Su Qin (? Ji zi, born in Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province), was a famous strategist, diplomat and strategist during the Warring States Period.
Su Qin studied under Guiguzi, traveled for many years after his completion, and came back down and out. Then he studied hard on Yin Fu. A year later, he lobbied other countries, which was appreciated by Yan Wengong and sent to Zhao. After Su Qin arrived in Zhao State, he put forward the strategic idea of uniting six countries to resist Qin State, and finally formed a joint alliance. As a "long-term partner", he attached great importance to the six countries, so that Qin State dared not go out of the valley for fifteen years. After the dissolution of the alliance, the State of Qi attacked Yan, and Su Qin said that the State of Qi returned to Yan. After Yan arrived in Qi State, he engaged in anti-espionage activities and was appointed as a guest of Qi State. The doctor of Qi sent someone to assassinate him because of his rivalry for favor. Su Qin gave advice and killed the assassin before he died.
There are 3 1 perilla among the strategists of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, which was lost earlier. There are 16 essays and letters in the silk book Letters of the Warring States, among which 1 1 is not found in the existing ancient books handed down from generation to generation.
The life of the character
Rough road
Su Qin's family lives by farming. In his early years, he went to the State of Qi to study, worshipped Guiguzi as a teacher, and Zhang Yi was a student of Guiguzi. ? After studying, I traveled for many years, was down and out, and came back in a mess. ? His family laughed at him privately for refusing to give birth, boasting about the benefits of his words and giving up the basics. Su Qin was ashamed, so he kept the door closed and read all the hidden books. He sighed: "learning from teachers and burying your head in learning can't bring you wealth." What's the use of reading more? " So I found Zhou Shuyin Law and studied at my desk. A year later, I figured out the art of uniting the horizontal, thinking that I could use it to lobby contemporary kings.
Su Qin first set his sights on Luoyang and met with King Zhou Xian. However, the ministers around Wang Xian always knew Su Qin and looked down on him, so Zhou Xianwang didn't trust him.
So Su Qin went west to Qin. Qin Xiaogong is dead. He lobbied King Hui of Qin to annex other countries and proclaimed himself emperor. King Hui of Qin thought the time was not ripe, so Qin Guogang executed Shang Yang, hated lobbyists and didn't take his advice.
Su Qin left the State of Qin, went east, and arrived in Zhao. At that time, Zhao Weicheng, his younger brother, was appointed as Feng Yangjun. Feng Yangjun is not Qin.
Dezhi Guo Yan
Twenty-eight years in Yan Wengong (the first 334 years)? Su Qin went to Yan, and waited for more than a year to see Yan Houwen. Su Qin lobbied Yan, first analyzed the interdependence between Yan and Zhao from the geographical position, and then criticized Yan's strategic mistake: worrying about Qin thousands of miles away, not worrying about Zhao within a hundred miles; ? Finally, it was suggested that Yan and Zhao unite to form a whole.
Yan thought Su Qin's proposal was very reasonable, and promised Su Qin that "if the stability of Yan could be maintained by reunifying the two countries, the whole country would like to report it". So he invested in Su Qin's chariots, horses, gold, silver and silks to lobby Zhao.
Give it to Zhao
Su Qin came to Zhao for the second time. When Zhao Cheng died, he lobbied. Put forward the idea that the six countries should unite against Qin.
Su Qin analyzed the relationship between Zhao and other vassal states in detail, pointed out Zhao's strategic dependence on Han and Wei, and then expounded his own joint proposition: Korea, Wei, Qi, Chu, Yan and Zhao joined forces to fight against Qin, and suggested that Zhao form a six-nation alliance to jointly fight against Qin. In this way, the six countries will be integrated, Qin will not dare to invade from Hanguguan, and Zhao's hegemonic cause will be successful.
Zhao Suhou adopted Su Qin's idea of "union" and funded him to lobby vassal states to join in order to conclude a joint covenant.
United six countries
Zhi Zhang Ji yi
When Su Qin was in Zhao, King Hui of Qin sent Xi to defend and attack Wei, captured Long Jia, the general of Wei, captured the carved shadow of Wei, and planned to March eastward. Su Qin was worried that the Qin army would attack Zhao, and the Covenant would be broken before it was bound. So I decided to encourage my classmate Zhang Yi to enter the Qin Dynasty and keep the alliance in the bud.
Su Qin sent someone to quietly persuade Yi Cheung to come to him. After Yi Cheung arrived, Su Qin deliberately ignored him, humiliated him in public and sent him away. Zhang Yi was ashamed and angry, thinking that only Qin could threaten Zhao, so he went to Qin.
Su Qin secretly sent someone to help Zhang Yi reach the State of Qin and help him meet King Hui of Qin. In the tenth year of Qin Huiwen (the first 328 years), King Hui of Qin took Zhang Yi as a guest and discussed with him the plan to attack the governors of various countries. At this time, people who helped Zhang Yi said that Su Qin deliberately angered him for Zhang Yi's better development in the future. After knowing this, Yi Cheung lamented that she was not as clever as Su Qin, and promised not to attack Zhao when Su Qin was in power.
Han Shuo
Su Qin went to Korea to lobby Han.
Su Qin first analyzed the advantages of South Korea: solid terrain, hundreds of thousands of troops, good at smelting weapons; ? State the disadvantages of surrendering to Qin State again: to serve Qin State, Qin State must demand the cession of Yiyang and Gaoping. Once agreed, the state of Qin will intensify, with limited territory and unlimited desires, and the day of extinction will not be far away; ? Finally, Su Qin said: Your majesty is so wise and your army is so powerful, but you are willing to stay behind Qin. I'm really ashamed of your majesty!
Han's face changed greatly after hearing this. He put his hand on his sword and sighed, "Although I have no talent, I can never serve Qin. Since Wang Zhao has an idea, I am willing to listen to your arrangement. "
Say Wei
Su Qin came to Wei to lobby.
Su Qin first analyzed the geographical situation of Wei, and pointed out that Wei is a small country, but its territory is vast and sparsely populated, and its national conditions are comparable to that of Chu. Now I serve Qin and pay tribute every year. Once Qin conquered Wei, no one was willing to send troops to help. Then Su Qin took Gou Jian and Wu Wang as examples to remind Wang Wei: Wei is stronger than Ma Zhuang and need not be afraid of Qin; If we cede territory to serve Qin before the war, the country will have lost first, and the ministers who advocate serving Qin are traitors, so we should make careful decisions. ? Finally, I quoted Zhou Shu's words and advised: If you don't consider maturity beforehand, there will be great disaster afterwards. If your majesty can follow my advice and cooperate with the six countries, there will be no harm from Qiang Qin, so the king of Zhao sent me to submit an alliance treaty, waiting for your deployment.
Wang Wei said: "I have never heard such wise advice. I hope the whole country will follow. "
Say qi
So Su Qin moved eastward to Qi to lobby Qi Xuanwang.
Su Qin first analyzed the situation of Qi, and pointed out: "Qi is surrounded by natural disasters, and its soldiers have plenty of food and grass. Since its own campaign, it has never recruited troops in the south of Mount Tai, nor has it crossed the Qinghe River and crossed the Bohai Sea, and recruited troops from these two departments. ? Du Yi Linzi is rich, with a large population and 70,000 residents, which is enough to form an army of 2 1 10,000. No country can be stronger than Qi. "
Then he pointed out the strategic mistake of Qi: "Han and Wei were afraid of Qin because they were bordered by Qin. If the two sides fight, they can win or lose in 10 days. If they win, their troops will suffer serious losses and their borders will not be guaranteed. " Defeat leads to national ruin, so Han and Wei paid so much attention to the war with Qin, and it was easy to surrender to Qin. ? But the situation in Chyi Chin is different. Qi is dangerous, easy to defend but difficult to attack, and Qin is on an expedition alone, so he is worried and obviously cannot pose a threat to Qi. [37]? In this case, it is a strategic mistake for ministers to want to play for Qin. Now Qi has not surrendered to the name of Qin, but it has the reality of enriching the people and strengthening the country. So I hope the king will pay a little attention to it in order to decide the countermeasures. "
Qi Xuanwang said, "I'm not smart, and I live in the far east near the sea. I have never heard your wonderful teaching. Now that you have been instructed by the king of Zhao to teach me, I hope the whole country will obey your arrangement. "
Shuochu
After Su Qin persuaded Qi, he went to the southwest and arrived in Chu to lobby.
Su Qin first analyzed the situation of Chu, and put forward: "Chu is more than 5,000 miles, with a million troops, 1,000 chariots and 10,000 war horses, and food is enough for ten years. These are hegemonic capitals; If you also submit to Qin, no vassal will not submit to Qin. " Then it analyzes the world situation and says: "The biggest worry of Qin State is that Chu State is strong and weak, Qiang Qin is weak, and Qin Chu cannot coexist. If the alliance is successful, Chu will be king; If Lian Heng succeeds, Qin will be proclaimed emperor. Therefore, the best strategy is to unite vertically and isolate Qin. Otherwise, Qin will divide the soldiers into two ways, and both cities will be in danger. "
Finally, Su Qin reminded the King of Chu: "Qin is a country of tigers and wolves, which has the ambition to annex the world and is the public enemy of all the princes in the world. Those who advocate Lian Heng to cede the land to the State of Qin are guilty of worshipping the enemy, relying on foreign countries and supporting the monarch at home. If the alliance is successful, the governors will divide the land; If Lian Heng succeeds, Chu will cede territory to serve Qin. There are both in the sky and underground, I hope you will consider it. "
The King of Chu said, "Qin Chu borders on China, and Qin has the intention of annexing it, so it is not amiable. Han and Wei are often threatened by Qin, so we should not plan with them in depth, for fear that some traitors will tell tales and endanger national security. I expect that Chu will fight Qin, but I may not win. Planning with ministers is not credible. I can't sleep well. Now you plan to unify the world, unite the princes and protect the country, and I am willing to obey the whole country. "
A successful union
After Su Qin's vassal tour, the six countries reached a united alliance. Su Qin was appointed as the leader of the contract (the leader of the vertical alliance), serving as the phase of the six countries and wearing the national seal of the six countries.
Return home in splendor-retire after success
After the successful union, Su Qin went north from Chu, passed through Luoyang and defected to the Prince of Zhao. There are many messengers who send horses and chariots, luggage and princes off, and their style is comparable to that of emperors. King Xian of Zhou was afraid of hearing the news, so he cleared the road for him and sent people to the suburbs for treatment. Su Qin's family also crawled to the ground, afraid to look up. Su Qin was filled with emotion and said, "My colleagues are rich and respected by my relatives; When you are poor, you look down on your relatives, let alone ordinary people. If I have two hectares of fertile land in Luoyang, how can I wear the seal of the six countries now! " So I divided my daughter and gave it to my relatives and friends.
When Su Qin went to Yan State, he borrowed one hundred yuan from others. Now that he is rich, he has paid back one hundred yuan. Su Qin's entourage, only one person didn't get a reward, just come forward to ask. Su Qin said, "I haven't forgotten you. At the beginning, you followed me to Yan, beside Yishui, and you repeatedly planned to leave. I was in a difficult situation at that time, so I finally rewarded you. "
(Su Qin Six Countries Seal Easy Return Map Source: Daoguang Yangliuqing Prints in Qing Dynasty. )
Alliance breakdown
After the unification of the six countries, Su Qin returned to Zhao State and was granted the title of. Su Qin gave the covenant of alliance to the State of Qin, and from then on, the State of Qin did not dare to spy on countries other than Hangu Pass for fifteen years.
Later, Xi Shou, the emissary of Qin, deceived Qi and Wei, and attacked Zhao together with them in an attempt to destroy this vertical alliance. Wei Qi attacked Zhao, and the prince of Zhao blamed Su Qin. Su Qin was afraid, so he asked to send someone to Yan, vowing to get back at Qi. After Su Qin left Zhao, the alliance and covenant collapsed.
Count the Yan state
King Hui of Qin married the princess to the prince. In the same year, Yan died of illness and Yan Wangyi acceded to the throne. After Wang Gang ascended the throne, Qi Xuanwang took the opportunity to send out an obituary to attack Yan State and occupy ten cities. ? King Iraq asked Su Qin to recover occupied territory for Yan.
When Su Qin arrived in the State of Qi, he went to visit the King of Qi, congratulating him first and then mourning. The king of Qi was puzzled and asked why. Su Qin said, "No matter how hungry people are, they will not eat poisonous black beaks. The more they eat, the faster they die. Yan State and Qin State are married countries. The occupation of Yan State by Qi State is tantamount to making enemies with Qiang Qin and being hungry. Qi is about to face extinction. " The King of Qi was frightened and asked him how to solve the crisis. Su Qin suggested returning the captured city, so that the prince would like it, and the king of Qin would be happy, so that he could turn disaster into joy.
The King of Qi thought that Su Qin was right, so he returned the occupied city of Yan.
Get rid of slander
Some people accuse Su Qin of betraying the country, being capricious and making trouble. Su Qin was afraid of being convicted and returned to Yan, but the prince no longer gave him an official position. Su Qin concluded that someone had accused him of disloyalty, so he asked to see the prince and told him: faithful people do everything for themselves, and enterprising people do everything for others; Abandoning home and going abroad is to make progress. Then, taking Zeng Shen, Bo Yi and Wei Sheng as examples, Su Qin opposed "faith" and advocated "enterprising".
Su Qin said, "A filial person like Zeng can't spend the night outside without his parents. How can he go to the state of Yan to serve the king in times of crisis? " He was as upright as Boyi, stood on the side of justice and starved to death in shouyangshan. How could he travel thousands of miles to the state of Qi to retrieve ten cities? How can an upright man like Wei Sheng leave the Qi army and walk thousands of miles when he dies with his arm around the pillar? I was convicted in front of the monarch with so-called loyalty. "
The prince asked Su Qin, "You are unfaithful and honest. Are you still loyal? "
Su Qin, for example, said: The wife was having an affair with someone and wanted to poison her husband, while the concubine pretended to fall and knocked over the poisoned wine. The husband was very angry and punished the concubine. Yuji knocked over the poisoned wine and saved the couple, but she was inevitably hit by a board. My charge is similar to that of concubines!
So the prince restored Su Qin's official position and became more and more kind.
Qi was assassinated.
Su Qin's mother, Wang, knew about it and was better for Su Qin. Su Qin was afraid of being killed, so he suggested going to Qi State to improve the status of Yan State, and Yan Yi agreed. So Su Qin pretended to have offended the Prince and fled to Qi, making him a guest of honor.
After the death of Qi Xuanwang, the king of Qi, he succeeded to the throne. Su Qin persuaded the king of Qi to bury Xuan as a sign of filial piety, and built a large-scale project to show his success. The purpose was to bring down the State of Qi and make the State of Yan profitable. ? Yan Yi died and Yan Kuang succeeded to the throne. Doctors in the State of Qi sent someone to assassinate Su Qin, but Su Qin was seriously injured but did not die. The king of Qi sent someone to catch the murderer, but he didn't catch him. When Su Qin died, he asked the King of Qi to divide his car in the city in the name of "helping Yan to engage in anti-espionage activities in Qi", and offered a reward for the assassin to let the thief appear. ? The King of Qi acted according to the plan and killed the murderer.
After Su Qin's death, a lot of facts about him being Yan Qi were leaked.