1. How the earliest kidney transplant used in humans was recorded in history
In 1947, the first kidney transplant was performed in a hospital in Boston, USA.
At that time, a young pregnant woman suffered from a severe uterine infection and went into toxic shock. She was anuric and comatose for 10 days. In order to save the young woman's life, Thron, director of the hospital's internal medicine department, decided to perform a kidney transplant on the patient.
They used cadaveric kidney transplantation, and the transplanted kidney immediately excreted urine after the operation. Since this kidney transplantation made the first contribution to organ transplantation therapy, kidney transplantation has entered a new stage. In 1954, American medical scientist Mellier performed a kidney transplant on a housewife's twin sisters. The transplant was a complete success and she became the longest surviving kidney transplant recipient in the world. 2. What is the history of the development of heart, lung and kidney transplantation?
The earliest lung transplantation was performed by Dr. Hardy of the University of Mississippi Medical Center in the United States.
In 1963, he performed a left lung transplant on a 58-year-old convicted murderer. The transplanted lung came from a person who died of a heart attack. He lived for 18 years after the operation, but died in 1981 due to weakness of other organs.
Heart transplantation is the latest and most difficult to succeed. In 1964, Hardy tried unsuccessfully to transplant a chimpanzee heart into a human.
On December 3, 1967, South African surgeon Barnard performed the first heart transplant on a 58-year-old man named Waskanski. The heart was provided by a man who had just died of a brain injury. 25 year old woman. After the transplant surgery, he only survived for 18 days.
In May 1968, British surgeon Ross performed a heart transplant on a 45-year-old man named West. For a period of time after the operation, the patient was like a healthy person, but he only lived for 46 days. . Doctors such as Shumway of Stanford Medical Center in the United States performed 227 heart transplant operations on 206 dying patients from 1968 to 1981? Some of them had two surgeries? .
63% of patients survived for more than one year after surgery, and 39% survived for more than 5 years. 3. What kind of historical process has organ transplantation gone through?
The idea of ??organ transplantation actually has its origins in human history. However, due to its unique nature, it took a long time for organ transplantation to be realized. A very long and tortuous process.
1. Fantasy stage my country and ancient Greece have long had legends about organ transplantation.
my country's famous doctor Bian Que once performed heart transplants on two patients, and they were very successful. Although it cannot be verified now, at the International Organ Transplantation Conference in 1987, the statue of Bian Que was used as the emblem to commemorate this famous doctor.
2. Experimental research stage (1) In the 19th century, some people began to transplant free skin, cartilage, adrenal glands, thyroid and other tissues and organs. However, the transplantation was not anastomotic with blood vessels, which was also the first obstacle that needed to be overcome in organ transplantation.
(2) In 1912, someone used suture method to conduct animal experiments on whole organ transplantation. The transplanted organs included heart, kidney, spleen, ovary and endocrine glands. The transplanted animals survived for up to 21 days.
(3) In 1936, a Russian scientist performed a kidney transplant on a uremia patient, but the patient died two days after the operation. In the more than 10 years since then, patients who have undergone such experiments have not survived long. The reason is that people lack understanding of human immune rejection, which is also a major obstacle that needs to be overcome in organ transplantation.
3. Entering the clinical stage In 1954, American doctors performed a successful kidney transplant between identical twin sisters. People began to realize that avoiding or weakening immune rejection was the key to successful organ transplantation.
Then after continuous research and experiments, it was discovered that after organ transplantation, using systemic immunosuppressants to suppress rejection can prolong the survival of the transplanted organ. 4.
Clinical development stage After continuous exploration, people have finally developed a series of immunosuppressants, which has continuously improved the success rate of organ transplantation. At present, most organs in the human body can be transplanted, and they can survive for more than 10 years and function well. 4. What are the contraindications to kidney transplantation?
Due to the continuous improvement of transplantation technology, the application of effective immunosuppressive drugs and the rise of transplantation (transplantology), organ transplantation has progressed rapidly.
Kidney transplantation has the longest history and the most experience, and can be used as a reference for various organ transplants. Of course, in order to effectively utilize the transplanted kidney and obtain the longest life span of the transplanted kidney, the life span of the transplant recipient should be longer than the average half-life of the transplanted kidney.
This necessitates excluding patients with malignant tumors and chronic diseases from kidney transplant candidates. Because immunosuppression can accelerate tumor growth, it can actually shorten a patient's lifespan.
Patients with active infection can only consider kidney transplantation after the infection is controlled and disappears. At present, the following diseases should still be considered contraindications to kidney transplantation, such as scattered malignant tumors, refractory heart failure, chronic respiratory failure, coagulation disorder, viral hepatitis (especially in those with poor liver function), and psychiatric patients wait. 5. Why is kidney transplantation an example of organ transplantation?
Kidney transplantation is the first example of organ transplantation in human history and is an example of organ transplantation.
Just as the "sewer" in the home is a device used to remove all kinds of sewage, the kidneys also play the role of a "sewer" in the human body. Its main physiological function is to remove various harmful metabolic wastes and poisons from the human blood. Once the function of this "sewer" is irreversibly lost, the poisons and wastes in the human body will accumulate rapidly, and the patient will eventually die of "uremia".
With the continuous development of kidney transplantation, it is currently believed that after kidney disease of any cause develops to the stage of irreversible renal failure, if the patient's other organs are functioning well, kidney transplantation should be performed. After the kidney function has failed and before the transplanted kidney recovers, a machine called an artificial kidney can completely replace the function of the kidney. That is, the patient's blood is regularly introduced into the artificial kidney, and the artificial kidney removes the toxins in the blood. The purified blood is reinfused into the patient.
At present, artificial kidneys can not only completely replace kidneys, but also become a life-sustaining and long-term survival option for patients who cannot undergo kidney transplantation due to various reasons (such as lack of surgical expenses, lack of kidneys available for transplantation, etc.) a measure. Unfortunately, a machine that weighs hundreds of kilograms and is filled with various tubes cannot be implanted in the body at the moment.
Therefore, if patients with irreversible renal failure can study, work, and live like normal people, they must undergo kidney transplantation. 6. History Experts
Although the Qin Dynasty existed for a short time, the feudal unification and political, economic and other systems that began from it had a profound influence on the feudal society for more than two thousand years. It has a profound influence and is of epoch-making significance in ancient Chinese history.
1. Make the idea of ??unity deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The unification of Qin ended the situation of "no king in modern times for a long time", created an era of feudal unification, and laid a solid foundation for the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic feudal country in my country.
Our country has moved from regional unification to national multi-ethnic unification. Unification is the mainstream of my country's historical development, and separatism has also occurred in history. However, whether it is a period of unification or separatism, the consciousness of unity always dominates.
2. Create a centralized system. The emperor system was inherited by subsequent dynasties, and the central and local official systems were inherited and transformed by later feudal rulers. Qin law influenced the formulation of feudal laws and regulations in later generations. The state's collection of taxes and corvee collection based on household registration became the fundamental system of the feudal era.
The unified writing has a profound impact on the development of our country's culture and politics. "The laws, laws and decrees all started with the First Emperor."
3. The lessons of the Qin Dynasty's demise due to tyranny were learned by the rulers of the early Han Dynasty, which contributed to the prosperity of the early Western Han Dynasty. Later generations also learned a lesson. 4. The Qin Dynasty had a vast territory and a high degree of material and spiritual civilization. Its prestige spread far and wide, and it had a huge impact on the ancient world.
"Cambridge History of China's Qin and Han Dynasties" points out: "An example that illustrates the empire's reputation even spread far beyond the Chinese world is that the name Qin (Chin) is likely to be the English 'China' (China) and various Non-Chinese*** The prototype of his cognate name."