Did Sima Qian "plagiarize" "Historical Records"?
"Historical Records" and Ma Qian of Taishi Company are well-known in China, but even such great works and figures have not escaped the shadow of "plagiarism".
Some people have verified that the "Hanshu·Sima Qian Biography" published in the early Eastern Han Dynasty has clearly stated that "Historical Records" was cut and compiled by Sima Qian from "Zuo Shi" and "Zuo Shi" in the National Library of the Western Han Dynasty. "Guoyu", "Shiben", "Warring States Policy", "Chu Han Chun Qiu" and other previous works, some excerpts and narrations of the events, and some use the entire text, but do not indicate the source.
Some people pointed out that at the end of "Historical Records: The Original Records of Qin Shihuang", Sima Qian copied almost all of Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin", but in the writing process of some paragraphs, he signed "Sima Qian, Jia Yi said, "Good guy, it was originally written by Jia Yi alone, but now it is co-authored by Jia Yi and Tai Shigong!" From today's perspective, this behavior is somewhat inexcusable.
Newton and Leibniz accused each other of "plagiarism"
In 1699, the Swiss Diurier sent an article to the Royal Society claiming that Newton was the first to invent calculus. And Leibniz may have been a plagiarist. Leibniz immediately refuted it in a magazine and also attacked Newton for plagiarizing his invention. However, he had difficulty in defending his argument, and until Leibniz's death, the argument did not come to a conclusion.
This incident caused an uproar in the entire European academic community. The relationship between Germany and Britain, and even the British and continental European academic circles, was tense. The two people's supporters in the mathematics community have not interacted with each other for nearly a hundred years. .
After 300 years of investigation and verification, the current conclusion is that calculus was completed independently by Newton and Leibniz, but was not invented by them. However, there are many intriguing details that need to be clarified. For example, the two of them had written letters; Leibniz had been to London, etc. Newton also took advantage of his position as president of the Royal Society to organize cronies, set up special committees, and even secretly revised the investigation report to impose the charge of plagiarism on Leibniz.
Einstein’s theory of relativity has been accused of “plagiarism”
Many people believe that Einstein created the general theory of relativity in 1916 based on the special theory of relativity proposed in 1905. However, some international historians believe that in the process of establishing the general theory of relativity, Einstein plagiarized a large number of research results from the great German mathematician David Hilbert.
The argument of these historians is that during the eight years when Einstein was formulating the general theory of relativity, he often sought advice from the great German mathematician David Hilbert, and Hilbert once On November 20, 1915, he summarized the key points of his theory of general relativity in a manuscript and submitted it to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, five days before Einstein published the paper. As a result, Einstein's publication of the theory of relativity was suspected of plagiarism.
This debate has also been protracted. The latest development is that in November 1997, three historians from Tel Aviv University in Israel, the Max Planck Institute in Germany and Boston University in the United States wrote an article stating that Einstein Stein did not plagiarize Hilbert's work, but Hilbert plagiarized Einstein's work.