First, the story of Guan Yu in folk literature
Did you highlight Guan Yu? Righteousness Ever? The spiritual core of
Long before Luo Guanzhong's well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written, Guan Yu's story was widely circulated among the people, and he had taken the prototype of Guan Yu's image in the later Romance. "Old Garden Talk" cloud:? Today, it is called the revelation of Guan Gong. Although this is rooted in novels, it did not begin with The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The Sui Dynasty saw spirits in yuquan temple, Jingzhou. In the Five Dynasties, the King of Shu ordered Zhao Zhong, a general, to draw a picture of yuquan temple (see Yizhou Famous Paintings Record), and learned that the compartments were popular in the Five Dynasties. ? Thus, as far back as the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the story of Guan Yu not only spread, but also had a miraculous color. The Song Dynasty is an era when the stories of the Three Kingdoms are widely circulated, and the story of Guan Yu is also one of the main contents.
Hong Mai's "Rong Zhai Bi Er" contains: Guan Yu personally killed two generals of Yuan Shao, Yan Liang and Wen Chou, in the crowd. ? Guan Yu's stories in the existing Yuan Edition Panorama of the New Three Kingdoms Pinghua mainly include: Taoyuan became sworn? 、 ? Guan Gong attacked Che Zhou? 、? Guan Gong stabbed Yan Liang? 、? Cao Gong gave the cloud robe? 、? Why does the cloud travel thousands of miles alone? 、? Guan Gong beheaded Cai Yang? 、? Ancient city Juyi? 、? Guan Gong's one-knife meeting? ,? Scraping bones to treat diseases? 、? Guan Gong beheaded Pound.
In the imperial army? Wait, the content is different. The story of Guan Yu is the main content of Yuan Zaju. According to the statistics of Fu Xihua's Catalogue of Complete Works of Yuan Zaju, there are about ten kinds, including one-knife meeting and traveling thousands of miles alone. Single Knife Club is the work of Guan Hanqing, a zaju writer in the early Yuan Dynasty. It is written that Lu Su invited Guan Yu to dinner in order to get Jingzhou back. Guan Yu knew it was a plan, but he still went to the meeting alone, which was safe and close. The whole play mentions almost all the experiences of Guan Yu's life and highlights his wisdom and courage. There are two versions of A Thousand Miles Alone, and the author's name is unknown. One is Guan Yu's lead singer, but the lyrics are only 10% off, which is found in Yong Xi Yue Fu, expressing Guan Yu's mood when Cao Xing approached the ancient city. The other is the lead singer of "Mrs. Gan", telling the story of Guan Yu's relegation, resignation and so on, and earning income from the selected works of Yuanqu.
The story and image of Guan Yu circulated among the people have certain historical basis.
Second, but in the choice of historical materials, it can be clearly seen that it is out of portrayal? Righteousness Ever? The need of Guan Yu's image
All the materials in Historical Records that are conducive to showing the spirit of caring for the righteous are applied to folk art ... because of the History of the Three Kingdoms? Pei Songzhi's Note: The Biography of Guan Yu is only over 900 words, and the record of Guan Yu's life is very brief. The materials cited by Guan Yu are not very detailed, so when folk artists use these materials, most of them are to enrich the plot, expand the content and highlight Guan Yu's mental outlook.
Guan Yu stabbed Yan Liang in the crowd and solved the siege of the white horse, which is recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms. Pinghua was added to Cao Cao's? Touch your back? Praise to highlight Guan Yu's bravery and invincibility, and? Praise Guan Yu? Courage lingyun? ,? Before and after? . What is the only biography of the History of the Three Kingdoms? Thank it, thank the book for leaving? According to a brief history, Pinghua has plots such as Cao Cao's deliberate obstruction, the ambush at Baling Bridge, Guan Yu's resignation to Cao Cao for three days in a row, and his robe stripping. Scraping bones and removing poison, although there is Guan Yu in this reflection? Cut the edge and drink, laughing? However, it is not an exaggeration. Pinghua wrote this story, which not only said that Guan Yu was Hua Tuo, the imperial doctor at that time, but also a poem praising a famous doctor for meeting a hero.
Although there are historical records, it is not conducive to the performance of Guan's righteous spirit, and Pinghua has "revised" the zaju.
Guan Yu surrendered to Cao Cao.
It is clearly recorded in the biography of the Three Kingdoms: in the fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Gong made an expedition to the east, and his ancestors returned to Yuan Shao. Cao Gong bird feather returns home.
"Emperor Wu Ji" also contains: In the first month of the spring of five years, the east attacked, and the birds were born to Xiahou Bo. Take Yuan Shao away and get his wife. Prepare Guan Yu to go down. If you attack again, your feathers will fall off.
In order to create an ideal image of Guan Yu, folk art also invented the story of Guan Yu.
Guan Yu's attack on Che Zhou, Wen Chou's beheading and Gu Chenghui's beheading of Cai Yang in Pinghua are all fictitious. Reflection? According to the Records of Emperor Wudi, Wen Chou was killed, Shao Qiwen was ugly, and Liu Bei rode five or six thousand (fuck) before and after, but not six hundred, so he attacked and broke it.
Guan Yu was in Cao Cao's place at that time, but there was no explicit statement that Wen Chou was killed by Guan Yu. Murder of Xuzhou secretariat Che Zhou,
"Liang Wudi Ji" and "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Ancestral Ancestors" all say that Liu Beigan did it, but it is not clear that Guan Yu killed it. In Pinghua, there is a story that Cao Cao deliberately let Che Zhou and Liu Bei compete for the position of Xuzhou satrap and was killed by Guan Yu.
Third, why do you want to shape the image of Guan Yu in this way?
Sima Qian made an exception for the failed hero Xiang Yu in Historical Records? Bangui. , wrote a feather brave warrior, the spirit of death and the heroism of the mountain. ? The hero's "entering things" has always played an important role in China's literary works. Do you deify heroes "into things"? This is also an aesthetic taste of traditional art in China. So, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, "Talk"? Yi Jin, zaju writers, and all kinds of folklore, through the stories of Guan Yu beheading Che Zhou, Yan Liang, Wen Chou, Cai Yang, scraping bones and removing poison, killing Pound, and expelling the Seven Armies, constitute a magnificent realm, endowing this kind of hero with a lofty image, so as to conquer the audience or the audience.
However, courage is not a hero, but can only be called? The courage of a man? Because it is the traditional consciousness of our nation to advocate virtue and moral integrity, and to pay attention to standing and making a name for ourselves. In ancient China, fearlessness was both an aesthetic category and a moral category. Book of rites? Employment meaning points out: "Be brave? . Confucius also said: "If you don't do what you think is right, you will have no courage. ? In other words, "Yong? , this move must meet? The requirements of righteousness, not the desperate efforts of the outlaws. As for "what you say is what you do, and what you do is what you do? ,? Unbelievers don't know what they can do. ,? Life is worse than death? , "and die for a bosom friend? These are the traditional beliefs followed by the ancient people in China.
Therefore, those who are brave enough to make a career, loyal and unswerving, have become the role models that contestants admire. In the pre-Qin period, those who did not ask right and wrong valued faith. Do you promise to be honest and not love your body? Men in Ren Xia are also widely admired and loved. Sima Qian wrote "Biography of the Ranger" for this purpose. Li Bai, a great poet with chivalrous demeanor, also praised the men in Ren Xia for their responsibility: "Three cups of words are as light as five mountains? . In the folk, even ordinary people are loyal? Heart, also often lack? Loyalty? Opportunities, however, the moral call of fighting righteousness to save the crisis, stressing faithfulness, treating each other sincerely and supporting each other is stronger.
It is precisely because of this that folk art invented "Taoyuan Jieyi"? This plot endows Guan Yu with brotherhood, disliking wealth, sticking to his faith, and traveling thousands of miles to repay Liu Huangshu's virtue. If the theory of three people become sworn, originally is congenial friends, suffering and * * *, equal treatment, "don't want to be born on the same day, just want to die on the same day? There is no question of who should be loyal to whom. Only later. Eldest brother became a master and a vassal. If Guan Yu is greedy for Cao Cao's wealth and does not return Liu Bei, it is not only unjust, but also disloyal.
Fourth, Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms? Brave? 、? Loyalty? Stereotyped image of Guan Yu
If the story of Guan Yu is only circulated among the people, without a clear overall image, it will not have such a huge impact and form the worship of Guan Yu by the whole society. The integrity, unity and stereotype of Guan Yu's image are Luo Guanzhong's contributions.
On the basis of official history, he also extensively absorbed the commentary, drama and folklore of the Song and Yuan Dynasties as materials, and shaped the brave and loyal image of Guan Yu in the history of the Three Kingdoms, which was in line with the spiritual trend of that era.
Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty? Since then, Confucianism has occupied an authentic position. After Cheng Zhu in Song Dynasty? Jing Jun, Chen Zhong, Fu Ci, Zi Xiao, Xiong You, Di Gong? Such ethical beliefs not only become moral requirements from the heart, but also become external mandatory norms. Such a long tradition of national spirit has a strong influence? Novels and operas since the Song and Yuan Dynasties are often limited to the conflict between faithfulness and treachery, and between good and evil. They emphasize their social education function of punishing evil and promoting good, which is beneficial to moral education through the created images. This dominant spiritual trend naturally strongly influenced the novelist Luo Guanzhong and opened the way for him to create the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He can only mold Guan Yu, who got the imperial seal as early as the Song Dynasty, into a trinity of hero, loyal minister and righteous man.
Qing people care about their families? World fashion? The influence exerted on Luo Guanzhong is universally acknowledged. He said: "Although it is wrong that northern Song Taizu has won the country, many Confucian scholars have come forth in large numbers, cultivating their virtues and establishing their products, which is far superior to the previous dynasties. Once, customs entered the heart and changed for it. Together with gold and yuan, although foreign emperors? In China, the stories of Liu, Guan, Zhang and Cao Cao played by the legendary Confucian Academy are often different from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, so that Luo Guanzhong is actually true. ? On the basis of pioneering creation, Luo Guanzhong was restrained by the traditional spiritual trend, and naturally paid special attention to Guan Yu.
From the formation of the spiritual core of Guan Yu's image to the stereotype of this image and its lasting and stable influence, we can explain the conservatism of national literature. But the effect of literary works in reality. So-called? Everything depends on people? Man can create God or destroy God.