from the summary of scratching his beard and eyebrows above, he probably didn't understand it himself. The central and state organs recruit civil servants, and the applicants have college education or above. It stands to reason that it is not difficult to summarize the main problems from the given data. Obviously, it's because I didn't read and study the data carefully. Application materials often involve a wide range and complicated contents. In order to sort out the clues and grasp the crux of the problem, we must have a thorough understanding of the materials, and it is impossible to achieve this goal by browsing in a hurry. The ancients had a famous saying about writing: "Put your hand in front and you can study hard at the back." The application for "hand in hand" writing should focus on reading, understanding and analyzing materials. You must be willing to work hard! Since 2000, for three years in a row, the "Notes" in the examination paper "Shen Lun" of the central and state organs' civil service recruitment examination have written "Reference time limit for answering questions: reading for 40 minutes, answering questions 1 10 minutes". Such special tips should be unique in all kinds of exams. According to the author's understanding, the prompt is because applying for writing is unfamiliar to most candidates. Practical writing emphasizes not only the ability to analyze and control materials, but also the ability to express words, so the control of limited materials runs through the whole writing, and its basis is reading. In the description of the test paper, it is suggested that the reading time should account for more than 1/4 of the total time, which also emphasizes the important position of reading in the writing of the application, so as to avoid the examinee ignoring this point and affecting the normal play of the level. The proposer has good intentions, and candidates can't ignore it! Without exception, candidates who play a good role in writing have paid full attention to reading as a basic link. This can be seen from the answer sheet. In 2000, a candidate summarized the main problems as follows: "The data mainly reflect that the noise generated by the normal production of enterprises has seriously interfered with the normal life of the surrounding residents and caused civil disputes in the process of urban development. How should the state administrative organs and the state judicial organs handle these disputes legally and reasonably, that is, how to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens (not to let excessive noise affect their lives) and protect the legitimate production order and interests of enterprises, so that both sides are satisfied? A concise summary proves that candidates have read through the materials. When reading materials (including other text descriptions of test papers), you should also take some notes on the key words in the materials to help you understand, analyze and write ideas. For example, in the materials given in the 200 1 Examination Paper "Shen Lun" (hereinafter referred to as 200 1 Examination Paper), we should pay attention to the last finishing touch-"to avoid the recurrence of adverse drug reactions, reduce the occurrence of drug harm and improve the safety of medication".
In addition, there are still many candidates who tend to loosen first and then tighten. The first two parts, especially the "scheme countermeasures", take too much time, and the final argument can only be hastily concluded or even not completed. The final discussion part scored the highest (20% of the summary, 30% of the proposal and 50% of the reasons), which was the key factor to determine the success or failure of the exam. Therefore, candidates should also pay attention to the reasonable allocation of time. Generally speaking, it takes about 40 minutes to read the materials, about 20 minutes to summarize the contents, and not less than 50 minutes to elaborate and demonstrate.
Second, I don't know much about the special requirements of application writing, so I can't write strictly according to the requirements.
A remarkable feature of application writing is its multi-level and comprehensive writing. Its multi-level performance is that the whole application consists of three articles with different needs. Its comprehensiveness means that these three articles constitute a closely linked writing chain and a logically rigorous whole. Many candidates don't know much about this feature, so it is inevitable that there will be deviations in writing. The following situations are more common:
(A) ignore the close relationship between the three parts of essay writing.
It is a common mistake for candidates to write the three parts of the application into three independent articles that are not related to each other, while ignoring the close relationship between them. Take the test paper of 200 1 as an example. The given material of the test paper is "the storm caused by PPA in the world". One candidate summed up the main problem as "drugs containing PPA are being encircled around the world, and people avoid them like a plague". The main point of the countermeasure part is that "the government should instruct the functional departments to ban all drugs containing PPA quickly", and the view of the discussion part is that "drugs containing PPA went on the market the day after they were banned in the United States, which shows the importance of keen vision and advanced consciousness". Obviously, the three parts of this answer sheet are separated and unrelated. This is the taboo of Shen Lun's writing. Candidates must regard the three parts as a whole in the whole writing process. Not only should writing be coherent and echo each other, but also the ideas before writing should be consistent. Because the process of induction is not only a process of familiarity with information, but also a process of analysis and judgment; The process of putting forward a plan is not only a process of solving problems, but also a process of rational thinking. The three parts of successful practical writing should be coordinated, coordinated and interrelated, that is, the summary of the main problems reflected by the materials → the countermeasures against the main problems → the elaboration and discussion led by the main problems.
(2) Ignoring the different styles and stylistic requirements of each part of the application.
In application writing, it is also a common problem for candidates to ignore the three parts of style and stylistic requirements, especially those with more knowledge of science and engineering. The three parts of the application constitute the whole of "application and discussion" and are inseparable. But at the same time, as an independent writing unit, it has different requirements. First of all, their styles are different: the summary part is narrative, the scheme part is explanatory and the argument part is argumentative. Secondly, their main manifestations are different: narration is the main way to summarize, explanation is the way to solve problems, discussion is the main way to analyze and demonstrate, supplemented by narration and explanation. Third, their stylistic styles are different: the words used in the summary part should be concise and accurate, the words used in the scheme part should be concise and to the point, and the words used in the discussion part should be logical and convincing. Many candidates do not take into account the differences in the above parts, and it is not uncommon to use inappropriate style and style in the answer sheet. For example, in the 200 1 application exam, a candidate summed up the theme in this way: "Things are in a hurry! The world is shocked! PPA, a demon, keeps Americans, Britons, China and Japanese ... white people, yellow people and black people awake! The results of the study are shocking: patients taking PPA drugs are prone to stroke! PPA is endless! The United States Federal Food and Drug Administration prohibits PPA! The British Ministry of Health banned PPA! Japan's Ministry of Health and Welfare blocked PPA! PPA is prohibited by China Drug Administration! ...................... ……PPA became a street mouse, and the whole world was shouting. ..... "As far as writing is concerned, the expression is basically smooth and the language level is not bad. However, according to the requirements of summarizing the main contents of the application composition, there are too many problems, the most prominent of which is improper style of writing.
(C) unreasonable grasp of the number of words
There is also a problem of mastering the number of words reasonably in application writing. A common problem of candidates is that they don't pay attention to the requirements of the number of words. The three parts of thesis writing have different requirements for the number of words. Summarize the problems, put forward countermeasures, and set the maximum number of words: "Please use no more than ××××." The number of words in the demonstration part leaves some room for up-and-down activities: "Use ××× words or so." When answering questions, the number of words in the first two parts shall generally not be less than 10% of the prescribed upper limit, otherwise points will be deducted. Some candidates like to minimize the number of words when completing these two parts of writing, mistakenly thinking that this can save time. I don't know that too few words will not only deduct points, but also greatly increase the difficulty of writing, and it is inevitable to miss some important content. For example, in the application examination in 2000, one candidate summarized the main content as follows: "This paper mainly sued XX Printing Company through H, a resident of Building 5 of Hongxing New Village, reflecting how to deal with the contradiction between enterprise production and people's life in the process of economic development. It is mentioned in the article that citizens take up legal weapons to safeguard their own interests, but they have not been tried for various reasons. " This summary is less than 100 words, which is less than the prescribed upper limit of 150 words 1/3. Simple, but not the main idea. If you increase the length of 1/3, you can include some main contents. The number of words in the argumentation part is relatively loose, but there is also a problem of how to grasp the "degree". Many candidates often exceed the prescribed number of words when writing. A typical example is the 200 1 essay examination. The number of words stipulated in the discussion section is about 1000, but a candidate actually wrote 1800. It should be said that this is not easy, which reflects the candidates' quick thinking and rich written expression. But as far as exam-taking skills are concerned, this is not desirable. Because the length is nearly twice the specified length, the time and energy spent (including conception and writing) is naturally much more. The total time for applying for the exam is limited, and every minute is very precious. The discussion takes up too much time, which will inevitably affect the writing quality of the first two parts and easily lose points. And the discussion part didn't get extra points because of the large number of words. Isn't that a loss? What's more, long articles do not mean good content; On the contrary, a concise text is often a good article. In general, the discussion section should not exceed 100 words.
Third, the proposed countermeasures lack pertinence and feasibility.
The lack of pertinence and feasibility of putting forward countermeasures is also a common problem in application writing. The pertinence of countermeasures means that the solution of problems is closely related to the main problems summarized. What kind of problems are summarized in the front, and what kind of solutions will be given later. The main problems summarized include several aspects or levels, and the countermeasures given must also have several aspects or levels. The feasibility of countermeasures means that the solution is feasible rather than empty talk divorced from reality. The reality here includes not only national conditions and people's feelings, national laws and policies, but also the specific environmental background and social conditions of the problem. Feasibility also includes that the scheme should be operable. Because fundamentally speaking, planning is to solve problems, and it is worthless if you can't operate it. Therefore, operability is the vitality of the scheme. It should be said that there is no standard answer to making a plan. The score of this part depends on two aspects: first, the level of written expression; The second is the reviewer's evaluation of the feasibility of your proposal. Generally, these factors should be considered in the evaluation: first, whether the questions raised can guarantee the correct solution; The second is whether the cost of solving the problem is as small as possible; The third is whether the risk is small; Fourth, whether the side effects are minimal; Fifth, whether the benefits (economic benefits and social benefits) are the greatest.
There are two main reasons for the lack of pertinence and feasibility of the countermeasures put forward by candidates: First, the mistakes in summing up the problems. Without correct analysis, understanding, generalization and synthesis of the problems reflected in the given materials, it is impossible to put forward countermeasures, let alone pertinence and feasibility. Take the application examination of 200 1 as an example. If the examinee can't correctly summarize the theme of "reducing adverse drug reactions and improving drug safety has become a global problem that governments, all walks of life and ordinary people pay close attention to and take active actions" from the given materials, it is impossible to propose a solution to the problem. To avoid this situation, we must also work hard on reading materials. Second, many candidates lack practical work experience, especially the experience of dealing with complex events, which leads to the idealization and simplification of the plan and the impossibility of implementation. For example, in the application examination in 2000, a candidate drew up a plan: "H, a resident of Hongxing Village in a city, sued XX Printing Company. Solution: 1. It is suggested that the Municipal People's Congress intervene in this case and urge the Municipal Intermediate People's Court to conclude the appeal case within a time limit to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens according to law. 2. It is suggested that a city environmental protection bureau impose a fine on XX printing company and issue a rectification notice to the company within a time limit again. Acceptance will be carried out at that time, and if the acceptance is unqualified, it will be ordered to stop production and rectify. If it is still unqualified after rectification or passive confrontation, its business license shall be revoked by the Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce. 3. It is suggested that the superior competent department of XX Company coordinate with the relevant departments of a city to put forward the company relocation demonstration and formally apply to the relevant departments for relocation. 4. It is suggested that the urban planning department of this city should demonstrate in many aspects, formulate scientific urban planning schemes and incorporate them into urban construction planning to reduce and prevent such things from happening. " This scheme of "winning twelve gold medals in a row" is a typical idealized and simplified scholar's emotional content. To avoid this situation, we must go deep into reality, make more efforts and think more, increase experience, and strive to improve our ability to handle practical affairs. There is no other way. [ 1]