The Ming Dynasty had a hostile relationship with northern Mongolia.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian rulers were cruel and unjust. In 1351, the Yuan Dynasty mobilized hundreds of thousands of farmers and soldiers to control floods in the Yellow River. "River regulation" and "banknote change" led to the outbreak of the Red Turban Uprising.
In May 1351, the Red Scarf Army uprising broke out under the leadership of Han Shantong and Liu Futong. The next year, Guo Zixing responded, gathered people to revolt, and captured Haozhou. Zhu Yuanzhang, who was born as a commoner, was invited by Tang He to defect to Guo Zixing. He made many military exploits and was highly valued and trusted by Guo Zixing. He married Guo Zixing's adopted daughter Ma.
In 1355, Liu Futong established Han Lin'er as emperor. The country was named Song, the reign was Longfeng, he was called King Xiaoming, and Bozhou was his capital. After Guo Zixing died of illness, Zhu Yuanzhang took command of the Guo Department, and King Xiaoming appointed him as the deputy marshal of the left.
In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang occupied Jiqing Road, renamed it Yingtianfu, and captured surrounding strategic locations to gain a foothold. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Zhu Sheng's suggestion of "building walls high, accumulating grain widely, and becoming king slowly".
In 1360, the Poyang Lake Water War caused Chen Youliang's power to suffer a huge blow. In 1361, King Xiaoming made Zhu Yuanzhang the Duke of Wu. In 1363, Chen Youliang was defeated. In 1364, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself king and was known as "Western Wu" in history, which was different from Zhang Shicheng, the king of Eastern Wu who occupied Pingjiang Prefecture.
In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Pingjiang, Zhang Shicheng committed suicide, and later killed Fang Guozhen in Zhejiang. On the fourth day of the first lunar month in 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (Nanjing). His country was named Daming and his reign was named Hongwu. Later, he carried out the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition. In the same year, under the slogan of "Expelling the Huru and Restoring China", he ordered Xu Da, Chang Yuchun and other generals to make the Northern Expedition and captured Dadu (i.e. Beijing). Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty fled north, completely ending Mongolian rule in the country. .
China once again returned to the rule of a dynasty established by the Han people. After that, Zhu Yuanzhang successively eliminated Mingsheng of Sichuan and King Yuanliang of Yunnan, and eliminated Zarawalmi and Naha of Liaodong. He also sent troops eight times deep into Mobei to defeat the Northern Yuan Dynasty, and the world was finally settled.
Extended information:
The prosperous age of the early Ming Dynasty
The rule of Hongwu: In order to consolidate his rule, establish and improve various political systems, restore and develop the social economy, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty He also instituted torture and severely punished corrupt officials. He created the "Hongwu Rule" and then dismissed Zhongshu Sheng and the prime minister, and the emperor took over the power, which further concentrated and strengthened the feudal centralization.
1. Economy
In March of the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Ming Taizu ordered the printing of "Da Ming Bao Banknotes" for public circulation. In the early days of Hongwu, most of the currencies circulating in the market were drum-cast copper coins "Hongwu Tongbao". However, in the early Ming Dynasty, there was an extreme shortage of copper materials, and copper currency could not meet market needs.
For this reason, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty learned from the paper currency system implemented in the Yuan Dynasty and printed "Ming Dynasty treasure banknotes" in parallel with copper coins, mainly paper money and supplemented by copper coins. The Ming Dynasty's banknotes were divided into six grades: 100 Wen, 200 Wen, 300 Wen, 400 Wen, 500 Wen, and Yiguan.
2. Culture
1. Establishment of schools
In October of the second year of Hongwu (1369), Taizu of the Ming Dynasty issued an edict ordering local counties and counties to establish schools and made it clear It stipulates the scale of prefecture, state, and county schools and the content of students' studies. Students trained in local schools with long experience can be regularly sent to the Imperial Academy in the capital for further studies, or they can take part in the imperial examinations to gain fame.
In 1375, social studies were set up to teach civilian children. The school in the capital was Guozixue (renamed Guozijian in 1382), which was the highest institution of learning in the country. Its students are called Jiansheng, most of whom are the children of bureaucrats and landlords. They major in the "Four Books", "Five Classics", canons, laws, etc., and can directly become officials after graduation.
2. Establishing the imperial examination
In May of the third year of Hongwu (1370), because the country was in urgent need of talents, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty issued an imperial edict to set up the imperial examination in August. In the Ming Dynasty, the Kexing examination was divided into two subjects: civil and military. The examination was divided into provincial examination, general examination and palace examination. Those who pass the provincial examination are called Juren, and those who pass the capital examination are eligible to participate in the palace examination. There is a major examination every three years, which is personally controlled by the emperor. Those who pass the imperial examination and are admitted are generally called Jinshi.
Anyone who passes the Jinshi examination can be awarded an official title. The content of the liberal arts examination was mainly limited to the Four Books and Five Classics. The examination style was generally the eight-legged essay, which focused on the form but not the content. Therefore, the imperial examination system in the Ming Dynasty was also called the eight-legged essay to select scholars. The martial arts examination focuses on skills and courage, and the content of the examination changes according to the requirements of the current situation. In the sixth year of the major examination, he won the first place in the examination and was named the top scholar in martial arts.
3. Establishing the Senglu and Daolu departments
In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Ming Taizu established the Senglu and Daolu departments, and established Senggang in Waifu prefectures and counties. , Daoji and other local branches. All monks and Taoist officials are selected to serve as those who are proficient in the classics and have upright moral conduct.
The number of monks and Taoists visiting the temple is also submitted to the government for registration by the Senglu and Taolu departments. At the same time, the government granted monasteries and Taoist temples a large amount of land and tenants for the use of the monasteries, and exempted the monasteries from all land taxes and corvees. Later emperors of the Ming Dynasty were mostly influenced by Zhu Yuanzhang, and formed the style of Buddhism and Taoism in the Ming Palace.
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