Idioms are ready-made words.
Similar to idioms and proverbs, but slightly different. The most important point is that idioms and proverbs are spoken, while idioms are mostly written and belong to literary nature. Secondly, in the form of language, idioms are almost all established four-word structures, and literal words cannot be changed at will, while idioms and proverbs are always loose, more or less limited to four words. For example, "cut the gordian knot quickly", "do your best", "the donkey's lips are not right for the horse's mouth" and "fear the wolf before and fear the tiger after" are all commonly used idioms; "Seeing is believing in all things", "True gold is not afraid of fire", "Where there is a will, there is a way" and "Seeing people for a long time" are all empirical remarks, which represent a complete meaning and belong to the category of proverbs. Idioms are different from idioms and proverbs.
2. Why are most idioms four words? Idiom is a commonly used special fixed phrase with complete meaning and solidified structure. Judging from the number of words, most idioms have four words, but there are also three words, such as "unwarranted" and "Reservoir Dogs", five words, such as "nothing is difficult in the world", six words, such as "behave yourself when you come" and seven words, such as "risk". If the language is concise, rich in meaning and properly used, it can make the language. To use idioms accurately, we must correctly understand and grasp the meaning of idioms.
Why are there so many four-character idioms? This is probably because four words are easier to grasp. For example, China's ancient poetry collection "The Book of Songs" consists of four sentences, and the ancient history "Shangshu" also has some four sentences. Later, beginners read three-character classics, hundreds of surnames and thousands of words, the latter two of which are four sentences. The first, second and third episodes of Four-eyed Miscellaneous Son and Long Wen Whip Shadow are all four words. Although this is a sermon, it shows that these four words are loved and recited by people.
As I said before, idioms are mostly composed of four words, and the few are less than four words or more than four words; Especially there are even fewer idioms with less than four words. Therefore, when the Japanese speak Chinese, there is a saying of "four-character Chinese" (see Modern Middle School Putonghua edited by Yoshida Mori, 1978 edition), and some of them are also called "four-character idioms" (see Middle School Putonghua edited by Quan Zhongzhi, 1978 edition). But some of the idioms they listed in Four-character Chinese and Four-character Idioms are not what we call idioms, because we don't have that kind of statement. Such as "from left to right", "semantic", "execution hesitation" and "query response". For another example, they all regard "spring, summer, autumn and winter", "left and right" and "east, west, north and south" as "four-word idioms", but we disagree. "Spring, summer, autumn and winter" is a meteorological term, "front, back, left and right" is a common orientation term in daily life, and "east, west, north and south" is a common orientation term in geography.
However, it is undeniable that idioms have four obvious characteristics. For example, the following idioms are not four words in terms of their origin. In other words, these idioms are all four-character idioms refined from non-four-character idioms. Try to look at the relationship between the following idioms and their origins:
(1) is good at observing the details of autumn. "Observe the autumn details clearly enough, but not the salary." (Part I of Mencius Liang Shang)
(2) Ask for fish by the wood "If you want to do what you want, you must ask for fish by the wood." (The first part of Mencius Liang Shang)
(3) Get twice the result with half the effort. "At present, the benevolent government of Wancheng is enjoyed by the people, but it is still a solution." "A story is that semi-ancient people will get twice the job, but this is the only time." (Mencius, Gong Sunchou, Part I)
(4) Carving a boat for a sword "Chu people waded across the river, and their swords fell from the boat into the water. The boat carving: It is the place where my sword fell. When the ship stopped at its destination, the Chu people jumped into the water from the marked place to find the sword. " The boat did it, but the sword couldn't. Isn't it confusing to ask for a sword? "("Lv Chunqiu Cha Jin ")
(5) In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan wrote an article entitled "Three Commandments", and one of the subtitle was "Donkey of Money". "I'm at the end of my wit" is taken from the story described in this article.
(6) A broom is worth 1000 yuan (or "a broom is treasured by yourself"). "China people say that you can enjoy a thousand dollars if you have a broom at home, but you will never see it yourself." (Cao Pi's Dian Lun Paper)
From the above, the four words of idioms are very obvious. Or, if there are more than four words, we can reduce it to four words, such as "seeing through autumn" and "looking for fish from the tree", or we can combine two sentences into one sentence with only four words, such as "getting twice the result with half the effort" and "our daughter is precious". Or write a multi-word story into four words and become idioms, such as "carving a boat for a sword" and "I am at the end of my wit"
Some words of the ancients could have been aphorisms and idioms. Just because it was more troublesome to change it to four words, I had to give it up and use it as a guide. For example, The Story of Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower in the Song Dynasty has a good meaning, which means "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later". However, due to the large number of words, idioms cannot be formed. We can only regard it as an epigram, and sometimes it is also an introduction article. However, if "no pains come", it is easy to say and remember, so it can become an idiom.
3. Many four-character idioms are not all four characters, but most of them are four characters for several reasons. 1. The Book of Songs, which influenced the creation of four-character poems, has a great influence on later poems in terms of sentence pattern, rhythm and vocabulary. Now many idioms come from The Book of Songs. Second, other ancient literary works and papers, whose important structure is four sentences, many famous philosophical sentences are often used and become idioms; Third, the four words are powerful, catchy and general, so people like to use them, reuse them and pass them on endlessly.
Since ancient times, four-character idioms are generally not labeled, and more than five characters are often labeled as "multi-character idioms". Therefore, four-character idioms account for the majority,
4. The four-word idiom "what, what, what, what, what, the ambition of a swan" Hó ng Hú zhé zh ō zh ō zhi.
Birds of a feather y and qizh and he
A close friend mi zh and Ji ā o.
Nonsense wú j and zh and tá n
Don't publish the theory of BKā n zh and Lù n Lù n.
Yu guang j ǐ ji m: o zh and the trend of the stone.
Family happiness ti ā n lú n zh and lè
The golden mean.
Children's hearts chi z ǐ zh and x and n
The target of public criticism is Zhang shengzhang and D.
Uninvited guests bê sê zh and kè
Compassion
It's very simple, j ǔ sh ǒ u zh and lá o
Barren land búmáo zh and dú
The voice of decadent m ǐ m ǐ zh and y and n
Privacy of Chuáng zǐzh and s:
Cheng Hao's alliance.
River-crossing crucian carp gu Jiāng zh and j:.
A frightened bird j and ng g not ng zh and ni m: o
Frogs at the bottom of the well j ǐ ng d ǐ zh and w ā
A hole in my mind y and k ǒ ng zh and Ji 'an.
I don't want to beg you, bù qíng zhī qǐng qǐ ng qǐ ng.
Hezhe and Fei nationalities
a motley crew /crowd
The difference between thought y and ni à n zh and ch ā
Qin Jin's good q í n j ì n zh ì h m: o
As I Lay Dying
unbreakable bond
A spent force: ZH and mi
Zhongyang words zh not ng gu zh and yá n
5. Idioms are accumulated, and accumulation is accumulation: formed over time. Long-standing fallacies are considered correct.
Break down from overwork: long-term overwork; Disease: disease. I got sick because of overwork and overwork.
Accumulate goodness into virtue: good deeds, good deeds; Morality: noble character. Doing good for a long time will form noble character.
Many a little makes a mickle, and a few things can become huge quantities.
The metaphor of water droplets merging into the ocean makes many a mickle.
Bit by bit: subtle; Author: amazing. Small things, after long-term accumulation, will become significant.
Trouble has become a disease: trouble. If you worry for a long time, you will get sick.
Every little makes a mickle.
To make a mistake into a cockroach is to accumulate fallacies and heresies and ruin people's hearts.
Accumulate a lot, that is, to have a deep foundation and cultivate talents.
I was ill because of long work and overwork. With "break down from overwork".
Metaphor accumulates sand into a beach.
Accumulated soil can be piled into mountains, which is a metaphor for many a mickle makes a mickle.
A custom becomes a custom after repeated practice.
A small amount of things can become a huge amount.
It's still shameful to be angry. Extreme shame turned into anger.
6. Why are most idioms four words? Idiom is a modern idiom, which is a short sentence composed of fixed words that people are used to in their long-term life.
There are a large number of idioms in Chinese vocabulary. They all have certain sources, and once formed and appeared, they have been used by the people for a long time.
1. The characteristics of idioms. Idioms have two main characteristics. The first feature is a long history.
(1) has a long history. Refers to the historical use of idioms. For example, the idiom "Have confidence, have no fear" first appeared in Xi Palace, which has been used for more than 2,000 years.
"Surprise the snake" comes from a story written in the Tang Dynasty, which is at least 1000 years away from "Although you mow the grass, I am surprised the snake". Catch the wind and catch the shadows first appeared in Zhuzi's Complete Book by Zhu in Song Dynasty, two sides and three knives first appeared in Lanji in Yuan Dynasty, and the southern accent and northern tune first appeared in Yanjing Notes by Fu Cha Dunchong in Qing Dynasty. These idioms have a history of 120 or even 8900 years.
(2) Flow length. Refers to the sociality of idiom use.
Idioms are accepted by people and widely used in writing or orally. Like some idioms from ancient poetry, they are the original texts intercepted from poems of different times, because they are either profound in meaning or vivid in image, and they are epigrams and famous sentences of the whole poem, which are loved by the people, widely used and recited, and can be circulated.
For example, "the spring breeze is proud", "the autumn is equally divided", "the wind is full of rain", "the wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death", "the wildfire does not go out, and the spring breeze blows high" and so on. The second feature is that stereotypes remain unchanged.
Idiom is a stereotyped and fixed phrase, which is mostly composed of four words. Of course, there are three words, five words or more.
For example, "set out", "go up a storey still higher", "Qian Fan by the shipwreck, Wan Muchun by the sick tree" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", but these are a few after all. Why are idioms mostly four-character? This is related to the characteristics of Chinese. Most people in China speak in pairs on syllables.
Chinese pays attention to four tones, which can produce aesthetic feeling in sound when reading, and the four-character structure can adapt to various changes of this tone. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of 305 poems in the history of China literature, which is basically a four-sentence poem. These four words are short and pithy in structure, vivid and lively, and can be read in cadence. In a long historical stage, it influenced poets and writers, and their works influenced people's language.
Idioms are basically derived from ancient books and folk spoken language, so idioms are mostly four words. Moreover, idioms should not only express profound and complex ideas, but also be extremely concise, neither too long nor too short, and four words are the most appropriate.
Idioms have a fixed structure, and their structure and components cannot be changed or changed at will. Some idioms have a group of synonyms or antonyms.
For example, the words "Yan" and "Yu" in A Few Words are words with similar meanings; The words "big", "small", "same" and "different" in "similarity" are antonyms, which cannot be replaced casually. For another example, "strange clothes" is synonymous with "strange" and "clothes". Some people write "strange clothes" as "strange clothes", which on the surface only reflects the unclear structure of idioms.
For example, "two tigers fighting" can't be said to be "three tigers fighting" or "southern accent transferring to the north", or "eastern accent transferring to the west" or "blind horse" or "blind donkey". There are many words in the four-character lattice, and some people specially named it "four-character lattice". Some used to be idioms, and some didn't. After a long time, it becomes an idiom.
We now have many idioms developed in this way. 2. The source of idioms All idioms have a source.
It is well documented that one is spoken by the masses and the other is written. First of all, introduce idioms from popular spoken language.
When we analyze the idiom structure, we should first look at whether it belongs to a compound structure or a single structure. If it belongs to a single structure, don't divide it; If it is a composite structure, we should consider what kind of structural relationship it belongs to.
Undertaking relationship, causality relationship, purpose relationship, etc. are all similar to juxtaposition relationship, but the reality is different, mainly from the meaning. Everyone knows that most idioms are composed of four words.
Why are idioms mostly composed of four words? Some idioms, such as "a blind man turns a blind eye to a horse", "it's worth a thousand dollars in a moment" and "good advice", all have their early forms: "a blind man rides a blind horse", "it's worth a thousand dollars in a moment" and "good advice is attractive". It turned out to be five or six words.
The form of four characters was later formed. Why not develop it into four words instead of seven or eight? There are three reasons.
First of all, this is due to cultural traditions and language habits. Chinese is mostly paired in syllables.
The Book of Songs is the earliest poetry collection in the history of China literature, and it is also a poetry collection with great influence. There are 305 articles in The Book of Songs, almost all of which are four words and one sentence.
This four-character sentence has influenced poets and writers for a long historical period. The works of poets and writers influence people's language. Idioms are basically derived from ancient books and folk spoken language, so most idioms are four words.
Second, there are rhetorical reasons. Four-character idioms are short, pithy and lively.
Especially in pronunciation, cadence helps to strengthen the expression effect of language. Chinese emphasizes four tones.
Four tones are composed of changes in pitch and length. In ancient times, it was "rising tone into tone", but now it is "flat tone, rising tone, falling tone".
Usually only "flat". Yin Ping and Yang Ping are flat tones; Both rising tone and falling tone belong to falling tone, with shorter falling tone and longer flat tone.
Flat tones are properly matched with each other, which can show various changes in tone, high and low, urgent and slow, and easy to read. The four-character structure is the simplest and most concise form to adapt to this change.
Look at the tone changes of the following idioms. Flat and even style: the wind speed is fast, the infighting is fierce, the wind blows and the earth turns upside down. Flat type: the bucket turns and the stars move, and the water comes from the source. Even style: eat inside and climb outside, because of small loss. In the prime of life, people who are deaf in the back of the tongue distinguish right from wrong; The blood flow is flat, but the level is flat: the latecomers failed to avoid customs and swaggered.
7. What is what and what is a four-character idiom? There are idioms, such as whipping the belly, rushing to the evening, being caught off guard, being caught off guard, being impatient and unable to speak.
1, the whip is not as good as the abdomen is an idiom, and the pinyin is biān bù jí fù f ù, which means that the distance is too far, and the strength cannot be reached.
From "Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan Fifteen Years": "Although the whip is not as long as the horse's belly."
Although the whip is long, it can't hit the horse's stomach.
2, morning and evening is not as good as (zhāo bù jí xī:), idiom, as a predicate; Living in extreme poverty and describing the situation as critical.
From Zuo Qiuming's "Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Seven Years" in the pre-Qin Dynasty: "You can't wait, how can I treat you?"
Life is extremely poor, how to treat you.
3. Being caught off guard is an idiom, which is pronounced as cù bù jí fáng to describe that things come suddenly and are caught off guard.
From the cloud "Notes on Yuewei Caotang": "I didn't light the candle, didn't raise my voice, and I was caught off guard. It was my husband who made the sudden meeting, not my husband. "
Since you don't light a candle and don't make any noise, you can't suddenly guard against and suddenly meet. This is Mr Ghost, not Mr Ghost.
4.fáng bù jí fáng: It means that it is too late to take precautions if you think about it.
From the sixty-seventh chapter of Xia Qingjing's song "Wild Sour Dew Talk", we can see: "Every time a villain waits for a gentleman, he is caught off guard."
It can be seen that the villain waits for the gentleman to make mistakes, and every negligence thinks of defense, but it is too late to guard against it.
5. I can't wait. Pronunciation is pò bù jí dài, which is a Chinese word, and its definition is to describe the feeling of being very anxious.
From the sixth time of Li Qingru's "Mirror Flower Edge": "And it's a drunken game, why can't the fairy wait?"
It's all about drunkenness, and the gods can't wait.