Specialized bibliography refers to the bibliography compiled by systematically and comprehensively collecting documents around a certain subject. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Sean and Han Xin compiled a military bibliography and selected 35 books from many books. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the military and political servants compiled the military books on the basis of sorting out the military books. This bibliography is the first one specially recorded in China. In the specialized subject catalogue, one of the highest achievements in bibliography is Buddhist Bibliography, and the other is Bibliography of Classics and History.
Buddhism experienced the development of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, and was very popular in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The number of Buddhist scriptures exceeds the number of Confucian books. In order to facilitate management, some famous monks compiled many Buddhist scriptures. According to statistics, there are more than 40 kinds of Buddhist scriptures. These catalogues have their own characteristics and innovations, leaving a glorious page in the history of bibliography in China. The important Buddhist scriptures in the Southern and Northern Dynasties are the Comprehensive Buddhist Scriptures Catalogue compiled by Daoan and the Stories of the Three Monks of Chu compiled by Sang You. The Comprehensive Catalogue of Buddhist Scriptures was written in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (374), which is an earlier catalogue of Buddhist Scriptures in China. The monk you said, "Love yourself, feel at ease, start with the list, interpret products, translate talents, list the years, and be a wonderful person." Daoan's catalogue has been lost, but its achievements and characteristics can be seen from the Collection of Three Zangs of Chu. Comprehensive Classics divides Buddhist scriptures into seven categories, namely, classics, untranslated classics, different classics in cool land, different classics in Guanzhong, different classics in ancient times, doubtful classics and miscellaneous records. Seventeen classic works from the Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty are recorded in The Theory of Classics, in the order of birth and death of the translated classics, and the translation years and synonyms are indicated. Attach a text to introduce the translator's surname and comment on the translation quality. The lost translation records 134 ancient books with unknown names. Liang Tu and Guan Zhong's different classics record the classics that only know the translation place, but don't know the translation name. Ninety-two books are recorded in ancient books, most of which are translated singles extracted from ancient books. There are 26 suspected scriptures, which are difficult to distinguish between true and false. Jing Zhu Za Jing recorded many classics and miscellaneous classics annotated by Dao An himself. Judging from the above seven categories, it is quite different from the comprehensive bibliography. In the article "The Position of Buddhist Classics in Bibliography in China" (Library Quarterly 1926, Volume 1, Issue 1), Liang Qichao thinks that this style has five characteristics: First, it is purely chronological, so that readers can understand the origin of Confucian classics. Second, I don't know whether the translator's surname is a single category; Thirdly, the extracted and translated classics are classified into one category, and the nature of books is different, so as to distinguish people; Fourth, books that are difficult to distinguish between true and false are a separate category with the most faithful spirit; Fifth, the notes are not mixed, and the master and slave are clear. The Collection of Three Monks of Chu written by the eminent monk You is the earliest extant Buddhist scripture in China, and Chen Yuan spoke highly of it in the book An Introduction to Buddhist History in China. "Sanzang" refers to classics, dharma and theory, and is the general name of Buddhist scriptures. The bibliography is based on the classics collected in Ding Lin Temple, supplemented by the comprehensive catalogue of classics. Their compilation style is "one writing margin, two inscriptions, three classics and four biographies". The so-called "karma" refers to the origin and translation of Buddhist scriptures. The so-called "catalogue" refers to the titles of ancient books, which are divided into twelve kinds of records, and the order is as follows: records of classics, records of ancient books, records of books lost in cold places, records of different classics in Guanzhong, records of lost translations, records of copied classics, records of doubtful classics, records of false books of doubtful classics, and records of miscellaneous annotations. The so-called "general preface", that is, the preface and postscript of each sutra, has about 120 articles. The so-called "biography" is the translator's biography, which records the biographies of 22 foreigners and 10 China people. Of the four components of Three Stories of Chu, the second Catalogue is copied from the Catalogue of Comprehensive Classics and supplemented, and the other three are the innovations of Sangyou. Its achievements and characteristics are as follows. First, the bibliography preserves first-hand information in various aspects, such as describing the origin and translation of Buddhist scriptures, recording the deeds of famous monks at that time, transcribing the preface and postscript, etc., which is very precious for studying this subject. Secondly, in the method of bibliography, a method of searching classical sequences widely is created, so that readers can understand the origin and development of a book. This method of widely collecting comments and compiling articles laid the foundation for the formation of later editions of abstracts; It was also widely used in later specialized bibliographies, especially in the Qing Dynasty. Thirdly, the translator's life is described in detail, which is a special part. The quality of classic works has an important relationship with translators. Narrating the translator's deeds has a certain relationship with the reader's understanding of the classic content. Biography and catalogue complement each other and can better play the role of bibliography. Fourth, increase the categories according to the actual situation of books. On the basis of Daoan bibliography, the category of "copying classics" is added, which makes sense that copying classics is not put together with the original book. In a word, Sangyou Bibliography is highly praised by later generations, both in compiling style and in bibliography achievements. In the 14th year of Emperor Kaidi of Sui Dynasty (594), Fa Jing and others compiled the Catalogue of Classic Works of Da Sui Dynasty, which was not catalogued according to the characteristics of translated scriptures, but classified according to the contents of Buddhist scriptures, and separated the classics, methods and theories, listing Mahayana and Hinayana respectively. Books other than Sanzang are divided into three records: manuscripts, biographies and writings, and each record is divided into the Western Regions and China. Later, Fei Changfang compiled the Three Treasures of Past Dynasties, also known as the Three Treasures of Huang Kai, with a total volume of 15, which is relatively large in the existing records. * * * records 6235 volumes of classics, more than 5234 volumes of Records of the Great Sui Dynasty 1000 volumes. The first three volumes are chronologies. Volumes 4-12 record the translated classics from the Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, arranged in chronological order and translation date. Each person lists the translated classics first, and then attaches a biography. The volume 13- 14 is used to enter Tibet by size, and the volume 15 is in order. Liang Qichao believes that "the three treasures of the past dynasties, the most impressive is the chronology of the first three volumes. Although there are many mistakes in textual research, it has a solid style and is unique "(Library Quarterly, Vol. 1926,No. 1 issue,No. 1 issue). The catalogue of Buddhist scriptures has made new development in the Tang Dynasty, among which the most famous ones are the Records of the Inner Canon of Datang compiled by Daoxuan and the Records of Kaiyuan Buddhism compiled by Zhisheng. The most valuable place of Tang Dian Lu is the creation of "many classics should be read and recorded". Liang Qichao said: "The Buddhist scriptures are vast and the readers are poor for a long time. It is difficult to translate them in the same way, choose different products and make a bed. Gong Xuan's article has its own merits in different classic versions. For example, Hua Yan Jing gives 60 volumes translated by Buddha Putuo, and ten different translations of different names should be omitted. ..... and so on, it is good for readers, writing books is for scholars and consultants, and it is also the most important position for catalogers "(ibid.). Zhisheng's Records of Ten Collations of Kaiyuan is basically compiled after the Records of the Temple in the Tang Dynasty. The difference is that the classification of Confucian classics is finer and the summary is finer. The most commendable thing is his unique views on bibliography. "Fu Lu sheng, is to cover the truth, distinguish between right and wrong, remember people but not ancient and modern, mark the number of volumes, pick up omissions, delete redundancies, and make orthodox ethics rich in words, outlines and tests (Volume 1 of Kaiyuan Buddhism Record). Since then, the Song Dynasty has compiled A Compendium of the Tripitaka, Wang Gu's Bibliography of Sanzang Shengjiao, and Ming Dynasty's Reading the Tripitaka and Knowing Gold. The bibliography of Song Dynasty is more detailed. In Ming Dynasty, Xu Zhi's bibliography improved the classification of Buddhist books, and used symbols to identify the pros and cons of books, thus guiding reading. Looking at Buddhist Bibliography, the achievements in Bibliography are as follows: First, each department is brave in stylistic innovation and has its own characteristics. Monks are made from Daoan's catalogue, but they exceed Daoan's catalogue by five categories; The adaptation of warp-knitted bibliographies in Sui Dynasty changed from the old arrangement of classics to the classification of Buddhist scriptures. Because of the old cataloging method, it is not worth learning today. Secondly, the description method is flexible and concrete. Buddhist scriptures are translated from foreign languages. Translation is transmission, but no translation is hidden. The bibliography of Buddhist scriptures pays special attention to the description of translation matters. For example, Daoan's catalogue gambles on its different names, translation year, translator's surname, translation history, translation quality and so on. The three parts of Yuan Zhen, Biography and Jing Xu written by Monks are also flexible ways for readers to understand the classics. These methods are different from comprehensive bibliography, and they are all adopted according to the specific situation of Buddhist scriptures. This method, which is suitable for books, deserves to be carried forward in today's bibliographic work. Thirdly, great achievements have been made in the compilation of abstracts. The preface and postscript of Sangyou's translation of Special Buddhist Scriptures in the preface to the Classics, and the account of the translator's deeds in biographies. Although the two parts are independent, they actually play a summary role. Preface and postscript are ready-made materials. Using these materials as abstract materials is not only an innovation of Buddhist scriptures catalogue, but also a great invention of China's bibliography. Since then, Ma Duanlin has widely used the method of searching for prefaces and postscripts in the general examination of documents and classic texts, forming a major style of abstract.
China paid special attention to the study of Confucian classics and history in ancient times. The early bibliography of Confucian classics was Li San Catalogue compiled by Zheng Xuan. Later, Li Zhao compiled Interpretation of Confucian Classics and Ouyang Shen compiled Catalogue of Confucian Classics. The most successful bibliographies are Zhu Yizun's Examination of Jing Yi and Zhang Xuecheng's Examination of Historical Records in Qing Dynasty. Classic Righteousness Book divides books into twenty-six categories, each category is marked with four items, such as author and volume number, and then the preface and postscript of the original book are compiled and discussed by ancient and modern scholars. The original text is recorded without comments, which inherits Ma Duanlin's general examination of documents. Chen Tingjing said in the Preface to Textual Research: "The ancient classics exist today, but it is really difficult to know whether they exist or not when doing research. There are as many as 300 volumes of Jing Yi Exam written by Mr. Zi. Although it exists or is missing, it is contained in a compendium. I think, after Mr. Wang's assessment, those who survive will have a solid sense of accomplishment, while those who are ignorant will never have a persistent end, so there will be no prosperity at this time. Wei Zhuyu is knowledgeable and thoughtful. What can he do? " These compliments are realistic. Its influence not only affects future generations, but also affects overseas. Under its influence, the original sound of Danbo in Japan compiled the Medical Records Examination. Zhang Xuecheng's Textual Research on Historical Records inherits the style of textual research, and puts forward that ancient stories should be preserved, family laws should be distinguished, editing methods should be appropriate, articles should be adopted, names should be distinguished, classics should be understood, selected books should be subdivided, collections should be compiled, local records should be selected, genealogy should be short, textual research should be refined, versions should be refined, and books should be refined. Other disciplines have also compiled many bibliographies of past dynasties. Xun Xu compiled the Preface to Articles in the Western Jin Dynasty, followed by Zhi Yu's Chronology of Articles, Fu Liang's Chronology of Continued Articles and Shen Yue's Bibliography of Song Shiwen Zhang Zhi. In Song Dynasty, Gao compiled two bibliographies, Shilue and Zilue, in which Shilue recorded the history books before13rd century. In medicine and mathematics, Yin Zhongchun compiled a catalogue of medical books in the Ming Dynasty, and Mei Wending compiled a bibliography without temples in the Qing Dynasty. The specialized bibliography contains the literature of a certain subject in a centralized way, or collects it extensively and records it in detail, which provides convenience for people to inquire and use the specialized literature; Or make a detailed textual research to explain the authenticity of existence and provide a basis for future generations to sort out and use it. Among them, Jing Yi Kao and Historical Records Kao inherited and carried forward the compilation method of abstracts, which not only set a model for the compilation of later bibliographies, but also left readers with colorful book reviews.
In China's classical bibliography, there is also a recommended bibliography to guide reading. This kind of bibliography is also called guided bibliography. The earliest extant is Miscellaneous Notes compiled in the late Tang Dynasty. It lists dozens of books for young people in the form of questions and answers. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Cheng Duanxue combined the reading method created by Zhu Hezhen in college teaching with the actual situation at that time, and compiled the Annual Reading Schedule of Cheng's Family School, which had a great influence on Ming and Qing Dynasties and was called "Reading Project". During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty (1847), Long Qirui, a Hubei scholar, compiled a classic collection, which listed a subset of classics and history, as well as books on economics and examinations. Among the recommended bibliographies, Zhang Zhidong's Bibliography Answers compiled in Guangxu period (1876) had the greatest influence, from which many scholars benefited. Mr. Lu Xun once said: "I thought I would get rid of the old, so I might as well rely on Zhang Zhidong's bibliography to answer questions." Mr. Yu Jiaxi once told Mr. Chen Yuan that his knowledge began with answering questions in the bibliography. Zhang Zhidong's purpose in compiling books at that time was to answer young people's "what books to read and what books to read". In the middle of Qing Dynasty, bibliography once became a "prominent study". Zhang Zhidong spoke highly of the Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, saying that "nowadays, all students refer to good teachers, and reading the Summary of the Catalogue of Sikuquanshu gives you a little idea of how to learn." However, there are too many books in the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, which is difficult for readers to understand. Therefore, he selected important books handed down from history, collected about 2,200 kinds of books, compiled a bibliography question and answer, and answered the reading questions of children all over the country in the form of bibliography. Throughout the bibliography, its achievements and characteristics are as follows. First of all, in the classification, it broke through the four divisions of the catalogue of Sikuquanshu, and added new "series" to five books other than classics, history, volumes and collections. He believes that the series "contains classics, history, books and collections, and it is difficult to transfer them to four parts, so they are not classified." The increase of series shows the academic development in Qing Dynasty. Since then, many bibliographies have adopted the five-point method to organize books. Today, this classification system is adopted in the Bibliography of Rare Books of Chinese Ancient Books, which is mainly based on rare books of libraries all over the country. The classification and classification of subordinates are not limited to the general catalogue of Sikuquanshu, such as adding a category of "serious notes" in the classics department to reflect the research results of Confucian classics in the Qing Dynasty; The history department has added the category of "ancient history"; The sub-division established the category of "ancient philosophers" for the philosophers of Zhou and Qin Dynasties. Different from later philosophers who divided astronomical algorithms into "Sino-French method", "Western method" and "both Chinese and Western methods", it not only reflected the introduction of western science and technology and the blending of Chinese and Western academics at that time, but also classified astronomical arithmetic books separately, which reflected the idea of "learning from the middle school as the body and using western learning". The collection department classifies the collections of Qing people according to different schools, such as the Collection of Ancient Documents, which is divided into three sub-headings: ancient people without sects, ancient people in Tongcheng and ancient people in Yanghu, and a note is added: "There are too many collections of people in the Dynasty, so it is classified now, and every standard is easy for beginners to seek." In order to give full play to the role of books, Zhang Zhidong adopted the method of mutual writing in the classification and description, and clearly pointed out that "there are examples of mutual understanding in the records of Han Shu's artistic records, and those who have similar relationships today also see each other and note them below". In a word, the division of basic parts, the setting of specific categories and the application of previous interactive methods all reflect Zhang Zhidong's views and innovations. Secondly, in terms of book collection, strict book selection criteria are stipulated. Zhang Zhidong stipulated five principles of not recording in A Brief Introduction to Bibliography: those who are useless, empty, eccentric and confused will not be recorded; Ancient books are not included in this book; Comments are shallow, mistakes are made, lies are made up, and they are not recorded; There are no ancient books, and recent books have not been published. The old banknotes are occasionally issued, and those that cannot be purchased are not recorded. At the same time, Zhang Zhidong also stipulated the selection criteria: those who learn from the Ministry of Economic Relations and Trade and seek truth from facts; The history department cited elegant examples and detailed textual research; The department is close to ancient times and practical; The author with the most collections; The series contains many ancient books, and the true meaning of them has been carefully examined in the school magazine. As can be seen from the above selection criteria, the bibliography question and answer focuses on academic value and practical value; Focus on the works of modern people, seek truth from facts, do not show off your curiosity, and win more. To sum up, Zhang Zhidong's selection of books in the bibliography is based on the principle that all books are not necessarily recorded and all books are not necessarily recorded. Third, in the description of the book version, we should not pursue ancient books, but stress quality and practicality. Zhang Zhidong emphasized in his Simple Examples that "it is futile to read a book without knowing the essentials, but knowing that a book should be read without careful proofreading and annotation will get twice the result with half the effort". Regarding the standard of a good book, he thinks that first of all, it is a complete book, without volumes and deletions; Secondly, fine books, fine schools and fine books; Once again, old books, old banknotes. For the description of the edition in the bibliography, the following points are deliberately achieved: First, it is convenient for readers, easy to buy and easy to read; The second is to compare books and point out their advantages and disadvantages; The third is to examine the evolution and review the papers; The fourth is to mark the separation and integration and identify similarities and differences. Zhang Zhidong didn't pursue the Song and Yuan editions in the selection of bibliographic editions, but considered the readers' convenience, which is worth learning today. Fourth, in the annotation of books, we should try our best to be concise, explain if necessary, and give examples if not necessary. Annotations have a wide range of contents, some introduce the contents of books, comment on gains and losses, some textual research the author, distinguish the authenticity, and some indicate the academic origin. In short, a few words reflect the spirit of guiding reading and learning. Bibliographic question and answer was written in the early years of Guangxu. The longer the time, the more obvious the mistakes and omissions in the original book. Therefore, Fan once wrote a bibliography question and answer (published in 193 1). "Correction" has done three things. First, the original mistakes in the bibliography question and answer were corrected, including the title, author, volume number and edition. The second is to supplement the missing version of the original book and the published version; Thirdly, I collected some books similar to the original works. Some books also write notes to explain their advantages and disadvantages. Because bibliographic question and answer is a recommended bibliography, its method of guiding reading transcends the times and has been affecting today. Many newspapers and periodicals set up a bibliography question-and-answer column, listing the books that young people must read. Under the direct influence of bibliographic question and answer, the purpose of compiling recommendation books appeared in the 1920s. 1923, Hu Shi published the Minimum Bibliography of Chinese Studies for the first time in the Morning Post Supplement, claiming that "it is only for ordinary young people who want to gain a little systematic knowledge of Chinese studies, not for those who already have a foundation in Chinese studies", so "historical clues are regarded as the natural system of Chinese studies, and the order of bibliography is the method of starting". Liang Qichao has different views on Hu Shi's bibliography. In the same year, he compiled the Recommended Bibliography of Introduction to Chinese Studies and Its Reading Methods, which divided the books into: books related to the history of thought, books related to political history and other philology, books related to rhyming, books related to grammar in primary schools, and books related to reading in Sui Dynasty. Each category lists dozens of important books, and each book briefly explains the content and reading methods. There are at least 28 required books in the appendix, which says, "If you hide this, you really can't think of China people." . Following Hu and Liang's Bibliography of Chinese Studies, Li Li compiled Bibliography of Chinese Studies, Zhang Taiyan compiled Bibliography of Chinese Studies for Middle Schools, Zhi Weicheng compiled Bibliography of Chinese Studies, Classic Solutions, Books Suitable for Young People to Learn China Literature, Wang Huanxi compiled Bibliography of China Literature and Chen Boying compiled Bibliography of China Literature. The Commercial Press has compiled and published the Basic Series of Chinese Studies according to the books of Chinese Studies listed by various schools. Mr. Lu Xun disagreed with the bibliography listed by Hu Shi and others, and thought that "there are too many bibliographies to read in ten years". Therefore, the three bibliographies he recommended are very brief. 1982 Cai Shangsi, a professor at Fudan University, listed the "Basic Bibliography of China Culture" in the Outline of Cultural History of China, and listed 20 kinds of Bibliography (Lin Shu 1982 No.5) that best represented China culture, which attracted academic attention.