Is the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms really Luo Guanzhong?
Zhang
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the first novel in the history of China's ancient novels. Three Kingdoms
The author of Romance is Luo Guanzhong and Zhang with a big beard, who was born in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. It was published in the first year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty.
The popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the earliest engraving of this book, which seems to be a conclusion.
Therefore, when discussing its ideology and artistry, the academic circles are naturally based on the above understanding.
Take The Romance of Three Kingdoms as Luo Guanzhong's personal creation and combine it with his times.
It makes all kinds of explanations. However, questions are constantly emerging: Luo Guanzhong lived in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.
At the beginning (some scholars estimated that Luo Guanzhong wrote the Romance of the Three Kingdoms at around 1329),
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was first published in the first year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, from the end of Yuan Dynasty to the beginning of Ming Dynasty.
There is no record in this book for nearly 200 years from (1522). How did it survive?
Luo Guanzhong was born in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. At that time, there was neither a mature novel theory nor a ready-made one.
This novel can be used for reference. What kind of genius can create such an immortal masterpiece
However, as the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Jiajing Renwu was clearly marked as "Edited by Luo Guanzhong",
This statement has long been recognized by academic circles, although some scholars are skeptical because of lack of evidence.
After all, the sufficient evidence to overthrow the inherent views is self-doubt, self-confidence and traditional believers.
This view has not been shaken.
Huang Zhengfu, an orphan of the Ming Dynasty, published 20 volumes of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
To solve this problem, it is obviously the most important to study the source and development of the version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
key However, this work is very complicated. Various prints handed down since Ming and Qing Dynasties.
There are more than 30 kinds of Romance of the Three Kingdoms in this book, and these versions are either at home or abroad.
It is difficult for ordinary scholars to see, and there are not many people who have access to these versions. live
Mr. Liu Cunren, who now lives in Australia, gave a detailed description of the overseas version of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Through investigation, it is considered that the original book of Systematic Biography of the Three Kingdoms in Ming Dynasty should be earlier than that in Ming Dynasty.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (please refer to China, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983).
A study of ancient novels-on the authenticity of Luo Guanzhong's novels from Liu Cunren of Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Pseudo-nature "); Mr. Zhou of Peking University wrote in the book Evaluation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
This paper makes a detailed investigation of several existing versions of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms in China, and draws the following conclusions.
The conclusion is roughly the same as that of Mr. Liu Cunren. This should be said to be one aspect of the textual research of the version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Facing a big breakthrough. In addition, there are many scholars' textual research on the version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
After some efforts, Andrew West, an Englishman, wrote a textual research on Romance of the Three Kingdoms (an ancient book on the beach).
Press, 1996 edition), devoted to textual research on the source and development of the version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He * * * collects
Up to 35 versions, it is divided into four branches: A, B, C and D, and each branch is divided into several branches. Ruocong
In analyzing the evolution of the version, Andrew West's work can be described as meticulous and fruitful. But his eyes
The focus is on tracing the original Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by Luo Guanzhong (Princeton Andrew West 1993).
The doctoral thesis of the East Asian Department of the University is entitled "Pursuing the Original Text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
Textual research), therefore, although the textual research is detailed, there are many subjective assumptions in the conclusion.
And strengthened Luo Guanzhong's creation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Similarly, Liu Cunren and Zhou
The two gentlemen also made a breakthrough in the study of editions, but they still agreed with Luo Guanzhong's Three.
The conception of The Romance of China. In other words, the problems raised above have not been solved.
Since 1986, the author has been paying attention to the study of the romance of the Three Kingdoms, reading relevant literature and research.
In the process of writing my thesis, I feel more and more that solving this problem is very important for us to understand China's novels.
It is very meaningful to know the development history and even the traditional culture of our nation.
1992 I was lucky enough to be admitted to the Chinese Department of Beijing Normal University, where I studied under Mr. Qi Gong and Mr. Deng Kuiying.
I am studying for a doctorate in classical philology in China, and my doctoral thesis is entitled Research on Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Objectively, we can also examine the version of the book, because there are more than ten kinds of Three Kingdoms plays in China.
Almost all versions of Yi are in Beijing. In order to get the correct answer, I investigated all the major maps in Beijing.
Various versions of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms collected by the library have been consulted.
Got a lot of evidence.
During this period, the most important thing is to find a unique illustration of the Ming Dynasty in the National Library.
The newly published Twenty Volumes of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is in Sun Yat-sen's bibliography of popular novels in China.
It was recorded as "Tomorrow's Studio Sculpture". On the surface, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was published in the Ming Dynasty.
Chinese appeared relatively late, so some scholars have read this book before, but they didn't add it.
Attention; Andrew West, an Englishman, even listed it in the abridged version of Branch D, and did not test it. Actually, this
Huang Zhengfu edition is a very important early periodical edition, but its true face is covered up.
That's all. The surnames of the monarch and his subjects in the cover, preface, catalogue and appendix of the book will be supplemented in the next three years.
The body part is an old version left over from the early days! Why do you see it? First of all, the title of the cover of this book is
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the capital of each volume is marked with "New Edition of Beijing Edition, Textual Research and Revision of Popular Romance"
As in the Biography of the Three Kingdoms, the so-called duplicity is true; Second, the font of the directory is different from the text, and there are some parts.
The text of the subdirectory is inconsistent with the corresponding title in the text. Third, there is a "Mountain Man" in front of the book.
The preface made by "Gu Sheng" clearly points out that the book "does not lose its true colors, which is enough to open the deaf heart of the world."
Flowers. " No one has seen this before, which aroused my great interest in reading this book in detail.
Fun. I made a detailed investigation with this book and Jiajing's popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Judging from the poems in the book,
Annotations, story narration and the use of words have all obtained a lot of evidence to prove this truth.
The reissue was published more than 20 years earlier than Jiajing's (for details, see the author's publication for Renmin University).
Preface to Romance of the Three Kingdoms published by Huang Zhengfu in 2000). About Huang
After the publication of this textual research article published by Fu Zheng, it was submitted to Mr. Qi Gong for review. After reading it, Mr. Qi said, "The article.
The writing is very solid, which solves a major problem. And put forward some amendments to some of them.
Change your mind. Later, I went to Beijing Library and presented a Huang Zhengfu publication to Mr. Qi Gong.
After carefully examining the seal cutting style of the book, Mr. Yan pointed out: "This is indeed the early Ming Dynasty."
The publication of Folk Workshop proves that your evidence is convincing. "This Huang Zhengfu publication.
This discovery can be said to make Jiajing's popular version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms the earliest block print ever seen.
The inherent concept of has lost its foundation. At the same time, some further discussions were obtained from the book.
The completion of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the clues of the author's problems. This issue of Huang Zhengfu appeared in Fujian.
The publication time of this edition should be around 1500 (the thirteenth year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty), which is worth noting.
Meaning, this book from beginning to end did not mention why the author of this book, that is to say, this
The earliest woodcut seen today was not marked "Edited by Luo Guanzhong". In addition, Mr. Liu Cunren wrote in Lun Heng
The Summary of China's Novels mentioned one of Zhu's new books, and he commented on the content and title of the book.
Department made a detailed description, the volume of the frontispiece or untitled, or just titled "Lin Shuzi",
Fortification and Catalpa, Volume XIII is entitled Zhu Ji on Ancient Face, and Volume XIV is entitled.
"Editor-in-Chief of ZHU Huai in Yangcheng", with the title "LIN Shu Zi Xing", is extracted from Mr. Liu Cunren's work.
Judging from the text, he thinks that the book is also a publication earlier than Jiajing, but from beginning to end.
It is not about Luo Guanzhong's writing or editing (this version appeared late and needs to be examined in detail). Therefore,
We have every reason to say that the words "after learning Robben Manual" are not the earliest lettering.
It appeared at noon in Ming Jiajing's popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, probably because booksellers wanted to write books.
A label attached for profit.
The popular statement that the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is Luo Guanzhong is simply not reliable.
About Luo Guanzhong, there are his records in the ghost book sequel, which was anonymous in the early Ming Dynasty, among which
The author had contact with Luo Guanzhong, and recorded that Luo Guanzhong was a "Taiyuan native", but did not mention his name.
"Robben" (some people say that his name "Ben" is "penetration", which is purely attached). Just say him.
"Yuefu argot is extremely fresh", and he wrote three kinds of zaju. There is no mention that he created the Three Kingdoms.
Popular romance and other novels, nearly 200 years after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, how did he become a
Genius novelist?
Luo Guanzhong thinks that his popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms was determined by Jiajing Renwu edition.
There is a preface written by Jiang Daqi in front of this book. The preface said, "If the original East Luo Guanzhong was Pingyang.
Chen Shouchuan, take an examination of the history of various countries, from the first year of Emperor Zhong Ping of the Han Dynasty to the first year of Jin Taikang, pay attention.
Profit and loss, the purpose is called "Popular Romance of Three Kingdoms". "This is indisputable. However, there is this saying.
Two serious injuries. First, Luo Guanzhong's native place "Taiyuan" was wrongly written as "Dongyuan"; The second is books.
The historical facts began in "the first year of Jianning (AD 168)" and "Jin Tai Kang Yuan at last"
Year (AD 280) "a total of 1 13 years of historical events. And Jiang Daqi said that the "self" described in the book
In the first year (A.D. 184), Emperor Han Ling finally reached the "First Year of Jin Taikang", which means that this book was published.
The history is only 97 years. Aren't you confused with your eyes open? Now, we found it earlier.
Now the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is published in Huang Zhengfu. The title of the appendix of this person's surname before the book is as follows
There is a line saying: "From the period of Emperor Shen Nian of the Han Dynasty to the period of Gengzi in Jin Shizong, the total amount was 1 10."
Thirteen years of facts. "(other Fujian engravings also have inherited this saying), which is enough to explain Chiang.
In the preface of Daqi, it is said that the author of the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms is Luo Guanzhong.
Can't rely on it.
But the overthrow of Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms has been deeply rooted in people's hearts for a long time.
Cheng said that without sufficient and reliable evidence, it will not be easily accepted. Huang Ming Fuzheng
The discovery of this publication is an irrefutable proof. In addition, in order to prove this point more fully,
The author also investigates the development of novels in the last two hundred years from the end of Yuan Dynasty to the beginning of Ming Dynasty, starting with Yongle Grand Ceremony.
Canon and other related documents have found a lot of evidence to prove the so-called "200-year history of novels"
"White" is a very absurd statement. Romance of the Three Kingdoms was born in the era when Luo Guanzhong lived.
Judging from the content and spread of Zhiping dialect, from the drama of the Three Kingdoms in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and the annals of the Three Kingdoms,
Judging from the relationship between vulgar words and feelings, the conclusion is the same, that is, living in Luo Guanzhong in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties.
At that time, the story of the Three Kingdoms was not mature enough, and many stories were not finalized. With Luo Guanzhong,
A person's wisdom, in any case, can't write so many wonderful stories in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Here comes the thing. It should be said that these investigations have obtained a lot of important circumstantial evidence, and from the perspective of Romance of the Three Kingdoms,
There is also a lot of internal evidence to prove that the book was written after Luo Guanzhong. For example, "off
The description of "the cloud is long, five passes and six generals are killed", this story is written by Guan Yu from Xuchang to Huazhou (now Hua County) to find it.
Looking for Liu Bei. Geographically speaking, Xuchang is only 500 miles away from Xiangzhou, which is a Ma Pingchuan.
How did Guan Yu cross the mountains and run to Luoyang, Surabaya and Xingyang, and made a big detour to get through?
Where's the general The geographical description is obviously wrong. Luo Guanzhong is from Taiyuan. If he writes "Three Kingdoms"
Romance won't make such a geographical mistake.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the co-creation of "lovers" (that is, storytellers).
The above argument is enough to show that the author of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms was not Luo Guanzhong, but when he wrote it.
It should be in the middle of Ming dynasty. So, how was this masterpiece created? Mr Hu Shi is thirty years old.
He said in the preface of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the 1980 s: "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not a person."
Do, but 500 years of romance and works. "He said' five hundred', should be
It was from the Northern Song Dynasty to the mid-Ming Dynasty; When he said "Romantic", he should also mean Ru Song.
Storytellers from generation to generation like "Horses says three points". Three kingdoms performance
The wonderful stories in Yi are all enriched by these storytellers in the process of word of mouth.
Perfect. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the whole series of historical stories of the Three Kingdoms had been quite perfect.
After that, the discerning bookseller saw the business opportunity and chatted with people familiar with the story of the Three Kingdoms.
Scholars at different levels refer to Historical Records, such as Zi Jian (so-called Jian Peijun), and give three examples.
The story of the country was systematically sorted out (so-called "textual research") and written into this "popular romance"
Type of "reflection", and then published in Fu Zi. Mr. Qi Gong once talked about the existence of a book, Longtur.
Record tells the story of Bao Gong. The so-called "Ear Record" is the author of the book that someone has heard of in the bookstore.
Telling the story of Bao Gong, I recorded it every time I went home, and arranged it into such an "ear note"
This book. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms should be the same.
Who should be the original author of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms? It can be inferred that he is from the south.
Man, this can be proved by his ignorance of the geography of the Central Plains. In addition, it can be seen from the language.
First of all, the word "yellow" was misspelled when it first appeared in the printed version of Huang Zhengfu.
The homophony of "kingship", "king" and "yellow" caused the wrong use of words, which was also caused by the southern dialect. if
Written by Luo Guanzhong, a native of Taiyuan, there will never be such a mistake. As mentioned earlier, quit early.
Most of the biographies of the Three Kingdoms are published by Fujian Bookstore, and the original author may be.
Fujian, or Suzhou and Hangzhou. Who the hell is he? Unknown, but it's gone.
This is very important. According to Mr. Hu Shi, "the author, the reviser and the majority.
Later, what I wrote were ordinary poor Confucianism, not talented writers, nor superb ideas.
Homesick "(ditto). In other words, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, an immortal masterpiece, is actually
It was created by "romantics" (that is, storytellers), so this initial
Whoever wrote it is the same, and he has made no contribution to the creation of the book. That is to say,
For a masterpiece like Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the wonderful fragments should be made by storytellers.
Created by artists. Most novels in Ming Dynasty are at the end of each paragraph or time.
There is a saying: "If you want to know what will happen next time, listen to the next time." This is what storytellers do in bookstores.
Say "suspense" in order to attract the audience. When such a novel was recorded,
His writers often copy such words. Obviously, this is impossible.
The author regards it as the author. In other words, it cannot be written
There is no reason for the author of this book to regard Luo Guanzhong as a genius writer devoted to the art of fiction.
In the palace.
Because of this, we need to reinterpret The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. How come? small
Generally speaking, when we read The Romance of the Three Kingdoms again, we should not regard it as a personal creation.
Luo Guanzhong's novels should not discuss this book in combination with his thoughts and his times.
Ideological and artistic, but we should open our eyes and put this book in the historical and cultural background.
To discuss it. Generally speaking, we should discuss the writing process and ideas of The Romance of Three Kingdoms.
Starting with the significance and artistic achievements, this paper discusses several other classic novels that appeared in the Ming Dynasty.
Such as Water Margin, The Journey to the West and Jin Ping Mei.
It is possible to re-recognize novels as the development history of ancient popular literature in China.
After reading my paper, Mr. Feng Qiyong found the issues discussed very meaningful.
To prove my point, Mr. Feng went to the Beijing Library to look up this publication himself.
Then write an evaluation. Mr. Chai, editor of Zhonghua Book Company, thinks that the debate about this article is "in favor"
Overthrow the old theory that Jiajing Renwuben was the earliest published version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and correct it.
The success theory written by Guan Zhong for The Romance of Three Kingdoms has considerable academic value. "but
At that time, all the above scholars regretted that it was difficult to see Huang Zhengfu's publications in person. Can't see yellow
For experts, scholars and readers who are concerned about this issue,
This is undoubtedly a pity. Fortunately, Renmin University Press finally published this edition of Huang Zhengfu Three Kingdoms.
Please come downstairs and show the world what it really is.