First, there are notional words in idioms in classical Chinese.
There are many notional words with different meanings in classical Chinese, which can't be understood with the meaning of modern Chinese. For example, the idiom "Miao but not Xiu" comes from The Analects of Confucius Zi Han: "Miao is a new seed plant; Xiu: These plants are heading and flowering. The crops are sprouting, but they are not heading and flowering. This metaphor is good in itself, but it has not achieved anything. It also means it looks good, but it's not. For example, the idiom "indescribable" is named: description: it means that things are too complicated and subtle to describe. For example, the idiom "blow your own horn" pities: arrogance; Brag: to brag about one's own merits. For example, the idiom "successful learning" comes from "Mo Zi's Self-cultivation": "successful learning, the name can not be false. "Therefore, it has achieved success and won a reputation. The word "fen" in the idiom "no extra points" means "blackening and reforming", which cannot be understood as "no writing" and "five grains" are not "five grains" but all food crops. The idiom "training is not enough" can not be understood as "lesson", but as "norm". For example, the idiom "danger" cannot be understood as "danger", but as "honesty".
Second, there are function words in idioms in classical Chinese.
For example, the conjunctions of the idioms "overnight" and "harmony" indicate the relationship of inheritance. The word "he" in the idiom "give up halfway" indicates the relationship of modification, and the idiom means to give up halfway. Other words, such as "look at each other" and "speak on the same day", also modify the relationship. The idiom "take a warning" means: take a warning. Don't do this: you will be punished or condemned at any time. The idiom "run away" comes from a poem by Nan Zhou Yao Tao: "Peach blossoms bloom and burn flowers." At first, the peach tree was described as very lush, but later people used it to mean escape, because "peach" and "escape" are homophonic. The meaning and usage of "zhi" here is a structural auxiliary word. Cancel the independence of sentences. The idiom "sit up and take notice" comes from the biography of the reflection of Wu Shu Monroe, and quotes the biography of Jiangbiao: "Leaving in three days is even more impressive." Among them, "Xiang" means the third person pronoun, while "He". The word "suo" in the idiom "do whatever it takes" is a special pronoun, indicating the object dominated by actions and behaviors.
Third, idioms have causative usage.
The idiom "Love the country" comes from the biography of consorts in the Han Dynasty: "There are beautiful women in the north, and they are peerless and independent. They care about the city and then the country. " Tendency: create ... overthrow, use ... to describe the beautiful appearance of women. For example, the idiom "take a quick look at the flowers", go: make ... run; Walk: Let the horse run. Riding on a galloping horse to enjoy the flowers is, of course, just a cursory tour. For example, the idiom "start work around the corner" means changing the chimney into an arc and removing the firewood piled by the stove. Both "winding" and "migration" are used to move. The idiom "rushing" means taking small steps; Go for it, let him go for it, let him go for it. Let him like a duck to water, metaphorically chasing something improper. "Go for it" is a causative usage. The idioms "poor form", "poor form", "exhausted form" and "exhausted form" are all causative usages. The idiom "full of sweat" makes cows sweat, and "sweat" is the causative usage.
Fourth, idioms have intentional usage.
For example, the idiom "sitting on the ground in the sky" means taking the sky as the curtain and the ground as the seat. "Curtain" and "seat" are both intentional usages of nouns. The idiom "not far away" means not far, and "far" is the intentional use of adjectives. The idiom "Don't be ashamed to ask questions" comes from The Analects of Confucius Gongye Chang: "Be quick and eager to learn, and don't be ashamed to ask questions. The superior to the subordinate and the leader to the masses cannot be reversed. " "Shame" is the intentional use of adjectives. The idiom "a teacher's heart is for his own use" means that a teacher takes his own will as a teacher and does not stick to established methods, so "teacher" is a deliberate usage. This idiom means to be self-righteous and refuse to accept the correct opinions of others. The idiom "whether the past is right or not" means taking the past as right and the present as wrong, and affirming it.
5. Idioms have the linguistic phenomenon of nouns as adverbials.
For example, the idiom "look in all directions", east: east; West: West. These two words are nouns, which are adverbials of position. The idiom "don't close the door at night" means that no one comes to steal things at night, which describes a good social order. "Night" is a noun used as an adverbial of time. The idiom "collapse" means to collapse like land and decompose like tiles. "Earth" and "tile" are both adverbial nouns. As boundless as the sky, "sea" and "sky" are nouns as adverbials. The idiom "a glimpse of the sky" comes from the biography of Han Dong Fang Shuo: "Look at the sky through a pipe and measure the sea with a spade". "Tube" and "inside" are used to measure seawater.
Six, idioms have flexible use of parts of speech.
The idiom "candlelight day", candle: lighting, nouns are used flexibly as verbs. Describe a fire (especially fire). In the idioms "lost" and "spread like wildfire", the words "wing" and "shin" are both preceded by adverbs "bu", so "wing" and "shin" are nouns used flexibly as verbs. The idiom "evil" is an adjective and can be used flexibly as a noun. In the idiom "hide dirt and accept dirt", dirt and dirt are the objects of verbs "hide" and "accept", so "dirt" and "dirt" are adjectives and can be used flexibly as nouns.
Seven, idioms have the characteristics of classical Chinese sentence patterns.
Idioms have the characteristics of prepositional object sentence pattern. The idiom "perseverance" means "perseverance". Idioms are characterized by adverbial postposition. The idiom "Time waits for no one" has the syntactic characteristics of prepositional object, that is, in negative sentences, pronouns take the object first. The idiom "day and night" means "day and night", and night is connected with day.
Idioms also have the characteristics of ellipsis. For example, the idiom "rage" is the abbreviation of "rage" The idiom "traffic is heavy" is the abbreviation of "traffic is like running water, and horses are like dragons". The idiom "Li Xia, Gua Tian" is the abbreviation of "Gua Tian doesn't take shoes, Li Xia has no crown", which means don't bend over to lift shoes when you walk through Gua Tian. Don't raise your hand to tidy your hat after crossing the plum tree. Metaphor avoids suspicion. The idiom "it takes ten years to plant trees, but it takes a hundred years to cultivate people" means "the whole pipe is beautiful" The ten-year plan is nothing more than a tree; A century-long plan is nothing more than cultivating people.