Basic knowledge points of classical Chinese in Xiaoshengchu
Translation methods of classical Chinese.
The translation of classical Chinese should focus on literal translation, supplemented by free translation, adding, deleting, staying, modifying and modifying.
Complement refers to the omitted elements in classical Chinese, which should be supplemented in translation. For example, Emperor Gancheng omits the preposition "Yu" after the verb "Gan", which is equivalent to "Bei", and the whole sentence can be translated as "Heaven Emperor was moved by his sincerity".
Deletion means that some function words in classical Chinese have no practical meaning, but only express tone and pause. , should be deleted when translating. For example, "for a long time, my eyes looked awkward and I was happy." The word "zhi" after "JIU" is an auxiliary word, which plays the role of filling syllables and can be deleted.
Liu refers to proper nouns, personal names, place names, material names, official names, year numbers, country names, utensils and so on. Classical Chinese should be preserved during translation, and can be recorded without translation. Such as "Nanyang Liu Ziji, high stone appreciation."
Change means that special sentence patterns in classical Chinese should be translated into modern Chinese sentence patterns. For example, "why are you bitter but unfair" can be changed to "why are you bitter but unfair".
Change refers to changing classical Chinese vocabulary into appropriate modern Chinese vocabulary. For example, "I am equal to you." "I" and "you" in the sentence should be replaced by "I" and "you" respectively.
Understanding content
Understanding the content of classical Chinese should pay attention to the following points:
1. On the basis of overall perception of the general content of the text, summarize the main points of the content paragraph by paragraph, then "merge the same kind", divide the text into several parts, find out the relationship between the parts, understand the structural characteristics of the article, and grasp the content of the article and the author's ideas.
2. Pay attention to stylistic features and grasp the core sentences and key sentences. A core sentence refers to a sentence that summarizes and prompts the central idea. Grasp the core sentence and the main idea of the article. Key sentences refer to those sentences that play an important role in the development of ideas and the expression of themes.
3. Understand the author's thoughts and feelings, and judge the social significance of the article in combination with the relevant background of the times and the author's life.
4. Pay attention to reading. Repeated reading, even chanting, helps to understand the content of the article and the author's thoughts, and helps to understand the author's thoughts and feelings.
5. Analyze words and taste language.
(1) Analyze the characteristics of material selection and cutting. Analyze why the author chooses these materials, which are details and which are omitted, and what role the arrangement of details plays in expressing the central meaning.
(2) Analyze the methods of writing people, scenery and notes.
(3) Pay attention to the use of expressions.
(4) Experience the expressive function of keywords and sentences.
(5) Deeply understand the feelings contained in the language.
Key knowledge points of China classical Chinese in Xiaoshengchu
(A) Content words in classical Chinese
The notional words in ancient Chinese include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals and quantifiers. As for pronouns, in ancient Chinese, they were generally classified as function words because of their special grammatical functions. Content words are the words with the highest frequency in classical Chinese vocabulary, and they are also difficult to master. Familiar with notional words is mainly to master the knowledge of interchangeable words, ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy, flexible use of parts of speech and so on.
1. Identify interchangeable words and master their original words, pronunciations and meanings. The phenomenon of "shanzhai" in ancient and modern China and abroad is a very complicated problem. For us, first, we must master the principle of "Guo", that is, the pronunciation of the word "Guo" and the word "Guo" must be the same or similar, such as "If yāo”； want to return to China, kill the chicken with wine" and pronounce it as "Y ā o"; Second, we should rely on the usual accumulation and keep in mind the common words pointed out in the notes of the text we have learned. Note that if the pronunciation of the interchangeable word is different from that of this word, read the modern pronunciation of this word. If the words "qi" and "agent" in "Fire is within reach", we should read "Ji".
2. Distinguish the ancient and modern meanings of words. Words with different ancient and modern meanings are one of the key points in learning classical Chinese. First, pay attention to the difference between ancient and modern meanings, and accumulate ancient and modern words with different meanings in the texts learned in the classroom, such as "Taihang Mountain, Wuwangshan Mountain, Fiona Fang 700 Li, Gao Wan Ren, in the south of Jizhou and north of Heyang;" The word "river" refers to the "Yellow River"; But now it is a common noun and has become a general term for rivers. Another example is: "Walking" in "Bian Que is looking forward to Huanhou but still walking" means "running"; It means "walking" in modern Chinese. Second, we should be careful not to mistake two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese for disyllabic compounds in modern Chinese. For example, the word "Zhong" in The Falling Voice of Zhongli means "mixed with it".
3. Correctly explain the meanings of polysemous words in different contexts. There are many cases of polysemy in classical Chinese. The same word has one meaning in this sentence and another meaning in that sentence. When reading classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to and master such polysemous words, which is an important basis for cultivating the reading ability of classical Chinese. How to determine their meanings in sentences depends on the context and the content of the article. For example, "review the past and learn the new", "old" means old, "Huan Hou makes people ask" and "old" means intentional. When studying, we should also sum up the phenomenon of polysemy in time and remember the example sentences.
4. Flexible use of parts of speech. In ancient Chinese, the part of speech was generally stable, but some words changed their parts of speech under special circumstances and played the role of another kind of words. This special language phenomenon is called flexible use of parts of speech.
Example (1) A woman caressed her baby's milk. Milk, the original meaning is "milk", here is a noun as the verb "nursing".
Tu Naiben leaned under him with a knife on his shoulder. Relaxation, adjectives as verbs, put it down.
The dustpan was shipped at the end of Bohai Sea. Here, "dustpan" means a means of transportation, which translates as "using a soil basket".
Example (4) There is no confusion of ears and no tedious work. Chaos, "make ..."; Old, "make a scene ... tired".
Example (5) Sensitive and eager to learn, not ashamed to ask questions. Be ashamed, feel ashamed.
(B) Function words in classical Chinese
Function words in classical Chinese mainly include pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and exclamation points. Accurately mastering the general usage of commonly used function words is very important to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. Only by reading and thinking carefully can we touch the doorway and master the law. Therefore, it is necessary to study the text carefully, recite some typical sentences, and organize the usage of common function words into tables for easy memory.
(3) Translation of classical Chinese
1. Principles of Classical Chinese Translation
Translating ancient Chinese into modern Chinese is a comprehensive training for learning classical Chinese. Doing more exercises in this area is of great benefit to deeply understand the characteristics of classical Chinese and improve reading ability. Classical Chinese translation is also an important method to improve their reading ability.
There are three principles in classical Chinese translation: first, be loyal to the original text. Secondly, sentences should be fluent. The meaning should be clear and the tone should not be distorted, which conforms to the grammatical norms of modern Chinese. Secondly, the writing should be beautiful, that is, the content, form and style of the original text should be accurately expressed in concise, beautiful and literary modern Chinese. This is called Xin Da Ya. Students can only achieve the first two points in translating classical Chinese.
To be accurate and fluent, we must learn more and practice more. In addition to learning classical Chinese well, we should read more articles in classical Chinese after class, accumulate more real words and function words in classical Chinese, be familiar with the characteristics of classical Chinese sentence patterns, and master the necessary historical and cultural common sense. In addition, we should also emphasize translation skills.
Xiaoshengchu classical Chinese error-prone knowledge points
First, interchangeable characters
Borrowed tongue characters are one of the phenomena of using words in ancient books in China. "borrowing tongue" means "universal and borrowing", that is, replacing words with words with the same or similar pronunciation. For one reason or another, the author did not use this word, but temporarily borrowed words with the same or similar sounds instead. Some people think that some generic characters are written in white by the ancients. There are a large number of interchangeable words in ancient books, which is one of the main reasons why ancient books in China are difficult to read. Words replaced by common words are called "original words". For example, the word "Hui" in "Too much, you don't appreciate it" (Yu Gong Yi Shan) is the general name of "Hui", which means "wisdom", and "Hui" is the word.
Common words can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized interchangeable characters include ancient and modern characters, variant characters and interchangeable characters.
Ancient and modern characters: ancient, today. New words become long-term jobs. For example, the word "Mo" in Su Dongpo's Shi Zhongshan Collection is an ancient word "Twilight", while "North" is a negative adverb "Nothing" and "Nobody", so the word "Twilight" came into being.
Variant: refers to Chinese characters with the same sound and meaning but different writing methods. Such as "tears" and "tears", "sight" and "embarrassment"
Common words: the sound is the same as the original word, borrowed. If you borrow it, you can only be a temporary worker Such as "flea" and "early"; Such as "when" and "if". Its characteristic is "false because of sound". Personally, I think it is a typo of the ancients.
Second, the different meanings of ancient and modern times
In ancient Chinese, there are a large number of words with the same ancient and modern glyphs but different meanings and usages, that is, ancient and modern synonyms.
For example, the word "go" in Taiwei Shequ (Chen Taiwei and the period of friendship) meant "leave" in ancient times and later evolved into "go somewhere". There are also some words that have different meanings from ancient times to the present, but not all of them: "smelly" originally meant "fragrant" in ancient Chinese, but the poem "Zhu Men's wine stinks" still means smelly. Another example is the modern meaning of "instruction": oral or written opinions issued to guide the work. Ancient meaning: point it out for people to see. For example, if the wall is defective, please instruct the king. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) You should pay attention to such words when reading classical Chinese.
The development of vocabulary is reflected in the content words, and the most remarkable thing is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of words. The differences between ancient and modern meanings, due to their different evolution, are roughly as follows:
semantic extension
For example, the words "Jiang", "He", "Huai" and "Han" in "Water travels from the ground, Jiang, Huai, He and Han" (Mencius) refer to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. "Jiang" and "He" were proper nouns in ancient times, but now they have been expanded into generic terms. Another example is "being bad to women" and "being good" ... seeking a better woman ("Ximen Bao governs her power"), which means that women are good-looking and do not involve morality. Today's "goodness" can refer to all beautiful attributes, and can modify and limit people, things and things.
Word meaning narrowing
The narrowing of word meaning means that the scope of ancient meaning is greater than today's meaning, and today's meaning is included in ancient meaning. The narrowing of word meaning is also a common phenomenon that the evolution of word meaning causes the differences between ancient and modern words.
For example, "Jin Sharp" ("Xunzi? The word "gold" used to mean all metals, but now it means gold. For another example, "tile" refers to all pottery products in ancient times, but in modern times only "a building material for building roofs" is called "tile".
Word meaning transfer
Some words have different meanings from ancient times to the present, and their meanings have changed, that is, they have changed from expressing things A to expressing things B. For example, the "martyr" in The Martyr's Old Age is full of courage (Kamei Shoushou) originally refers to people with integrity and ambition, but now refers to people who have dedicated themselves to the revolutionary cause; The "tears" in Crying Without Tears (Zhuangzi) refers to tears, but now it has shifted to "snot"; Another example is "smell", which originally refers to hearing, but now generally refers to "smell".
Emotional color change
For example, the word "humble" in "The First Emperor Was Not Despicable by the Ministers" ("The Teacher") means low status, while "contemptible" means shallow knowledge, not derogatory. Today's "meanness" refers to inferior quality, which has become a derogatory term.
Name declaration change
The appellation of some things in classical Chinese has become another way in modern Chinese. Only on certain occasions or in fixed phrases. For example, the idiom "illiterate" has been changed to the word "eyes"; The word "less" in "outnumbered" has been changed to "less".
Weakening of word meaning
For example, the ancient meaning of "malicious" is fierce, and the degree of expression is very high and deep. Today, the degree of expression is not so profound. In ancient times, "resentment" meant hatred and bitterness, but today it means complaining and blaming.
Semantic reinforcement
For example, "hate" means regret and dissatisfaction in ancient times, but it means hatred and resentment today. At first, "punishment" only meant blame, but later it was strengthened to mean "killing".
Praise the past and belittle the present.
For example, the ancient "slave" refers to the military attache or right-hand man, which belongs to the good sense. For example, Han Yu's "Book with Fengxiang and Xing Shangshu" says: "Now you are the favorite of the king and the minister of the country." . The "slave" in modern Chinese is a "metaphor of the henchmen and accomplices of the bad guys", which is derogatory.
For example, "to preserve our sanity" in ancient times refers to knowing things, gaining insight into the current situation, being good at avoiding threats and adapting to the environment, and is a commendatory term, such as The Book of Songs? Daya？ "People's Tales": "To preserve our health by being wise", while "to preserve our health by being wise" in modern Chinese means to stick to our own attitude towards life without adhering to principles, which is derogatory.
For example, "muddleheaded" was used to describe people as a compliment in ancient times, such as Yang Xiong's "eyes?" Ask God: "The book of Yu Xia is muddy and the book of Zhou Shu is gloomy." The word "muddy" in the sentence means "vigorous" and "gloomy" means "serious". In modern Chinese, it is derogatory to describe ignorant people.
Such as: "despicable" ancient meaning: low status, shallow knowledge. Modern significance: low moral character, including derogatory meaning. Example: "A model": "The first emperor had no intention of being a minister".
Third, the word is polysemy.
Polysemy refers to the linguistic phenomenon that the same word has two or more different meanings. Polysemy is a common phenomenon in language and the result of the evolution of word meaning. When a word first appears, it is only the name of something, phenomenon, nature or behavior, but in the process of language development, it will gradually gain some new meanings, thus forming polysemy.
Shi Ru
(1) Ancient scholars must have teachers: (noun, teacher)
(2) Witch doctors are highly skilled musicians: (noun, as "highly skilled people")
(3) My teacher is also a teacher: (nouns as verbs)
(4) The teacher's teaching has not been passed down for a long time: (verb, learn from the teacher)
(5) I learned from it: (conative usage, taking ... as a teacher)
(6) shame on the teacher: (verbs learn from the teacher)
(7) In the spring of ten years, Qi attacked me: (noun army)
Zairuyi
(1) Today's sword dance in Xiang Zhuang often means repeatedly praising the public (meaning, will) (2) but being able to enter the customs and break the first (material) of Qin (3) for a long time, there is little leisure. (emoticon)
If you can't lift the jade Jue to show it, you can't lift it.