What are the forms of ancient books? The forms of ancient books mainly include: bamboo slips, gold plates, stone carvings, hides, silk books and paper books (block printing and movable type printing).
First of all, it introduces simple books, golden carvings, stone carvings and silk books.
According to the order of appearance, there are simple strategies first, then golden and stone carvings, then silk, and finally paper. These forms have the characteristics and functions of books.
① Simplified Book: Also known as Jane Eyre, it can be said to be the earliest book in China. Jane is a bamboo, similar to a page of a book. You can usually write a line of Chinese characters. The "strategy" is to weave several bamboos into a book with thread or cowhide. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the pictograph of "book" is to connect many pieces of bamboo together, just like a book today. The main materials for connecting bamboo pieces are hemp rope and cowhide rope. What is connected by cowhide rope is called "weft knitting", so there is an idiom called "three unique skills of weft knitting". According to the records of pre-Qin classics, this kind of simplified book appeared in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, because there is a written record in Shangshu that "only the ancestors of Yin Dynasty have records and classics", but it has not been confirmed by archaeological findings so far. Simple strategies are difficult to preserve, so the simple strategies of Shang Dynasty have not been handed down. Jane's size varies from dynasty to dynasty. The writing method of bamboo slips was originally lacquer book, that is, writing on bamboo slips with lacquer. Later, I switched to graphite, and later Qin Mengtian invented the writing brush. After the Qin dynasty, there was a simple writing strategy with brush. The biggest drawback of Jane Eyre's books is their large size. According to historical records, Qin Shihuang read official documents 150 kg every day. This is because the official document of Jane Eyre can only be written in a few words, and a large number of bamboo pieces are bundled into a book, which is very heavy. According to historical records, in the Qin and Han Dynasties, ministers wrote official documents and were carried into the palace by two big men. As an article, Jane Eyre is obviously inconvenient. For example, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power, the scholar Dongfang Su presented a script to the emperor, but three thousand bamboo slips were used to send two people into the palace.
(2) Golden Carving and Stone Carving: Golden Carving refers to inscriptions cast or carved on bronzes. From the Zhou Dynasty to Zhong Ding in the Han Dynasty, many bronzes have inscriptions. Most of the inscriptions in the Zhou Dynasty publicized Zhou Wang's achievements, commemorated the achievements of ancestors and recorded important events. In other words, ordinary things are not worth casting or carving on bronzes. The longest inscription in the Zhou Dynasty has 500 words, which is of high historical value. Most of the inscriptions after the Warring States period are prison, casting, year and month, etc. And there are few long and flat systems.
Stone carvings refer to inscriptions carved on stones and are widely used as books. The earliest stone carving in China is Shi Guwen, known as the "ancestor of stone carving". Because these words are engraved on ten drum-shaped stones, they are called "Shi Guwen". The Palace Museum in Beijing has ten works by Shi Guwen. There are ten four-character poems carved with big seal on the ten-sided stone drum, describing the hunting scene of Qin. It was carved by Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period. These ten pieces of Shi Guwen were unearthed in Baoji, Shaanxi in the early Tang Dynasty. His calligraphy has always been highly valued. Now one of the stones has been worn away, and the other nine are incomplete. This is the earliest stone carving in existence. Later generations have stone carvings. The biggest book function of stone carving lies in the engraving of "Shijing". In the Han Dynasty, Wang Mang ordered Zhen Feng to copy the ancient prose Zhouyi, Shangshu and Zuozhuan and carve stones, which was the first of its kind. Since then, there have been stone classics, and all the classic works have been engraved in the world. The value of the Shijing mainly includes: First, the Shijing in Han, Wei and Tang Dynasties was of high value because there was no block print at that time, and it was handed down in ancient Chinese, which provided a basis for future generations to revise the Shijing. Second, the method of communication was invented in the Tang Dynasty. After spreading ink, paper can be combined into scrolls and become popular books at that time. (copybook) The essence of stone carvings in past dynasties lies in the forest of steles in Xi 'an. Beilin is the largest stone carving museum in China.
③Jiānó: In ancient China, silk was the carrier of knowledge. Generally called silk book, some people call it silk book; Because of its white color, it is also called "plain book". Before the invention of paper, people used to write on silk, which was called silk book. Silk books came into being at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Silk and bamboo chips coexist at the same time. Bamboo slips can be scraped and modified, and are often used as the first draft of books, while silk books are not easy to modify, so they are often used as the final draft of books. In addition, the important documents of the emperor often use silk, while the general documents of his subjects often use bamboo and wood. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, silk script was widely used, and later generations often used silk script to write important documents. Silk books have the advantages of easy cutting and light weight, but the disadvantages are too expensive and high cost.
④ Paper book: According to archaeological findings, plant fiber paper was invented as early as the early Western Han Dynasty. After Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty, people began to write with paper, but both simplified and silk books existed at the same time, and they were the main forms of books. During the Three Kingdoms period, with the improvement of papermaking and the emergence of a large number of recycled paper, paper books replaced simplified books and silk books and became the main form of books. According to historical records, after the publication of the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou, many people like to copy it. Zuo Si wrote Sandu Fu in Beijing, and copied it from generation to generation. At that time, "Luoyang paper was expensive". The earliest existing paper book in China is the remnant of the History of the Three Kingdoms written by Jin people.
The binding of paper and books has also undergone a series of changes. Before the Tang dynasty, it was a scroll, and after the Tang dynasty, it appeared folding, and then a loose-leaf version (vertical version) appeared. From Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, folding and loose-leaf binding (thread binding) were the main binding forms. For example, you can see the Ming and Qing Dynasties memorials (folding) and thread-bound ancient books (book binding). The official documents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are called memorials because they are folded into volumes.
Second, sculpture and movable type printing
Engraving, also known as engraving, is to engrave words or figures on a wooden board or a metal board, making it a printing substrate. And then printing ink on the bottom plate. This technology began in the middle Tang Dynasty, initially from the printing of almanac and Buddhist scriptures. The Diamond Sutra, which was discovered in Dunhuang, Gansu, and printed in the Tang Dynasty, is a block-printed object found in China. From the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, woodblock printing was very popular, forming a grand occasion of official engraving, workshop engraving and folk engraving in parallel.
Movable type printing: The inventor was Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the reign of Injong, he invented carving a single inverted character with clay, and after firing, it became a pottery character. In addition, the adhesive made of turpentine, wax and paper ash is evenly coated on the iron plate with iron frame, then the movable type is placed on the iron plate as required, heated to melt the adhesive, and then the words are flattened with another flat iron plate. After cooling, the clay mold is fixed on the iron plate and can be printed with ink. Bake it with a little fire and take out the movable type for later use. Later, he created wooden movable type. Movable type printed books gradually took shape in the Ming Dynasty, when copper plates and lead plates were popular. The invention and improvement of printed books in China opened the historical era of books, which later spread all over the world.
Collection of ancient books: coll.. liber/liberinfo/2007-3/29/2007032905750.htm.
I believe you can find what you want in this place.
How much is an ancient book? Books in different times are different. Before the invention of paper books, they were all written on bamboo slips, arranged in order, strung together with ropes and grown into long rolls. Different volumes of books have different words. As I said upstairs, a volume of books is about one or two hundred words. After the popularization of papermaking and printing, paper books also appeared. At this time, although the book is not a roll of bamboo slips, it is still called a roll in terms of address habits, and books vary from thick books. The number of words is also different. Taking Zi Jian as an example, Zi Jian has 297 volumes, each with different characters. If No.5 is used as 16, one volume can print 12- 18 pages.
The price of ancient books is 160 yuan.
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There are many download resources in the forum for downloading ancient books, but most of them are PDF.
You can search directly in Baidu. I won't write the website in case it is considered as an advertisement. ^_^
The effect of the game king's ancient books explains the ancient books. . . . . This card can't be fake.
There is no "special effect" in the game king, only "special call"
On the binding form of ancient books in China —— The earliest binding form —— Literal binding.
Binding form of bamboo slips. Before the invention of papermaking, most books in ancient China were written on bamboo or wood chips, which were called bamboo slips or wooden slips. In order to facilitate reading and collection, bamboo slips are woven together in order with ropes. Later, people called this binding form simple and strategic.
The method of simple packing is to weave the simple packing with hemp rope, silk rope or leather rope, which is similar to the weaving method of bamboo curtain. After compiling an article, the content is one article, which is called strategy, also called simple strategy. "Policy" and "book" have the same meaning. Woven with silk rope is called "silk weaving", and woven with leather rope is called "weft weaving". After weaving the Jane into a raiders, roll it forward from the tail Jane, put it into a cloth cover, and roll it forward when reading.
Bamboo slips are the earliest binding form in China, which was popular in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In the Jin Dynasty, with the application of paper and the appearance of paper books, simple strategy books were gradually replaced by paper books.
The oldest binding form-scroll binding
Scroll binding began with silk books, and was applied to paper books when paper books prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Later generations have been using it, and modern mounted calligraphy and painting are still mounted with scrolls.
Scroll binding evolved from the binding form of Jane Eyre rolled into a bundle. The method is to stick a shaft (usually a wooden shaft) at the end of a long scroll article and roll the book on the shaft. For silk books, articles are written directly on silk books, while for paper books, a piece of paper with words is pasted on a long scroll in turn. Generally, the head of a scroll is bonded with a piece of paper or silk, which is called "mounting". The mounting is tough and does not write, which plays a protective role.
Then tie the mounting head with a ribbon to bind the book. Put a sign on the end of the ribbon and tie it to fix the ribbon. When reading, open the long scroll and stretch it gradually with the reading progress. After reading, roll up the scroll with the shaft, tie it with the ribbon in front of the scroll and put it on the tea rack.
Exquisite scrolls are mainly displayed in shafts, labels and belts, such as white toothed shafts and toothpicks with yellow and red stripes; Carved rosewood shaft, purple toothpick, etc.
Transition from rolling loading to album loading
One of them-cyclone suit
Whirlwind clothing evolved from scroll clothing. It's like a scroll, with a long piece of paper on the bottom. The whole front page is pasted on the bottom, and a piece of paper is pasted on the bottom from the right side of the second page, and the rest pages are pasted on the bottom of the previous page one by one.
The pages of this book are by-products. Turn from right to left when reading, and roll up from beginning to end when collecting.
This binding form is the same as loading scrolls from the outside, but the pages inside are like cyclones in nature, hence the name whirlwind loading; When unfolded, the pages are arranged in an orderly proportion, so it is also called Longlin.
Cyclone loading is a transitional form from reel loading to album loading in China's early years. Tang Yun, written by Wu Cailuan in the Tang Dynasty in the Palace Museum, is bound in this way.
Transition from rolling loading to album loading
The second form-folding
Folding is the first binding form used in Buddhist scriptures, which began in the late Tang Dynasty. In order to read the scriptures conveniently, Buddhist disciples kept folding long scrolls left and right to form a rectangular stack, which is also considered to be influenced by the binding form of Indian laurel leaves. Later, some rubbings, rubbings and paperbacks also used this form, which is called a passbook or commemorative book.
This binding form has been completely separated from the reel. From the appearance, it is similar to the later album books, and it is an intermediate form from scroll loading to album loading.
The Early Form of Album-Butterfly Dress
"Butterfly costume", referred to as "Butterfly costume", is an early album costume. Appeared after being impressed, evolved from being impressed, appeared in the late Five Dynasties, and prevailed in the Song Dynasty.
The method of butterfly mounting is to fold the printed surface of the page in half along the middle seam, then align the page according to the crease, stick the back of a stack of creases together with a pack of lining paper, and finally cut it into a book. The book "Butterfly Clothes" is just like a butterfly flapping its wings, hence the name "Butterfly Clothes".
The development of book binding form to butterfly binding marks that the book binding form in China has entered the stage of "album binding"
Bao Beizhuang, a binding form, appeared at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Wrapping, also known as back wrapping, is a binding form developed on the basis of butterfly dress, which appeared in the late Southern Song Dynasty and was widely used in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yongle Dadian in Ming Dynasty and Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty are such binding forms. The main difference between Abao's quilt and butterfly suit is that when the page is folded in half, the center of the page is facing outward, and the back is opposite. When turning pages, each page is front.
Its binding method is to align the folding pages, punch holes outside the right column, twist the binding paper flat, smash it flat and fix it, then wrap it with thick paper from the back of the right book and stick it firmly with paste.
A popular binding form after the mid-Ming Dynasty-thread binding
The thread-bound hinge is exactly the same as the one in the bag, with the center facing outwards and the back opposite. The difference is that the whole package of back cover paper is changed to two single covers before and after, the back of the package is changed to bare back, and the paper twisting and punching binding is changed to thread binding.
Thread binding is the most advanced in the history of traditional binding technology in China. Thread-bound books are easy to read and not easy to break. The process and style of thread-bound books have changed to varying degrees, such as "wrap angle" and "robe cover", but they are not beyond the scope of thread-bound books.
Dreaming of reading ancient books reminds you to be careful of the villains around you and reminds your opponents that you are as cunning as a fox. On the other hand, it also means that people around you may hide a secret from you for your sake. I look forward to your good work these two days, because being affirmed has greatly increased your confidence and made you feel very happy. The results of your usual low-key efforts have finally been seen, which proves your ability to work. You can't be underestimated! But when you are happy, you should also maintain harmonious communication with your peers. Don't attract attention and make people unhappy!
Books on ancient business ethics. & lt& lt Shangdao >>