(China Geo University (Beijing) College of Earth Science and Resources)
I. Overview of Huxiang Water Culture
"Guan Zi Du Di": "Therefore, those who go to the country must be in an impartial place, and those who choose rich terrain will bypass the countryside and rivers, and the water will drain from the river, which is heavy because of the great river." Water is the source of human life, and water culture has a great relationship with urban traffic. Human civilization originated from water, and people and water are closely linked and complement each other. People conform to the water potential and get the basic conditions of life and the convenience and safety of life. Ditches connect human nature, carry people's thoughts, arts and spirits, and form the cornerstone of water culture.
Xiaoxiang is the name of Xiangjiang River and Xiaoshui. More borrowing refers to the present Hunan area. We call the culture bred by Dongting Lake in Hunan Province, which belongs to the Yangtze River system and the four major water system cultures of Hunan, Guizhou, Li and Yuan Xiaoxiang, that is, Huxiang culture. Xiaoxiang culture is an important part of Chu culture, which first developed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the Spring and Autumn Period. The Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu's poem "Going to Shu" goes: "Five guests are humble and live in Zizhou for one year; How to get rid of traffic jams and switch to Xiaoxiang Tour? " Lu You, a poet in the Song Dynasty, praised the beautiful scenery in Xiaoxiang area with the poem "Without the help of mountains and rivers, how can there be poetry?"
Xiaoxiang water culture is mainly concentrated in Yueyang, Wuchang, Changsha, Yongzhou and Changde. The so-called water culture is the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth accumulated by human society in the historical development about how to know, manage, use, love and appreciate water. In the long river of history, Xiaoxiang culture combined with different local economy, humanities, customs and people's feelings to form different types of water culture. Xiaoxiang area is a hot spot of culture and art. Since ancient times, the style of writing has flourished and the humanities have gathered together. Qu Yuan, a scholar-bureaucrat who died in the Miluo River during the ancient Warring States Period, and Mao Zedong, the founding leader of Fang Qiu at the same time; There is the Yuelu Academy, which is "only talented in Chu, and the culture of Yuelu Mountain in Xiangjiang River has been passed down through the ages", and there is Yueyang Tower, one of the four famous buildings in China, which makes Gong Fan sigh that "the world is worried first, and the world is happy afterwards" ...
Second, Huxiang water cultural landscape
(A) Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang
The theory of Eight Scenes in Xiaoxiang originated in Tang and Song Dynasties. The earliest record can be found in Meng Qian Bi Tan written by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty. The so-called "Eight Scenes", that is, "Xiaoxiang Night Rain, Wild Goose Falling in Pingsha, Night Bell in Yansi, Sunny Lan in Shancheng, Dusk Snow in Jiangtian, Guifan, Autumn Moon in Dongting and Sunset in Fishing Village", are distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Xiangjiang River Basin. It's snowing by the river is a winter scenery that describes Orange Island in Changsha.
In the artistic infiltration of writers, painters and painters in past dynasties, in the long river of history, Xiaoxiang is not only a geographical area, but also a poetic and picturesque cultural concept. Numerous Xiaoxiang scrolls in ancient and modern times can be described as "poetry in painting", and the vast number of Xiaoxiang poems is also "painting in poetry". The poems of the ancestors inspired the painters of later generations, and the paintings of the ancients cultivated the poetry and painting of today. For artists of different times and nationalities, "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" has become a means to express their feelings and a support for their feelings. The "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang", which combines poetry and painting and blends things with me, is no longer a specific eight scenes, but an artistic symbol with rich connotations, a catalyst that can arouse people's endless aesthetic touch and an opportunity to arouse people's countless thoughts.
Eight kinds of scenery are like eight golden sands leached by years, which embodies the painstaking efforts and spirituality of countless artists through the ages. It is in this sense that Fang Che, a professor at the University of Tokyo, called the process of ancient China people's selection of the Eight Scenes "the process of washing and practicing the scenery", and pointed out that "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" as a painting theme has poetic concept and inclusiveness, so it can withstand the changes of the times and culture ".
Nowadays, in order to develop tourism, some departments designate the Eight Scenes as Yan Hui Peak, Liang Qing Temple, Zhaoshan and other scenic spots to attract people to "visit here". This undoubtedly violates the original intention of the ancients, and also encourages the economic impact on art. In fact, it is precisely because of the lack of certainty and limitations of the eight propositions of "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" that a broad space is prepared for artists' free imagination and ample space is provided for their various interpretations.
(2) "Dongting is the water of the world, and Yueyang is the building of the world."
Dongting Lake area has been a fertile and low-lying land since ancient times, which has absorbed four rivers of Yuan, Xiang, Zi and Li and nine other small and medium-sized rivers. Fan Zhiming quoted Yueyang Terrestrial Scenery Classic in Song Dynasty: "Dongting, the turn of Yuan and Li, is the gate of Jiujiang." "The Warring States Policy" said: "Qin and Jing fought, broke it, and took Dongting and Wuzhu. The lake is more than 500 miles wide, and if the sun and the moon appear. " Reading the summary of Historical Records says "it spans seven or eight hundred miles", and Cheng Enze's Textual Research on National Policy Place Names (citing the Old Record of Baling) says "it spans more than seven hundred miles", all of which are grand in theory. Today, it still carries the saying of "eight hundred miles of Dongting".
Dongting Lake's majestic posture and infinite potential have also shaken the literature of past dynasties. The ancient Hunan ancestors in this area had extraordinary wisdom and created a splendid water culture. For Zhuangzi, who likes to use foreign things for China, this area is simply the source of his philosophical wisdom: "There are ghosts in southern Chu, and 500 years old is spring, and 500 years old is autumn." There are many mountains, rivers, place names, plants, birds and animals in Dongting Lake area, which has become a natural carrier for people to express their feelings and emotions through scenery. The civilization wisdom of Huxiang ancestors even opened the cultural exchange and diffusion between north and south of China. Yueyang Tower is the most famous on Dongting Lake. Yueyang Tower, located in Yueyang City, Hunan Province, has a bird's eye view of Dongting in front, golden pheasant on its back, Junshan Mountain far away, Surabaya in Hunan Province in the south and the Yangtze River in the north. Since ancient times, it has been known as "Dongting is the world's water and Yueyang is the world's building", and it is also known as the three famous buildings in the south of the Yangtze River with Wang Tengting in Nanchang, Jiangxi and Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan, Hubei. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Fan Zhongyan's well-known "Yueyang Tower" made Yueyang Tower famous all over the world. In addition to Gong Fan's expression that "the world is worried first, and the world is happy later" when he visited Dongting Lake in Yueyang Tower, Meng Haoran in the Tang Dynasty once used "the lake here in August is in harmony with the sky". Fog in Yungu and Menggu enveloped Yueyang City. Describing the Magnificence of Dongting Lake (a letter from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang); Du Fu "heard about Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I'm on this tower" sighed that "my relatives and friends haven't heard from me, and I'm old, weak, sick and lonely." I couldn't help it. "How can I not cry at the railing? "(Climbing Yueyang Tower); Liu Changqing is also worried. "In front of the building, tourists complained about Qiu Meng, and the beautiful scenery on the lake doubted the nocturne. ""In the end, one boat bears firewood and two sails worry about Bai Bo. " (Yueyang Tower); Li Guan's view of Yueyang is exhausted, and the cave is wide open, so "drunkenness makes the wind cool and blows people back to dance", which shows the poet's own generous and happy realm ("Climbing Yueyang Tower in Twelve Summers") ...
Three. The Humanistic Connotation of Huxiang Water Culture
(A) Mao Zedong-Orange Island Aria
Mao Zedong, who was born in the Xiangjiang River Valley of Furong County, spent his childhood and youth drinking Xiangjiang River water. Green mountains and green waters have cultivated his artistic nature, understanding and spirituality. In spring, he watches the drizzle, in summer, he exhibits on the whole river, and in winter, he enjoys the snow and ice. Water has become a very important image in Mao Zedong's works. The water described in Mao Zedong's poems is very extensive, ranging from rivers and seas to fog, snow and ice. Yongjiang River has "crossing the Yangtze River in a thousand miles", "crossing the Yangtze River in Wan Li" and "the tortoise and snake lock the river". In the river, there is "the river goes up and down and gets lost"; There are "You can't forget drinking tea in Guangdong", "White waves are raging" and "Go straight to the East"; There is "snow pouring in Dongting" in Huyong Lake; In "Ode to Rain", there is "Red rain turns into waves at will"; In "Singing Snow", there is "Wan Li is frosty and bright"; There is "the geese in the sky call the frost morning moon" in the snow; There are also "thousands of miles of ice" and "ice is already a cliff" and so on. He is a well-deserved outstanding figure in writing water and a master of chanting water poems.
Juzizhou, located in the center of Changsha section of Xiangjiang River, is a large-scale natural inland river sandbar, surrounded by water, like a ribbon, with a unique style. The scenery of the four seasons here is different. Spring is coming, the light is bright, Sha Ou is a little bit, and the grass is fragrant; In summer, the sun is shaded, the willows are weeping, and the river wind is blowing gently; On the solstice of autumn, there is a fragrance, red and orange are covered with branches, and the forest is dyed; In the middle of winter, cold ling cuts ice and the river plays with snow, which has a unique charm. 1925 In the cold autumn, Mao Zedong returned to Hunan from Guangdong, revisited Orange Island, and wrote the well-known "Qinyuanchun Changsha", which made Orange Island more famous. Independent of the cold autumn and the Xiangjiang River heading north, Mao Zedong's lofty sentiments of pointing out the mountains and rivers, inspiring writing, hitting the water in the middle stream and restraining the flying boat in the waves once inspired people with great personality in our generation. When I was young, when I was studying in Hunan First Normal University, my classmates often went to Zhoutou to make waves and discuss state affairs. He wrote a famous poem. In Orange Island, he saw all the mountains were red, all the forests were dyed, all the rivers were clear, all the battles were fierce, the eagle hit the sky and the fish were shallow, expressing his lofty desire to save the world and people.
As a romantic, Mao Zedong not only loved his country, his hometown and people, but also his great spirit and colorful life changed the fate of China. 196 1 He once wrote: "Autumn wind is in all countries, and dusk rain is in Yunli village." "The southwest clouds come to Heng Yue, and the river rings down Dongting day and night", and laments that this state is really wonderful, wonderful! It reflects his love for Xiaoxiang land. He wrote in the poem "Seven Laws Answering Friends": "Jiuyi Mountain went up to Bai Yunfei, and Di Zi went down by the wind. A thousand tears came from Bambusa bambusa, and a hundred thousand clothes came from Xia Hong. It snows in Dongting, and Long Island people sing poems. I want to dream big, and the land of hibiscus is full of sunshine. " Bambusa means Mrs. Hexiang. In Mao Zedong's works, Xiangjiang River water and Dongting wave are so intoxicating that I can't help sighing my secular feelings in Orange Island.
(2) Shen Congwen-the flowing water along the Yuanshui River.
Among the modern writers in Hunan, Mr. Shen Congwen is the most outstanding representative. He is particularly good at writing about the beautiful scenery along the river. Shen Congwen is a writer who walked out of the mountains of western Hunan. After leaving his hometown for many years, what he misses most is the crystal clear river in the mountains, the girl Cui Cui who is as clear, pure, light and lively as the river, and the people who are equally kind and simple in the mountains.
Xiangxi has such a beautiful scenery: the clear river reflects the messy gravel at the bottom of the water; The breeze blows through the bamboo forest, making a rustling sound; The milky mist floats shyly in the twilight night ... The scenery is soft and quiet, far from the hustle and bustle of the city, and there is a kind of beauty that stands out from the dust, like an idyllic poem floating from the depths of the nymphs. The human feelings in Border Town are like water, but they are not as light as water samples, but as pure as rivers in western Hunan and Ming Che.
Shen Congwen is good at writing and expressing "water". Both explicit and implicit "water" can be seen everywhere in his works. The water in his works is spiritual. As the spiritual and cultural prototype of his literary works, "water" permeates the author's life experience of loneliness complex, from which we can discover the inheritance of Xiaoxiang culture's influence on Shen Congwen's western Hunan, which has surreal value and aesthetic orientation. In a sense, it can be said that the unique "water culture" in Xiangxi waters has brought great influence to his creation.
It is precisely because so many literati have such ideal feelings and great spirit that once the water of nature is rendered by literati's pen and ink, it will have aesthetic significance, thought and soul, and the water of nature will become the water of aesthetics and culture.
Four. conclusion
Water culture is an important content and a core element of Huxiang culture. As a land of plenty, Huxiang area is densely covered with rivers and lakes, and its waters are developed. For thousands of years, people have established an unusual relationship with water, and human geography has also been born because of water, and social economy has flourished because of water. As a typical representative of China regional water culture, Huxiang water culture plays an important role. Huxiang water culture is a historical picture of Xiaoxiang people's long-term prosperity with water, the crystallization of labor and wisdom, the embodiment of pioneering and innovative spirit and the precious wealth of Xiaoxiang cultural country.
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