Be meaningful! I think the best is generally recognized by contemporary people, but it has not happened in real history. This aspect starts from universality to particularity! Isn't it more meaningful to discuss such contradictions and conflicts? !
Now I will tell you a well-known historical story: the story of Qin Shihuang burning books to bury Confucianism (reversing the case for history)
Core Tip: The famous Qin dynasty burned books in history, and later generations held many bad comments. However, before echoing past criticisms, it is necessary for us to know all the details and practical consequences of burning books in detail. Praise someone for itching, curse someone for hurting.
1, book burning order
Reese wrote to Ying Zheng in response to a proposal made by a feudal warlord Chun Yuyue.
The book says, "The five emperors are at odds, and the three generations don't attack each other, so they treat each other, not the opposite, and change from time to time. Today, your majesty has made great achievements and established eternal achievements, which fools don't know. Besides, as Chun Yuyue said, this is a matter of three generations. How is it possible? Different governors compete with each other to recruit foreign students. Today, it has been decided that a decree will be issued. The people will take charge of the peasants and workers, and the scholars will ban them from learning decrees. Today's students don't learn from now, but from the past, so they are very confused.
The Prime Minister Si Mi said: The ancient world is scattered, and there is no way to be one. It is based on the combination of princes, and all words are harmful to the present, and the false is confusing. People are good at their private research and build on things that are not at the top. Nowadays, the emperor has the world, so don't decide on a black and white statue. Private school is related to illegal teaching. When people hear orders, they discuss them with their own knowledge. When they entered, they were insincere. When they left, they discussed it in the street. They praise the Lord by his name, choose differences by his height, and lead others to slander him. If this is banned, the main trend will fall and the party will succeed. This is forbidden. "
As for how to ban it, the book also said, "I asked historians to burn it all." Those who dare to have poems, books and hundreds of languages in the world without being doctors will carefully preserve and burn them. Some people who dare to talk about poetry and books have abandoned the market. Think of the past as a family that is not the present. Those officials are all guilty of the same crime if they don't mention it. If it doesn't burn for the next 30 days, it will be a city. Those who don't go, the book of planting trees. If you want to learn, you should take an official as your teacher. "
Ying Zheng and Ying Zheng are criticized in the book, but. That means, I think so.
This is the famous burning book of Qin Dynasty in history. For this move, later generations hold many bad comments. However, before echoing past criticisms, it is necessary for us to know all the details and practical consequences of burning books in detail. Praise someone for itching, curse someone for hurting. Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle. If you smell the word "burning books" and don't delve into it, you will immediately get angry, swear and condemn angrily. I think it is inevitable to fuck too fast.
First of all, from Reese's point of view, burning books has its logical inevitability. In Reese's last book, Chun Yuyue's request for enfeoffment was refuted only by "the matter of three generations, why?" ".Immediately, the flow of Chunyu Yuezhi was characterized as" learning from the past and not learning from the present, confusing people ". There are many people like Chun Yuyue. "As soon as people hear the command, they will discuss it with their own knowledge. When you enter, you don't mean it. When you leave, you can discuss it in the street. "What people learn from books. Therefore, banning books or even burning books is the proper meaning of uprooting weeds.
The ancients used bamboo slips and knives and pens to write books easily. Compared with today, hundreds of thousands of works are published every year, which is, in Schopenhauer's words, "rich in content, unique in viewpoint and indispensable". This also determines that the empire can't burn too many books, roughly as follows:
First, this historian is not a journalist, that is, the six countries in Historical Records, because there are many sarcastic remarks about Qin.
Second, there are hundreds of languages for poetry and books. Poetry and songs, in particular, are simply weapons warehouses for people like Yue. Burning is equivalent to disarming, depending on how you call it.
What needs special attention is that from Reese's letter, we can know that all the books of the empire at that time, including those explicitly burned, were completely preserved in the government. Zhu also said: Qin only taught the world to burn books, but his court still existed; For example, "Everything that was not in the hands of Dr. Ji Qin and Dr. Ji Qin was burned", then the Six Classics and so on, he still stayed, but there was no one in the world.
2. Book burning debate
Regarding this move of the empire, Liu Dakui, an official of A Qing Dynasty, explained: "If this happens, it will be a fool, but it doesn't want to be a fool." In my opinion, the empire should make good use of these banned books for backup collection, not to destroy them all soon, but also to have a sense of responsibility and long-term consideration besides not wanting to be stupid. For example, as we all know, smallpox virus has been raging for centuries, killing tens of millions of people and bringing great and profound disasters to mankind. Nevertheless, human beings have not completely eliminated smallpox virus and let it disappear from the earth forever. On the contrary, they kept a small number of samples in two laboratories in Moscow and Atlanta for studying or meeting any unexpected needs.
As for the people, what will happen if they hide the banned books and refuse to hand them in? A: "Ordering not to burn in the next 30 days is a city." In other words, it will be punished for building the Great Wall and losing its border. In today's view, such consequences are undoubtedly serious, but in Qin's severe punishment, it is a light punishment, not severe. Moreover, such punishment is still on the premise that the collection of books is discovered by the government. If it is not discovered, it will naturally not be investigated.
Thus, in the ban at that time, burning books was not the first priority. In the middle of the night, there are still unburned books on the earth. Reese and Ying Zheng also know very well how to burn books! Burning books is just a means. Look:
Those who dare to write poems and books accidentally abandon the market. The past is not the present, family.
We will be surprised to find that the punishment for even talking about poetry books is far heavier than the punishment for possession of poetry books. The possession of poetry books is nothing more than a city, but even poetry books should abandon the market and lose their heads. Coupled with the heavier punishment, it can be judged that the biggest purpose of the ban is to prohibit people from discussing current politics, followed by prohibiting people from discussing ancient politics. It boils down to one sentence: no politics. Shu Ren does not discuss it, and then there is a method in the world, which may be the logical basis behind the ban.
Burning books is naturally wrong and bad. But for the empire, killing speech and making a mountain out of a molehill are the most terrible things. It is better to keep the people's mouth than to keep Sichuan. Since ancient times, there have been two ways to prevent Sichuan. One is blocking, which is how guns are used. As a result, the flood intensified and was killed by Zhu Rong of Emperor Yao in the feather suburbs. The second is to dredge. Da Yu, the son of Gun, adopted this method and finally succeeded in harnessing water.
For the sake of the long history of the empire, we should maintain a certain degree of freedom of speech, so as to have the effect of persuading the good. As far as I can see, it is the most subtle to advocate this theory with the morale in Zhu Bian's Continued Pianpian Theory in the Northern Song Dynasty, which is recorded as follows:
The rise and fall of the whole body depends on the spirit, and the rise and fall of the world depends on morale. Strong vitality makes the skins full of skins, and extended morale makes the court strong. Therefore, people who are good at keeping in good health will not lose their vitality, while those who are good at governing the country will not lose their fighting spirit. If you want to stay active, you must adjust your diet to help you, but if you have a sore throat, you should accept your diet. If you want to maintain high morale, you must prevent being trapped to achieve your goal. As for those on the road, you should enlighten them. Close to the body and away from everything, although the distance is different, there is no other way.
Going back to burning books, how serious is the loss caused to ancient books? Today, it is difficult to make an exact judgment. "Historical records. "Chronology of Six Kingdoms" says: "Goodbye poets, hide more people." Wang Chong's "On Heng Shu Jie" says: "Although Qin has no way, it does not burn the philosophers, and the philosophers have their own books." These two records show that, at least in the Han Dynasty, the essence of ancient books-poets and calligraphers-was preserved intact.
On the other hand, since all the ancient books are kept in the palace, it is conceivable that as long as the state of Qin is immortal, these ancient books will be intact. However, many ancient books have disappeared without a trace and future generations will never see them again. This is especially thanks to our Mr Xiang Yu.
As we all know, Mr. Xiang Yu doesn't like reading and is violent by nature. After the Iraqi invasion of Xianyang, it first slaughtered the city, then ransacked women with money, and then went to a big fire, which burned Qin Gong for three months. The precious books of the empire were burned. Unfortunately, Tang Yu's three generations of legal system, the quips of ancient sages and sages only turned into a few joules of heat.
Therefore, Liu Dakui wrote "Book Burning to Distinguish Fakes", pointing out rudely that book burning was not the crime of Reese, but the crime of Xiang Yu.
As far as the book burning in Qin State is concerned, the actual loss caused by it may not be as serious as imagined. There are 677 kinds of works in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, of which about 524 kinds, or 77%, no longer exist. This fact shows that in the centuries after the Han Dynasty, especially before the popularization of printing, the total loss caused by document destruction may even be greater than that caused by book burning in the Qin Dynasty. So it is conceivable that even without burning books, the remnants of the Zhou Dynasty handed down could not be much more than the actual number now.
3. A brief history of book burning in past dynasties
Reese didn't start burning books. Before this, Mencius had a saying: princes hate rituals and harm themselves, but they all go to their classics. Han Feizi also said: Shang Jun teaches filial piety to burn poems and write books to legislate.
In later generations, burning books is even more common.
Niu Hong, a native of Sui Dynasty, wrote "Please give a book by escorting the way above" and counted five books (I don't know why I missed Xiang Yu):
Qin Huang ordered Yu Yu to burn books. One of the books is Ye Er. In the last years of follwed, Chang 'an soldiers rose and books in the palace were burned. So is the second part of this book. Filial piety moved the capital, officials and people disturbed it, and books were too silk, all of which were taken as curtains. It was in Xiji, carrying more than 70 passengers. Xijing was in chaos and burned for a while. So is the third part of this book. Liu, Shi Pingling, Jinghua collapse, chapter in the national code, thus falling. So is the fourth volume of this book. When Zhou Shi entered Ying, he collected the books of Wende, as well as public and private classics, with more than 70,000 copies, which were burned in the outer city, and only hundreds of talents were preserved. The fifth volume of this book is also.
Hu Yinglin, an Amin writer, wrote "The Brush Cluster of Shaoshi Mountain", which added five Eritrea on the basis of what Niu Hong said and listed it as "Ten Eritrea":
Sui Kaidi flourished and was buried in Guangling not long after. Tang Kaiyuan was extremely prosperous, and soon he knew the ash of Anshi; In the Su Dynasty, two cases were added, and the chaos in Huang Chao caused a resurgence; The history of the Song Dynasty flourished in the Qing Pavilion, and later prospered in Xuanhe, resulting in the disaster of the Jin people; Three sheng was born in, Sisheng was born in Jiading, and Yuan was a master. But since the Six Dynasties, there have been five more books.
In Manchu and Daxing literary inquisition, it is not only books that are unlucky, but also writers and book collectors. Because of the violation of taboos, the living were killed by a stick in the middle of the year, and the three families lost their money. The deceased opened the coffin and slaughtered the body, and there are countless cases. Cangjie makes words and ghosts cry. Could it be that ghosts and gods had the foresight to know that there was a robbery in Manchu, so they were afraid in advance?
The rise of the literary inquisition coincided with the so-called prosperous time of Kanggan, which lasted for nearly a hundred years, with a long time, fierce disasters, numerous punishments and unprecedented intensity.
From 1772 to1788,2320 banned books, only 476 and 345 other partially banned books survived, which was less than 18% of the listed figures, and this happened when printing had become popular.
Manchu cleared the book burning and banned books, but also revised books, that is, Sikuquanshu. However, there is something fishy about it. Speaking of it, they also use the spring and autumn brushwork, and there are praises and derogations between the lines. But who are they praising? Not only themselves, but also the past Khitan, Nuzhen, Mongolia, Liao, Jin and Yuan were praised. Why should they help when nothing can be done? The reason is very simple. They have one biggest similarity, that is, for China, they are aliens and invaders. In the process of compilation, those works that reflect ethnic contradictions, ethnic oppression and the fighting spirit of the Han nationality are abandoned and destroyed as much as possible, while the famous works that have to be included are tampered with. For example, Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong" famous sentence, "Hunger is pork, laughter and thirst are Huns' blood." After deleting it, it became "hungry, eating meat, laughing and spilling blood."
In this regard, Mr. Lu Xun once commented, "It is thrilling enough to look at the means used by Yongzheng and Qianlong to do things for the Chinese. Not to mention thorough destruction, smoking and gouging out, the most insidious thing is to delete the contents of ancient books. The compilation of Sikuquanshu in Qianlong period was praised by many people as a prosperous time, but they not only messed up the format of ancient books, but also revised the articles of the ancients. Not only hidden in the palace, but also given with a strong style of writing, so that scholars all over the world will never feel that there have been some people with great backbone among China's authors. " So there was a sigh, "The Qing people compiled the Sikuquanshu, and the ancient books died."
Isn't this a higher level of book burning than the original fire?
As Chekhov said, the sins of others will not make you a saint. Although Reese is far from burning books alone, this is not enough to excuse Reese. Li Si's burning of books triggered the imperial government to stifle people's thoughts naked, which not only caused serious consequences at that time, but also had a far-reaching psychological impact on later generations.
4. The origin of Confucianism.
When it comes to burning books, people will immediately think of cheating Confucianism. Pit Confucianism occurred in the second year after burning books, that is, in the thirty-fifth year of Ying Zheng, and its origin is this:
Six years ago, Ying Zheng was crazy about the elixir, and recruited warlocks everywhere, and asked them to help him visit the elixir. Several visits ended in failure. Ying Zheng was not discouraged, but increased the scale and intensity of funding.
As a result, in the small circle of warlocks, there is a message that the emperor here is stupid and rich, come quickly. At that time, all the magicians gathered in Xianyang. Ying Zheng is the more, the better, and everyone comes to him. As long as the warlock puts forward an idea, he can win a huge sum of money at once. Ying Zheng clearly knows that magicians from all directions are Mr. Nanguo, but it doesn't matter. He doesn't care about money. There is still a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, and I will sow widely and reap sparingly.
However, six years of dazzling, Lian Changsheng elixir of youth and death have never seen. Warlocks can't help feeling guilty. Water under the bridge. In any case, they have to explain to A Zheng. Warlocks are not stupid. Naturally, they will not honestly admit that there are no immortals and elixirs in the world, because there are many warlocks, so there are. They don't want to lose their jobs, but also want to continue to engage in this unprofitable career, so they played a delaying tactic and put the responsibility for the failure on Ying Zheng.
Lu Sheng, the warlock, reported to Ying Zheng that the reason why I kept asking for immortality and elixir was because evil spirits were at work. Your majesty should forget the identity of the emperor and dress himself up as an ordinary person to avoid evil spirits. Avoid evil spirits and real people will come. Your majesty can't handle state affairs, nor can he contact the ministers of the DPRK. Otherwise he can't be quiet and don't like real people. Your majesty's palace must not be known to anyone. Your majesty will certainly get the elixir of life by doing so.
Lu sheng's theory of grandeur is a kind of self-detachment. Let Ying Zheng give up power, stay away from state affairs and be isolated from the world. This request is a bit outrageous. According to Lu Sheng's idea, it is best for Ying Zheng to retreat, refuse to cooperate, and then seek immortality. Helpless, Ying Zheng was possessed and really believed what Lu Sheng said. In order to live forever, this price is nothing!
Ying Zheng is full of sincerity. He first gave up the title of "I" dedicated to the emperor and called himself a real person. According to Lu Sheng's suggestion, the temples within 200 miles of Fiona Fang in Xianyang are connected by many roads and tunnels, and each temple is filled with beautiful women, holding curtains and bells and drums to confuse people. Wherever he goes, he who dares to leak will die.
The government affairs of the empire are still going on in Xianyang Palace, but Ying Zheng is no longer present. When ministers perform things, they face the emperor's empty throne, as if they were performing against a blue screen, which is a test of acting skills.
One day, Ying Zheng was riding in Liangshan Palace, and he was very unhappy when he saw Prime Minister Reese riding a lot of cars down from the mountain. Someone told Reese quietly that Reese arrived without pomp. Ying Zheng was furious when he learned that, and said, "Someone here leaked my words." Looking for the leaker, no one promised. So I arrested everyone around me and killed them. Since then, no outsiders have known the whereabouts of Ying Zheng.
Ying Zheng's move is not necessarily aimed at Reese, but it also makes Reese look very ugly. In the eyes of the warlock, Ying Zheng turned against his closest comrade-in-arms, Prime Minister Reese, in order to become immortal, which shows his seriousness and persistence in becoming immortal.
The more stubborn Ying Zheng is, the greater the pressure on warlocks. If once Ying Zheng realized that he had been cheated, what kind of revenge would he launch! You know, Ying Zheng is not the stupid emperor in his new clothes. He will never suffer a dumb loss.
Those who predicted that magicians began to live in fear all day. I muddled through this time, but what about next time? If you continue to cheat like this, something will happen sooner or later, and it is a big deal. Wealth is precious, life is more expensive, 36 plans, walking is the best policy.
5. The pit is actually a warlock.
The first warlocks to escape were Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng. Paradoxically, before they left, the two men had a technical discussion and came to the conclusion that Ying Zheng's efforts to seek eternal life were doomed to failure. And this dialogue, also incredibly go down in history:
Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng had a good talk and said, "At the beginning, the emperor was a human being, but his nature was just violence for his own use. He became a vassal and joined the world. He wanted to obey, thinking that he had never touched himself since ancient times. Full-time warders, warders are lucky. Although there are seventy doctors, specialized personnel are used. All the ministers of the prime minister are subject to success and rely on discussion. In music, punishment is a threat, and the world is afraid of sin and faithfulness. If you don't smell it in the world, you will be arrogant and coerced to get it. Qin law, can not be two sides, can not be tested, need to be given the crime of death. But there are 300 people who are very angry with the stars. They are all good people who are afraid of taboos and dare not say too much. Everything in the world, big or small, depends on it. It is required to reply to forms and notes every day, weighing 120 kg, and do not rest if you are dissatisfied. Greed for power, you can't ask for fairy medicine. "
Peter said Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng both escaped, and Ying Zheng's anger was obvious and beyond reproach. It's just that someone else ran away, just you two! You know, although I have raised many warlocks, I have the highest hopes for you two. You will answer everything you ask, and you will get everything you ask. Do I owe you anything? Have I ever caused you any trouble? What else can I do to make you more satisfied? But it's no use, still have to run! What do you think I am, a fool who can fool me into the palm of my hand?
Speaking of it, Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng are really not authentic. They are busy running for their lives, but they are unaware of the lives of their colleagues who are still in Xianyang. Sure enough, just a few days after they fled, a disaster began to befall their companions.
Ying Zheng commanded, haven't had time to escape from Xianyang warlocks were all arrested, held in one place, first read the imperial edict. Letters yue:
I have received all the books in the world before, so I don't want the useless ones. There are many literary alchemists who want to promote peace and prosperity, and alchemists want to practice magical drugs. However, Han Zhong went to the sea to seek immortality, and never heard from him again. Xu Shi and others cost tens of thousands, but there is no medicine. Lusheng, etc. , gave me a lot of respect, I am deeply looking forward to it. Over the years, they have given nothing. They told the Japanese about the benefits of adultery, bullied me for being kind, and couldn't bear to punish me. Today, Lu Sheng and others are eager to repay kindness, but they slander me and say that Jyuugo is heartless. Born in Xianyang, I let people ask questions, or make rumors.
After the faith is over, the next step is to tell the truth. Under torture, in order to avoid themselves, students exposed each other and even fabricated and dragged false accusations. After the trial, more than 460 people violated the ban and were all buried in Xianyang, so that the world could know that it was a warning.
This incident is often juxtaposed with book burning in later generations, which is collectively called book burning to bury Confucianism. But the reason, the so-called pit Confucianism, is only a clean-up and rectification of the ranks of good and bad warlocks. More than 460 people buried alive are astrologers and alchemists, not Confucian scholars. Sima Qian in Historical Records? There is also a clear statement in the Scholars: "By the time of the Qin Dynasty, poetry books were burned and warlocks were pitted." It can be seen that Confucian scholars are not wrong.
So, when did pit warlocks start to be misinformed as pit Confucianism?
6. Pit Confucianism
People first put forward the idea of deceiving Confucianism in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Iraq and the United States presented the History of Ancient Chinese Literature with Kong Anguo's Preface to the History of Literature, in which there was a passage: "Qin Shihuang destroyed ancient classics, burned books to bury Confucianism, became a bachelor in the world, and fled and disbanded. My ancestors hid their family books on the wall of the house. " At this time, the pit warlock turned into a pit Confucianism for the first time. Later, with the history of ancient literature being designated as an official book, the argument of cheating Confucianism was inherited and became a final conclusion.
There are many doubts in the ancient prose Shangshu of Yimei and Kong Anguo's Shangshu Preface. By the Qing Dynasty, his identity as a fake book had been confirmed.
Although counterfeiters vary widely, their mentality is exactly the same, that is, they don't want to take fakes seriously and successfully deceive the world. For example, people who fake calligraphy and painting will always make great efforts after the fraud is completed, and then forge the seals and inscriptions of celebrities to flaunt the tastes of famous people and spread them out. Although the forgers of the ancient prose "Shangshu" can't know, their mentality is the same, so they will forge more prefaces for Shangshu and put them under the name of Kong Anguo to confuse the fake with the real.
The forger changed the pit warlock into a pit Confucian, in fact, just to lead to the following sentence: "My ancestors used to hide their family books on the wall at home", which shows that the books of ancient China literature have their origins. Test its original intention, probably just want to sell its fake, and have no intention of throwing dirty water at Ying Zheng. However, it must be greatly unexpected for later generations to judge the pit Confucianism as an iron case.
As a Confucian scholar who has mastered the mainstream discourse power, he has no intention to correct this mistake. On the one hand, they sing the tune that the past should not forget the future, on the other hand, they know that all history is contemporary history. As long as history is beneficial to the present, what does it matter if it is true or false?
Intellectually, they may doubt whether there is such a thing as cheating Confucianism, but in terms of interests and feelings, they would rather believe that cheating Confucianism is necessary.
It is undoubtedly beneficial for pit magicians to become pit Confucianism. In this way, Ying Zheng has become a negative example, which can often be used by them to recite scriptures. The purpose of their chanting is still nothing more than to listen to the emperors chanting at that time. You see, just because Ying Zheng cheated Confucian scholars, the empire quickly fell apart and fell into eternal infamy. Therefore, your majesty is wise, and I don't need to remind you more. ...
Pit warlocks become pit Confucianism, which can also meet their emotional needs. This is not to say that they are suffering from "persecution paranoia", but that as a group, they need some martyrs and some saints to maintain their unity and belief in addition to the classics of sages. With the right to speak, we can naturally ratify the martyrs for our group. Even if these martyrs do not exist, they can be created by modifying historical materials. With the existence of these martyrs, their Confucian group has added infinite glory and brilliance.
Confucianism took the pit warlock to its own head, dressed itself as a victim with peace of mind, and got great comfort from it. If you say they didn't cheat, they must be in a hurry with you. Why don't you lie to us Confucian scholars, look down on us or something?
However, with all due respect, in Ying Zheng's mind at that time, the status of Confucian scholars was indeed far lower than that of warlocks. Confucian scholars can only learn from the scriptures, and warlocks can make him immortal. The importance of the two is naturally different. As a Confucian scholar at that time, it is impossible to attract Ying Zheng to be so angry and hurtful.
Of course, since the Han Dynasty, the status of Confucianism has improved rapidly. Today, Confucianism still exists as a commendatory term. For example, although Confucian businessmen are actually businessmen, they have to put Confucian businessmen before businessmen in order to be arty. But the word Confucian businessman, like the post-modern word, is pure nonsense and inexplicable. If you are not a Confucian businessman, how can you have your cake and eat it?